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CSS121 - INTRODUCTION TO PSYCHOLOGY SUMMARY

The concept of psychology came into existence in 1879 in_____, Germany

Leipzig

The concept of psychology came into existence in _____ in Leipzig, Germany

1879

The concept of psychology came into existence in which country?

Germany

The concept of psychology emerged in _____

1879

______ founded the first laboratory devoted to experimental psychology.

Wilhelm Wundt

The first recognized book on psychology was written by William James and
published in_____.
1890

There are at least two reasons why psychologists do not always agree on a
simple common description of psychology.

 The first is that psychology is a relatively new discipline.

 The second reason is that psychology already covers a diverse range of

subjects, and psychologists working in different areas see psychology
in slightly different ways.

______ are concerned with the way children learn, and how to help children
who are not doing well at school.
Educational psychologists

A _____deal almost exclusively with people who are mentally ill or who are
experiencing behavioural problems
Clinical psychologist

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One reaction that people have when they hear of the results of a
psychological research is that it is all just ______
common sense

The layman's understanding of psychology is that, it is_______

common sense

Sometimes common sense appears to be contradictory.

True

Psychology is the scientific study of_____.

Behaviour

______ is the scientific study of behaviour.

Psychology

According to_______ the vast majority of psychologists are interested

exclusively in studying human behaviour
(Alhassan, 2000)

_____________ carried out many experiments using rats, pigeons and other
animals in order to understand how they respond to their environment.
B.F. Skinner

Skinner‟s findings were expanded to cover human populations and valuable

lessons were learnt (Andrew et.at.1993).

Psychologists in almost all countries are governed by rules, meaning they

should not harm any animals (human or otherwise) that are used in
experiments.

Psychologists in almost all countries are governed by ____________

Rules

_____________ generally study human behaviour and try to understand why

people behave the way they do.
Psychologists

Psychology has to do with the concepts of learning, memory, perception,

motivation and_____________.
Personality traits

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Dennis Child (1977:1) sees behaviour to include „all those aspects of human
activity which we can observe‟.

Psychology as an ancient discipline was part of philosophy.

True

____________ stated categorically that psychology cannot explain human

behaviour without some philosophical assumptions about human nature.
Iwuji

_____________ submitted that philosophical views would appear relevant

because psychology has to do with the behaviour and to some extent, the
nature of man and how he relates to his environment.
Orji

_____________ saw psychology as a discipline with a wide area of interest

Child (1977)

According to_____________, from the scientific study to all kinds of pursuits

including making dogs salivate at the sound of a bell and a study of the
growth of intelligence in human beings.
Child

The Biological Approach: Psychologists operating from this perspective tend

to search for the causes of behaviour in the functioning of the brain and
biochemical processes.

The _____________approach is linked to the writings of Sigmund Freud.

Freud believes that human behaviour stems from inherited instincts,
biological drive, and attempts to resolve, the competing demands of personal
needs and society‟s expectations.
Psychodynamic

According to_____________ , a great deal of an individual‟s personality is

determined in the first five years of life, when some of these conflicts are
being resolved.
Freud

_____________are interested not in biological drives or unconscious forces,

but rather they are interested in observable behaviour and the
environmental force which appear to sustain such behaviour.

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Behaviourists

The ______________ is primarily concerned with thinking, the processing of

information, perception, memory, problem solving, and consciousness.
Cognitive Approach

A behaviourist called upon to help deal with a disruptive boy in school may
start by examining the problem behaviour within the_____________.
Classroom

A _____________called upon to help deal with a disruptive boy in school may

start by examining the problem behaviour within the classroom.
Behaviourist

_____________is an approach concerned with the individual and his/her

unique qualities, and ecological psychology, which is concerned with the
study of behaviour in its natural environment.
Humanism

The objectives of psychology are these

 Understanding human behaviour

 Explaining data
 Relying on the scientific method to test the accuracy of their theories
 Applying knowledge to promote human welfare
 Shaping of human behaviour when necessary

The most important methods psychologists use to accomplish their

objectives are:

 Naturalistic observation
 The Case Study
 Surveys
 Correlational Studies
 Experimentation
 Test
 Questionnaires

The Nobel Prize winning ethnologist_____________ proposed that humans,

like animals also band together to defend their territory and that this is one
of the primary causes of human aggression
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Konrad Lorenz (1966)

The _____________ is an essential part of understanding and helping people

with psychological disorders.
Case study

_____________, the Austrians, psychologist was the first man to introduce

case history as a method of scientific investigation.
Sigmond Freud

Case history may be described as mainly a ____________method.

Clinical

The major advantage of the case study is that_____________

It provides comprehensive information about the patient that is being
studies and from various other sources.

One of the major problems of the case study is that______________

It often forms the basis for making sweeping generalizations which
derive from data coming from individuals whose evident may not
necessary be reliable.

_____________ are questionnaires, conducted in person or through the mail,

that inquire into the ways a group (of people) thinks or acts.
Surveys

Surveys are also known as_____________

Questionnaires

Another name for questionnaire is_____________

Surveys

____________ Studies see if two variables are associated or related in some

way psychologists use a statistical technique devised by Francis Galton
known as correlation.
Correlational

In psychology, ____________ are performed on animals and humans.

Experiments

_____________ are used to measure all kinds of abilities, interests, and

achievements.

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Psychological tests

Psychological tests are also referred to as _____________

Test batteries

The _____________ is a short method for gaining information on a specific

problem in a brief interval of time.
Questionnaire

Medinnus and Johnson (1976:21) credited Stanley Hall as the first

psychologist to use questionnaire in child study.

Much information can be gathered by means of a ____________ presented to

the subjects.
written questionnaire

____________ are widely used in educational psychology.

Questionnaires

In a____________ , standard instructions are given to all subjects and the

personal appearance, mood or conduct of the investigation will not colour
the data collected
Questionnaire

Olomolaiye (1986:64) identified two major parts in any questionnaire:

 The first seekers .information about the nature and characteristics of

the respondents -their age, sex, social class, education and so on.

 The second part is concerned mainly with measurement.

A structured questionnaire contains the questions and alternative answers

to them.
True

______ questionnaire has the advantage of giving the respondents freedom to

reveal their opinions and attitudes.
Unstructured

Unstructured questionnaire has the advantage of giving the respondents

_____ to reveal their opinions and attitudes.

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Freedom

To the layman „learning‟ has always been a rather simple matter, he sees it
frequently and assumes that he has a clear understanding of its meaning,
that is getting to know something he does not know.

As Oxiedine (1968:5) puts it, that „we learn what we are taught is often the
attitude of the nonprofessional person‟.

Alhassan (2000) states that although there is little disagreement among

psychologists as to the importance of learning and pervasiveness of learning
in all forms of human activity, there is a marked difference between the
ways they look at learning and the ways the layman does.

Kohler (1925) in his book, The Mentality of Apes explained learning as a

perceptual process with the major emphasis being on the study of
relationships and how people learn to see relationships among various items
of experience.

_____________ explained learning as a perceptual process with the major

emphasis being on the study of relationships and how people learn to see
relationships among various items of experience.
Kohler (1925)

Who wrote the book, „‟The Mentality of Apes‟‟?

Kohler

______________ talked of learning as a association of ideas following the laws

of similarity, contrast, and continuity.
Aristotle

_______________ believed that people learn and remember those things that
are alike, that are striking because of their difference, and that occur
together in space and time
Aristotle

Bugelski (1956:120) on his own parts sees learning as the process of the
formation of relatively permanent neural circuits through the simultaneous
activity of the elements of the circuit to be.

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____________ posts that learning is a central process in understanding
human behaviour.
Lindgren (1961)

Alhassan (1985:1) opines that learning is the totality of the acquisition of

factual information, the mastering of skills and means of aiding further
study (understanding)

______________ is a dynamic process whereby, through interactive

experience, insights or cognitive structures of life spaces are changed and so
become more useful for future guidance.
Learning

Connon (1963) submits that a study of learning is part of the larger study of
psychology, which may be defined as the scientific study of human
experience and human and animal behaviour.

According to_____________ learning refers to a collection of experiences which

a person progressively acquires to be regarded as educated in his/her
society.
Olaitan (1992)

_____________ as a scientific and psychological concept designates that

period of development during which a germ cell becomes mature.
Maturation

_____________ is a process of ripening and of moving towards the fuller

unfolding of potentials of the organism.
Maturation

_____________ denotes both a change in the physical equipment of the

organism but more importantly it is a change in function and the capacity to
perform through the use of this equipment.
Maturation

The concept of maturation has _____________ relationship with learning.

Indirect

_____________ means a change in function as a result of experience and

practice.
Learning

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However, while maturation is not noticeable and takes place inside the
organism, leaning is entirely based on experience and practice.

The concept of maturation leads to the concept of phsylogenetic function or

prehensile skills sometimes referred to as______________.
developmental tasks

Human body grows in stages and each stage has its dominant
characteristics and______________.
Uniqueness

Psychologists see the study of the child from conception to the beginning of
adolescence as child study while the adolescent psychologists see
adolescence as concerned with the study of the child from the on-setting of
puberty until maturity.

According to Alhassan (2000), it is good to look at a child as the child he is

and the adolescent he will be.

Physical growth involves stages or_____________.

Epochs

The concept of development refers to changes in structure and ____________

Function

_______ is the progress an organism makes towards maturity from the very
beginning of life up to old age and death
Development

The principles of growth and development are:

 Development ill an organism is for the most part orderly and proceeds
on the same order for all children
 Growth and development are continuous.
 There are critical periods for certain organs.
 The basic personality of any individual is set during the first years of
his life.

______ is a broad field of interest in which the physical, emotional and

intellectual characteristics and development of youngsters from pre-natal
stage onwards are studied.
Developmental psychology

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An educational psychologist will use the subject matter of psychology mainly
to help children going through the education system.

_______________ is the study of social institutions and their impact on the

behaviour of individuals.
Social psychology

______________ are interested in the study of family, village, and role of the
head teacher or effect of family background on achievement at school.
Social psychologists

The domain of the ______________ is the examination of the biological best

bases of behaviour with particular reference to the biochemical reactions
underlying memory and learning,
physiological psychology

A _____________ is someone who specialises in the treatment of those with

behavioural problems and mental illness.
clinical psychologist

_____________ psychology focuses on work environment, the individual, and

the work-family interface.
Occupational health

______________ concerns the application psychology to improve the quality of

work life and to protect and promote the safety, health and well being of
workers.
Occupational health psychology

_____________ studies the workings of the heart -a cardiac structure of the

transport system in higher animals and the centre of emotions, especially
love and the mind, what a person thinks or feels conscious thoughts of
patients
Cardiac Psychology

The main thrust of ______________ is in the direction of family-care

programmes and programmes in child guidance and rehabilitation centres.
community psychology

____________ is the branch of psychology that will be of most interest to

those studying this course.

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Forensic Psychology

_____________ involves mainly the application of psychology to the area of

crime and the legal system.
Forensic Psychology

______________ is that body of knowledge which lies somewhere between

individual psychology and political science, just as social psychology and
sociology.
Psychology of Politics

_____________ deals with the problems of control of behaviour among groups,

with the study of organizations of people in conflict.
Psychology of Politics

_____________ refers also to the ways and means, the methods and
techniques by which politicians particularly partisan politicians, promise the
masses various things, such as paradise, having all their villages air-
conditioned
Psychology of Politics

______________is a branch of psychology is on how widely-held feminist

tenets -such as empowering individuals, valuing diversity, and creating
dialogue -can be integrated across the field of psychology
Feminist Psychology
_____________ is believed to be the first to revive the profession of
philosophical counseling when in 1981 he founded a suicide-prevention
organization called the Samaritan
Gerad Achenbach

____________ believed that the counter between the philosopher and the
client was of the paramount importance, and that the aim was not healing
but arriving at a satisfactory self- explanation and clarification.
Achenbach

____________ is a concept of theory and educational practice.

Intelligence

According to_____________, there is an important general ability which is

super-ordinate to and distinct from special abilities.
Spencer and Galton

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According to Piaget (1950:3) intelligence is the concept of growth.

Research generates explanations on the definition of intelligence which for

Piaget is the concept of _____________
Growth

The concept of growth has been taken up by the ____________ who claim that
intelligence is not determined by heredity but by the type of environmental
interaction in the history of early childhood.
Environmentalists

By implication, intelligence is determined by______________.

Heredity

Prominent radical ____________ argued that the definition of intelligence is a

socia1-class based one.
Sociologists

_____________ argued that the differences in the social class origins of

individuals compelled them to undergo differential environmental changes
and hence differential levels of intelligent behaviour in later life.
Radical Sociologists

_____________ showed that while attitudes towards mathematics and

previous experience in mathematics explained most of the transferred task
variance, intelligence was the least important factor in terms of the task
explained.
Mukherjee (1972)

_____________ is a kind of mental or cognitive ability which comes to play in

problem solving.
Intelligence

The reasoning ability of individuals is also referred to as ____________

Intelligence

These reasoning abilities are of many types, for example understanding

relations, comprehension of series, drawing analogies, completing patterns
on the basis of symmetry and meaningful asymmetry, permutations and
combinations, drawing inferences, understanding logic, deductive and
inductive, verbal ability, and so on.

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According to ____________ there is no kind of performance or behaviour
which can be described without qualification as „intelligence‟.
Ryle (1952)

Freeman (1936) classified descriptions of intelligence into the following

 Power of adaptation to the environment
 Capacity for learning
 Ability for abstract thinking

Who suggested that intelligence is the capacity to act purposefully, to think

rationally, and to deal effectively with the environment?
Wechsler

IQ stands for_____________
Intelligence Quotient

_____________ is the result obtained when an individual's mental age (MA) is

divided by his/ her chronological age (that is biological age) and multiplied
by 100.
Intelligence Quotient

_____________ refers to an individual‟s level of intellectual development.

Mental age

_____________ was credited with the first successful attempt to measure

intelligence.
Alfred Brinet

______________ was asked by the French government to investigate the

causes of retardation in the schools of Paris.
Alfred Brinet

Average MA scores correspond to chronological age (CA).

True

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A bright child‟s MA is ____________ his CA
Above

A bright child‟s MA is above his CA

True
The ______is the boy who is substantially better at the intelligence tests than
he is at the open-ended tests
Converger

The _____ is the boy who is substantially better at the open-ended tests than
he is at the intelligence tests
Diverger

By openended tests, we mean objective/multiple-choice test. In addition to

this categorisation, there are the all-rounders, the boys who are more or less
equally good (or bad) on both types of text.

It may well be that 30% are divergers, and the remaining 40% could be in
the middle as all-rounders. In a typical classroom, we may find extreme
divergers (10%); moderate divergers (20%): all-rounders (40%); moderate
convergers (20%); extreme convergers (10%).

Who argued that the most important element in all of Education is the
element of individual differences?
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Alhassan

There are ________ attributes which influence behaviour

Five
________ argues that scores determined in this simple manner begin to
decrease as maturity is attained.
Baron et. al. (19-70)

One of the longest running debates in psychology is the „nature versus

nurture‟ debate.

Every human being comes into this world with a ______ make-up.
Genetic

The ______system ensures that with the exception of identical twins, there
are no two genetically identical people in the world.
Human reproduction

Each new child results from the ______ of elements from both the mother
and father.
Combination

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Each new child results from the combination of elements from both the
______ and_______.
Mother and father

Twins are referred to as______.

monozygotic or MZ

Non-identical twins are the result of two different eggs being fertilized by two
different sperms around the same point in time.

Non-identical twins are also known as_____.

dizygotic or DZ

Dilalla and Gottessman (1990) reviewed some 40 years of twin studies and
claimed to have found some evidence to support the view that criminal
behaviour might have a genetic component.

The advantages of a psychologist serving as a consultant

 Autonomy and distance can be maintained

 There is somewhat less bureaucratic interference with the
psychologist‟s job
 There is a minimizing of dual relationship problems
 It is easier to maintain confidentiality
 There are fewer pressures for the psychologist to be all things to all
people.
 The psychologist has the opportunity to serve other agencies
 It allows for the introduction of broader applications and newer
psychological techniques.

The disadvantages of a psychologist serving as a consultant

 A „distance‟ or a barrier between the psychologist and the staff tends

to exist because the law enforcement officers form a „closed society‟.
 The range of services is generally capped at the narrowest level, for
fiscal and administrative reasons.
 Psychologists rarely get complete feedback on the services they
provide
 There is less opportunity for research
 The psychologist is viewed as an outsider and in some instances does
not get the full story as to how and why services are being requested.

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______ is a-psychological operation that is basic to the determination of
terminal human behaviour.
Perception

Without______, there can be no learning

Cognition

There cannot be learning without cognition

True

______ implies the psychological process occurring in the brains of the

organisms.
Perception

_____ leads to the organization and interpretation-of sensory information

received from the stimulus or stimuli.
Perception

Perception mechanisms include analysis, synthesis, and integration of

sensory information.

In any ______ situation, the individuals are confronted with a host of stimuli
some of which are irrelevant and some relevant.
Perceiving

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The following are the factors affecting perception

 Grouping of the stimuli

 Similarity of the stimuli
 Proximity of the stimuli

Personality factors that affect perception are the following

 Learning style and perception

 Motivation and perception
 Interests, values and perception
 Culture and perception
 Experience and perception

_______ implies the use of direct sensory information, person perception is

concerned with the process by which impressions, opinions, and feelings
about other persons are formed.
Perception

______ are defined as those non-verbal acts which give away information the
sender wishes to conceal
Leakage

_____________ are those non-verbal acts which indicate that deception is

occurring without revealing the concealed content of the message.
Deception

Deception is a channel of____________ communication.

non-verbal

Factors influencing deception include these

 Motivation
 Experienced Deceivers
 Self-Confidence
 Message Planning

For any society to survive, it is necessary, to transmit to all new members

the system of shared meanings, language, customs, values, ideas and
material goods that are called_______.
Culture

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______ refers to the process of growing up into a human being, a process
which necessitates contact with other people.
Socialization

Ogburn and Nimkoff (1964) describe socialization as a process whereby the

individual becomes a person.

Hachten (1971) reported that the number of transmitters in the whole of

Africa jumped to 370 in 1964 from 151 in 1955.

______ is the study of patterns of interrelationship existing in a group of

people.
Sociometry

Frandsen (1967) suggests that the teacher should compare the pupils'
preferences with other information available to her.

______________ argued that aggression is a primary instinct in the living

species who have survived through the ages during evolution.
Freud

Psychologically speaking, ______ has been defined as a sequence of

behaviour „the goal response to which is the injury of the person toward
whom it is directed‟
Aggression

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______ means aggressive behaviour directed against some object than the
one actually causing the feelings.
Displaced Aggression

______ is aimed at securing extraneous (external) rewards other than the

victim‟s suffering.
Instrumental Aggression

The types of aggression are_____, Displaced and Hostile

Instrumental

The types of aggression are Instrumental, _____and Hostile

Displaced

The types of aggression are Instrumental, Displaced and _____

Hostile

The Nigerian Civil War (1967-1970) is a classic example of ______

Instrumental aggression

______ states that aggressive behaviour of which violent conduct is a major

form, results when purposeful activities are interrupted.
Frustration-Aggression Theory

Germany was frustrated by the treaty of _____ which stripped her of all
powers.
1919

_____ puts it that „an individual strongly motivated to reach a goal will be
instigated to aggression and aggressive forms of behaviour if the goal is
unattainable and the barrier to the goal is held constant in each case‟.
Yates (1967)

______ writes that overcrowding is an environmental condition often involved

as an aversive instigator of aggression.
Alhassan (1981)

The learning perspective contradict the widely held view that human
behaviour is _____
instinctive in nature

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The first Scholar to bring back the profession of philosophical counselling
is______
Achembach

The first stage to test psychological theory is______

problem

The structured questionaire and the results are subjected to ______ analysis
statistical

The structured questionaire and the results are subjected to statistical

______
analysis

The _____ questionaire and the results are subjected to statistical analysis
structured

The researcher formulates apossible after the collection of data_____

hypothesis

Another term associated with developmental psychology is_____

pre natal stage

The scholar who believes that learning is the central process of

understanding human behaviour is______
lindgren

The application of psychology in education influences the of learning_____

quality and quantity

The suicide prevention organisation is called ______

samaritan

Maturation is the scientific concept which proves the period of development

in______
germ cell

The concept of psychology emanated from_______

Leipzig

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The first scholar who published a book on Psychology in 1890 was______
William James

The type of psychology that stresses the way in which children learn and
how to help children who are not doing well at school is______
Education

The psychology with people who are mentally ill or who are experiencing
behavioural problems is _______
Clinical

______ is associated with the definition of psychology as the scientific study

of human behavior
Alhassan

______ is associated with experiments using animals in order to understand

how they respond to their environment
BF Skinner

______ viewed psychology as the behaviour and the nature of man and how
he relates to his environment
Orji

The approach which causes behaviour in the functioning of the brain and
biochemical processes is______
Biological

The Psychodynamic Approach is associated to the writings of______

Sigmund Freud

Ivan Pavlov and _____ study the behaviour and the environmental conditions
that sustain or discourage the behavior
BF Skinner

______ and BF Skinner study the behaviour and the environmental

conditions that sustain or discourage the behavior
Ivan Pavlov

Approach associated in reference to the ways in which people think is______

Cognitive

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The study and observation on how animals and people behave in their
normal environments is_____
Naturalistic

The use of questionnaires to inquire into the ways a group of people thinks
or acts is______
Surveys

The study which looks if two variables are associated or related in some way
is_____
Correctional

The scholar associated to psychoanalysis perspective is______

Sigmund Freud

______ argued that aggression is a primary instinct in the living species

Sigmund Freud

The aggression whose aim is to inflict injury on others is _______

Hostile

The most influence on individual behaviour is______

family

Psychology as an ancient discipline associated with______

philosophy

Operant conditioning is one of the various methods for controlling______

Behaviour

The Scholar who expressed the idea that an individual is strongly motivated
to reach a goal that will be instigated to aggression
Yates

The scholar who argued that aggression is a primary instinct in the living
species is______
Freud

The negative emotional expressions of behaviour is______

Anger

The two basic dimensions of emotional expression are and arousal______

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pleasantness

The internal state for judging other people which may lead to systematic
error is______
affective clues

The goal which manipulate experiments to form a coherent impression of a

person is_____
impression formation

The factor that influence how we gather information about others is______
Interacting

Another term associated with developmental psychology is______

Pre-natal stage

The suicide prevention organisation is called ______

samaritan

The application of psychology in education influences the of learning

quality and quantity

The first stage to test psychological theory is_____

problem

Psychology is popularly believed to have emerged as a discipline in the year

_______
1879

______founded the first laboratory devoted to experimental psychology

Wilhelm Wundt

______ carried out many experiments using rats, pigeons and other animals
in order to understand how they respond to their environment.
B. F. Skinner

______ sees behaviour as including „all those aspects of human activity

which we can observe
Dennis Child

______ is mainly concerned with the systematic (or scientific) study of

human behaviour

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Psychology

______ approach is used by psychologists searching for the causes of

behaviour in the functioning of the brain and biochemical processes
Enlightenment thinking

______ believes a great deal of an individual‟s personality is determined in

the first five years of life, when some of these conflicts are being resolved.
Sigmund Freud

______ approach suggests that <span style behaviour is understood by

reference to the ways in which people think
Cognitive

______ is the method used by psychologists to understand how animals and

people behave in their normal environments
Naturalistic observation

_______ is vital for understanding and helping people with psychological

disorders
Case study

______ wrote the book “The Mentality of Apes” in 1925

Worgang Kohler

Worgang Kohler wrote the book “The Mentality of Apes” in _____

1925

______ is the scientific and psychological concept that designates the period
of development during which a germ cell becomes mature
Maturation

______ growth be measured in terms of height (meters and centimetres) and

in terms of weight (kilogrammes).
Physical

______ refers to changes in structure and function

Development

_____ psychology is a broad field of interest in which the physical, emotional

and intellectual characteristics and development of youngsters from pre-
natal stage onwards are studied

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Developmental

_____ psychology is the study of social institutions and their impact on the
behaviour of individuals
Social

____ psychology is a psychologist who specialises in the treatment of those

with behavioural problems and mental illness
Clinical

_____psychology involves the application of psychology to improve the

quality of work life and to protect and promote the safety, health and
wellbeing of workers.
Occupational health

_____ psychology is essentially concerned with the direction of family

programmes and programmes in child guidance and rehabilitation centres
Community

_____ involves the application of psychology to the area of crime and the
legal system
Forensic psychology

_____ deals with the study of organizations of people in conflict

Psychology of politics

_____ is believed to be the first to revive the profession of philosophical

counselling
Gerad Achenbach

Verification of the______ means testing the workability or solubility of the

accepted hypotheses
Hypotheses

______ are often carried out by psychologists to test certain ideas

Experiments

The importance of the general ability was strongly questioned in which

country?
USA

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The type of environment and interaction will shape and determine a child‟s
adult______
Intelligence

______sociologists recently argued that the definition of intelligence is a

social class based one
Radical

When we refer to an intelligent person we mean only someone who is at the

upper end of the distribution of_____
I.Q

A ______ is by definition a much rarer individual than the intelligent person.

Creative

______ means the reasoning ability of individuals

Intelligence

______ is a cluster of psychological traits.

Intelligence

People act intelligently when they learn from_____ experiences

Past

______ is the result obtained when an individual's mental age (MA) is divided
by his/ her chronological age (that is biological age) and multiplied by 100.
I.Q

______ was credited with the first successful attempt to measure intelligence.
Alfred Brinet

Average______ correspond to chronological age (CA).

MA

______age refers to an individual‟s level of intellectual development.

Mental

A______ child has an MA below his CA

Dull

______ measure consists of 120 different abilities.

Intelligence

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______ reflects the extent to which a child is mentally advanced or backward
for his/her age.
IQ

______ differ greatly in intelligence, aptitudes, physical strength, manual

dexterity, knowledge, skill, interests etc.
People

The______ is substantially better at the intelligence tests than he is at the

open-ended tests.
Converger

_______ is the opposite of converger.

Diverger

_______ differences is the most important element in all of education

Individual

_______ would be equal to 100 if the mental age exactly matched the
chronological age
IQ

_______ intellectual development is the IQ that is greater than 100

Advanced

Nature versus______ debate is one of the longest running debates in

psychology
Nurture

______ results from the interaction between genetic factors and the
environment
Behaviour

Every human being comes into this world with a_____ make-up
Genetic

The combination of elements from both the mother and father form a
new______
Child

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Zygote splitting around the time of conception results in the formation
of______ twins
Identical

The first recognised book on psychology was written by ______ and

published in 1890
Williams James

The person that founded the first laboratory devoted to experimental

psychology is _______
Wilhelm Wundt

The first laboratory devoted to experimental psychology was established

in______
Leipzig

The concept and birth of psychology was in the year _____

1879

The behaviourist who spend a great deal of time to study behaviour

conditions is______
B.F. Skinner

The behaviourist believed that______ factors reinforce behaviours.

environmental

The psychodynamic perspective believes that human behaviour is stem from

_______ instincts.
inherited

The psychodynamic is linked to the writings of _______

Sigmund Freud

The biological approach to psychology believe that the causes of behaviour is

the______
biochemical process

The scholar who noted that psychology includes all aspects of human
activity which we can observe is _____
Dennis child

The basic concept of psychology is on ______

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perception

Psychology is the science that studies what goes on in the _______ that cause
behaviour to occur
minds

Correlational studies measure two ________ to see if they are associated or

related.
variables

The structural questionnaire provides answers that is exhaustive and at the

same time mutually
exclusive

Correlational studies is a statistical technique devised by______

William James

In psychology, experiments are performed on humans and _______

animals

One of the scientific methods of research in psychology is_______

survey

The cognitive psychology is primarily concerned with_______

thinking

There are ______ types of questionnaires we use to get information in a

specific problem within an interval of time
2

According to______ intelligence is an important general ability which is

super-ordinate to and distinct from special abilities.
Galton

The father of intelligence testing is ______

Binet

The index of brightness is the_____ which indicates how an individual score

is relative to others of comparable age
IQ

The individual level of intellectual development is ______

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MA

Intelligence was measured first by______

Binet
The sociologists argued that the definition of intelligence is a ______ class
based.
Social

Research generates explanations on the definition of intelligence in piaget's

concept of______
growth

Piaget believed that intelligence is not hereditary but a type of_____

interaction in the history of early childhood.
environmental

The scholar that uses the French children at different pre-school and school
ages to explain the different performances of children in school and Homes
is______
Binet

The scholar who introduced the technique of factor analysis in intelligence is

_______
pearson

The psychological operation that is basic to the determination of terminal

human behaviour is______
perception

Non-identical twins are the result of two different eggs being fertilised by two
different sperms referred to as_____
dizygotic

Identical twins resulted from a splitting of the zygote around the time of
conception which is referred to as ______
dizygotic

The ability to perceive the visual world accurately and to recreate aspects of
that world based on one's perception is ______ intelligence.
spatial

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The ability to handle long chains of reasoning and to recognise patterns and
order in the world is ________ intelligence
logical-mathematical

One of these constitute an impression on the subjective process______

feelings

The personality factor that influences individual perception is______

value

The gestalt school of psychology originates from______

Germany

The entire process of filtering the whole range of information before the
response's form is ______
mediation

There can be no learning without ______

cognition

The researcher formulates a possible ______ after the collection of data

hypothesis

The learning perspective contradicts the widely held view that human
behaviour is______
instinctive in nature

The psychology of the psychoanalysis perspective is related to______

Sigmund Freud

The questionaire that gives the respondents freedom to reveal their opinions
and attitudes is_____
Unstructured

The questionaire that contains the questions and alternative answers to

them is______
Structured

Information about the nature and characteristics of the respondents is the

part of the questionaire called_____
Descriptive

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_______ was bthe first psychologist who used questionaire to study a child.
Stanley Hall

In psychology, the test of abilities, interests and achievements is

called______
test-batteries

Another name for questionaire is______

Surveys

Psychologists use statistical method to pick a representative______ of the

population
Sample

The scientists who study the behaviour of animals in the wild is______
Ethnologists

The perspective that primarily concerned with thinking, perception, memory

and consciousness is______
Cognitive

The studying of the behaviour itself and the environmental conditions to

that behaviour is called______
Behaviourist

Individual's personality is determined in the first ______years of life.

5

The perspective that studies inherited instincts and biological drives is

called_____
Psychodynamic

The aim of psychologists is to search for______ in the brain chemistry of

depressed people.
Abnormalities

The approach to study the functioning of the brain and biochemical

processes is______
Biological

According to______ the goal of psychology entails to objectively describe the

behaviour of individuals

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Zimbardo

Anything we do with thinking, laughing, and even falling in love is______

Behaviour

The study of learning, memory, perception, motivation and personality traits

is______
Psychology

The psychologist who carried out experiments on animals is______

B.F. Skinner

The layman's understanding of psychology is that, it is______

common sense

The branch of pschology that deals with people who are experiencing
behavioral problems is______
Clinical

The branch of psychology that centres on how to help children who are
doing well at school is______
Educational

The writings of______ was significant in the development of psychology.

Sigmund Freud

The first recognised book of psychology was published in the year______

1890

_______ founded the first Laboratory to experimental psychology.

Wilhelm Wundt

The birth of psychology was in the year______

1879

The view of the philosophers over the nature of human minds is______
Speculative

______ defines' intelligence' as the ability to carry on abstract thinking

Termon

Termon defines ______ as the ability to carry on abstract thinking

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Intelligence

______ argued that the most important element in all of Education is the
element of individual differences
Alhassan

The aspects that determine human behaviour using person's genes is______
Genetic

The determination of human behaviour using external influences is called

______factor
Environmental

Binet studied children of different pre-school and school ages to determine

their factors of______
Performance

Perception process interprets the sensory information from the_____

Stimuli

The aspect of the perceptual field that stand out a person is called
______clues.
Salient

A factor in which the society uses only the categorical information to identify
the various categories of persons is______ stereotype
Social

A perception in which new traits were invented and ascribed to a

hypothetical person is_______
verbal clues

Perceiver variability is the source forming______ of personality

Impression

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