In [1]: 1 import numpy as np

2 import scipy as sc
3 import pandas as pd

Write a program to calculate the approximate value of the integral ∫𝑎𝑏 (𝑥3 + 𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 using Trapezoidal rule.
The numerical integration has to be performed over N points, where N = 100, a = 0, and b = 2.
What will be the value of integral?
Round the answer to two decimal places using the Python function round() as below: ans = round(ans, 2)
Note: Don't use any in-built function for integration problem.

In [2]: 1 def trapz(f,a,b,N=50):

2 x = np.linspace(a,b,N+1)
3 y = f(x)
4 h = (b - a)/N
5 return (h/2) * np.sum(y[1:] + y[:-1])
6 ​
7 def f(x):
8 return x**3 + x
9 ​
10 round(trapz(f, a=0, b=2, N=100), 2)

Out[2]: 6.0

Write a python program to calculate the value of the integral ∫0𝜋/4 (cos(𝑥2 ) + sin(𝑥2 )) 𝑑𝑥 using Simpson’s 3/8 rule.
Divide the integration interval into N equally spaced points where N = 1001 and print your answer rounded off up to two decimal places.
Round the answer to two decimal places using the Python function round() as below: ans = round(ans, 2)
Note: Don’t use any in-built function for integration problem.
What is the value of the integral calculated?

In [3]: 1 def simpsons_3_8_rule(f, a, b, n):

2 if n % 3 != 0:
3 raise ValueError("Number of intervals must be a multiple of 3.")
4
5 h = (b - a) / n
6 s = f(a) + f(b)
7 for i in range(1, n):
8 if i % 3 == 0:
9 s += 2 * f(a + i * h)
10 else:
11 s += 3 * f(a + i * h)
12
13 return (3/8)*h*s
14 ​
15 def f(x):
16 return np.cos(x**2) + np.sin(x**2)
17 ​
18 round(simpsons_3_8_rule(f, a=0, b=np.pi/4, n=1001+1), 2)

Out[3]: 0.91

Calculate the value of the integral ∫−11 𝑥8 𝑑𝑥 using 4 point gauss-legendre quadrature method.
You can use the scipy module for this problem.
Round your answer to 2 decimal places using the python function round().

In [5]: 1 def gauss_legendre_integrate(f, a, b, N):

2 x, w = sc.special.roots_legendre(N)
3 d = (b - a)/2
4 s = (b + a)/2
5 p = d*w*f(d*x + s)
6 I = np.sum(p)
7 df = pd.DataFrame({'weights $W_i$':w, 'Roots $X_i$':x, 'Functions $f(x_i)$':f(d*x + s), 'Products $w_if(x_i)$':p})
8 sum_row = pd.DataFrame(df.sum(numeric_only=True)).T
9 sum_row.index = ['Sum']
10 df = pd.concat([df, sum_row])
11 display(df)
12 return I
13 ​
14 f = lambda x : (x**8)
15 ​
16 I = gauss_legendre_integrate(f,a=-1,b=1,N=4)
17 print("Approximate integral value:", round(I,2))

weights 𝑊𝑖 Roots 𝑋𝑖 Functions 𝑓(𝑥𝑖) Products 𝑤𝑖𝑓(𝑥𝑖)

0 0.347855 -8.611363e-01 0.302395 0.105190

1 0.652145 -3.399810e-01 0.000178 0.000116

2 0.652145 3.399810e-01 0.000178 0.000116

3 0.347855 8.611363e-01 0.302395 0.105190

Sum 2.000000 -1.110223e-16 0.605148 0.210612

Approximate integral value: 0.21

 Write a python program to calculate the approximate value of the integral ∫−11 (1 + 𝑎𝑥2 ) 𝑑𝑥 using two point Gauss-quadrature rule.
What will be the value of integral for a = 6?

Note: Don’t use any in-built function for integration problem.

Note: For the two point rule, the weight factors and nodes/roots are given below,

Weight factor (w) Nodes/Roots (x)

1 − √13
1
1 √3
Round the answer to 2 decimal places using the python function round()

In [14]: 1 def f(x,a=6):

2 return 1 + a * x**2
3 ​
4 I = gauss_legendre_integrate(f,a=-1,b=1,N=2)
5 print("Approximate integral value:", round(I,2))

weights 𝑊𝑖 Roots 𝑋𝑖 Functions 𝑓(𝑥𝑖) Products 𝑤𝑖𝑓(𝑥𝑖)

0 1.0 -0.57735 3.0 3.0

1 1.0 0.57735 3.0 3.0

Sum 2.0 0.00000 6.0 6.0

Approximate integral value: 6.0

In [13]: 1 def gauss(f,a,b,N):

2 t, w = sc.special.roots_legendre(N)
3 x = ((b-a)/2)*t + (b+a)/2
4 k = ((b-a)/2)*f(x)
5 G = np.sum(w*k)
6 df = pd.DataFrame({'weights $W_i$':w, 'Roots $X_i$':x, 'Functions $f(x_i)$': f(x), 'Products $w_if(x_i)$': w*k})
7 sum_row = pd.DataFrame(df.sum(numeric_only=True)).T
8 sum_row.index = ['Sum']
9 df = pd.concat([df, sum_row])
10 display(df)
11 return G
12 ​
13 def f(x,a=6):
14 return 1 + a * x**2
15 ​
16 print("Approximate integral value :", round(gauss(f,a=-1,b=1,N=2),2))

weights 𝑊𝑖 Roots 𝑋𝑖 Functions 𝑓(𝑥𝑖) Products 𝑤𝑖𝑓(𝑥𝑖)

0 1.0 -0.57735 3.0 3.0

1 1.0 0.57735 3.0 3.0

Sum 2.0 0.00000 6.0 6.0

Approximate integral value : 6.0

In [10]: 1 def f(x,a=6):

2 return 1 + a * x**2
3 ​
4 round(f(-0.57735) + f(0.57735) , 2)

Out[10]: 6.0

Write a python program to calculate the approximate value of the integral ∫−∞∞ exp(−𝑥2 )(𝑎𝑥2 + 3) 𝑑𝑥 using three point Hermite-Gauss quadrature rule.
What will be the value of the above integral for a = 4?
Note: Don’t use any in-built function for integration problem.
Note: For the three point rule, the weight factors and nodes/roots are given below,

Weight factor (w) Nodes/Roots (x)

1.18164 0

0.295409 −1.22474

0.295409 1.22474

Round the answer to two decimal places using the python function round() as below: ans = round(ans,2)
In [11]: 1 def gauss_hermite_quadrature(f, c, N):
2 x, w = sc.special.roots_hermite(N)
3 I = np.sum(w * f(x, c))
4 df = pd.DataFrame({'weights $W_i$':w,'Roots $X_i$':x,r'Functions $f(x_i)$':f(x, c),r'Products $w_if(x_i)$':w*f(x, c)})
5 sum_row = pd.DataFrame(df.sum(numeric_only=True)).T
6 sum_row.index = ['Sum']
7 df = pd.concat([df, sum_row])
8 display(df)
9 return I
10 ​
11 def f(x, const):
12 a = const
13 return (a*x**2 + 3)
14 ​
15 print("Approximate integral value :", round(gauss_hermite_quadrature(f, 4, N=3) , 2))

weights 𝑊𝑖 Roots 𝑋𝑖 Functions 𝑓(𝑥𝑖) Products 𝑤𝑖𝑓(𝑥𝑖)

0 0.295409 -1.224745 9.0 2.658681

1 1.181636 0.000000 3.0 3.544908

2 0.295409 1.224745 9.0 2.658681

Sum 1.772454 0.000000 21.0 8.862269

Approximate integral value : 8.86

In [12]: 1 def f(x, a=4):

2 return (a*x**2 + 3)
3 ​
4 round(0.295409 * f(-1.224745) + 1.181636 * f(0.0) + 0.295409 * f(1.224745) , 2)

Out[12]: 8.86

Write a python program to calculate the approximate value of the integral ∫𝑎𝑏 exp(𝑐𝑥)(cos𝑥 + sin𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 using five point Legendre-Gauss-quadrature rule.
Taking a = 1, b = 2 and c = -2, what will be the output?
Note: You should not use ”scipy.integrate” package in your code.
Note: For the five points Legendre-Gauss-quadrature rule, the weight factors and nodes/roots are given below,

Weight factor (w) Nodes/Roots (x)

0.23693 −0.90618

0.47863 −0.53847

0.56889 0.00000

0.47863 0.53847

0.23693 0.90618

Round the answer to 2 decimal places using the python function round() as below: ans: round(ans,2)

In [12]: 1 def f(x, c=-2):

2 return np.exp(c * x) * (np.cos(x) + np.sin(x))
3 ​
4 ans = round(gauss_legendre_integrate(f, a=1, b=2, N=5), 2)
5 print(f"The approximate value of the integral is: {ans}")

weights 𝑊𝑖 Roots 𝑋𝑖 Functions 𝑓(𝑥𝑖) Products 𝑤𝑖𝑓(𝑥𝑖)

0 0.236927 -0.906180 0.168329 0.019941

1 0.478629 -0.538469 0.108870 0.026054

2 0.568889 0.000000 0.053184 0.015128

3 0.478629 0.538469 0.022759 0.005447

4 0.236927 0.906180 0.011160 0.001322

Sum 2.000000 0.000000 0.364303 0.067892

The approximate value of the integral is: 0.07

In [11]: 1 def f(x, c=-2):

2 return np.exp(c * x) * (np.cos(x) + np.sin(x))
3 a,b=1,2
4 d = (b - a)/2
5 s = (b + a)/2
6 I=d*(0.23693*f(-0.90618*d+s)+0.47863*f(-0.53847*d+s)+0.56889*f(0.*d+s)+0.47863*f(0.53847*d+s)+0.23693*f(0.90618*d+s))
7 round(I,2)

Out[11]: 0.07