Cambridge International Advanced Subsidiary and Advanced Level
Cambridge International Advanced Subsidiary and Advanced Level
Cambridge International Advanced Subsidiary and Advanced Level
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BIOLOGY 9700/22
Paper 2 AS Level Structured Questions October/November 2016
1 hour 15 minutes
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B Partially permeable membrane surrounding the large permanent vacuole of plant cells.
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[5]
[Total: 5]
2 Phloem sap containing sucrose is transported in phloem sieve tubes from the source to the sink.
(a) A student carried out an experiment using Visking tubing to investigate osmosis. The student
prepared a sucrose solution to represent phloem sap at the source. This was put into Visking
tubing that was tied at one end, so that the tubing was approximately 75% full.
The rest of the procedure is summarised in Fig. 2.1. The tubing was removed after 20 minutes,
dried and re-weighed.
Visking
tubing
tubing tied at
both ends distilled water
sucrose
solution
20 minutes
Fig. 2.1
(i) Complete Fig. 2.1 to show the appearance of the Visking tubing inside the test-tube after
20 minutes. [1]
(ii) State, with reasons, whether there would be a change in the mass of the Visking tubing
containing the sucrose solution after 20 minutes.
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(b) Explain how osmosis is involved in the mass flow of phloem sap.
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(c) Amino acids synthesised in the mesophyll cells of leaves are also transported in phloem sap
to other locations where they are used to synthesise polypeptides.
Two amino acids are shown below. Describe the formation of a peptide bond between these
two amino acids. You may use the space below.
R R
H O H O
N C C N C C
H OH H OH
H H
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[Total: 9]
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3 High fructose corn syrup, made from maize, can be used as a replacement for sucrose to sweeten
food and drink products.
Commercial production of high fructose corn syrup involves the enzyme glucose isomerase,
extracted from bacteria.
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2 ................................................................................................................................................
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(b) The glucose isomerase used in the production of high fructose corn syrup is extracted from a
strain of a bacterium, Thermus thermophilus, which is found in hot springs. The enzyme has
an optimum temperature of 95 °C.
Suggest and explain the advantages of using glucose isomerase from T. thermophilus to
produce high fructose corn syrup, rather than using glucose isomerase that has an optimum
temperature of 37 °C.
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(c) The commercial production of high fructose corn syrup uses immobilised glucose isomerase.
Fig. 3.1 shows the effect of pH on the activity of immobilised glucose isomerase compared to
glucose isomerase free in solution.
100
immobilised glucose
isomerase
(immobilised enzyme)
80
percentage
activity
60 glucose isomerase
free in solution
(free enzyme)
40
20
0
6 7 8 9
pH
Fig. 3.1
With reference to Fig. 3.1, describe the differences shown between the immobilised enzyme
and the free enzyme as pH changes.
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(d) The amino acid sequence of the enzyme glucose isomerase has been determined. The first
five amino acids of this sequence are shown in Table 3.1.
Table 3.2 (on page 11) shows the genetic code (mRNA codons).
A student was asked to use Table 3.2 to work out an mRNA nucleotide sequence that would
correspond to the first five amino acids of glucose isomerase. The student’s sequence is
shown in Table 3.1.
Table 3.1
(i) Complete Table 3.1 using a 3 or a 7 to indicate whether the student has used Table 3.2
correctly to identify the codons for each amino acid in the nucleotide sequence. [1]
(ii) Discuss, with reasons, how an mRNA nucleotide sequence worked out to correspond to
the first five amino acids using Table 3.2 may not be the same as the mRNA nucleotide
sequence for those amino acids present in the bacterial cell.
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Table 3.2
U C A G
phe ser tyr cys U
[Total: 12]
4 Fig. 4.1 is a cross-section of a human renal artery, a vessel that supplies blood to the kidney.
elastic layer X
tunica media
Y
Fig. 4.1
(a) The elastic layer shown in Fig. 4.1, located between the endothelium and the tunica media,
is one feature that suggests that the blood vessel is the renal artery and not the renal vein,
which may be of a similar size.
Complete the sentence to state one additional structural feature, visible in Fig. 4.1, that
would identify the blood vessel as an artery.
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(b) Explain the relationship between the structure of the tunica media and the function of an
artery, such as the renal artery.
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(c) The actual diameter of the lumen of the renal artery at the point X–Y in Fig. 4.1 is 5.2 mm.
Calculate the magnification of the image shown in Fig. 4.1. Write down the formula you will
use to make your calculation and show your working.
formula
magnification × .................................[3]
(d) Blood plasma contains approximately 90% water. Many of the properties of water are due to
its ability to form hydrogen bonds.
Outline how the properties of water make it ideal as the largest component of plasma.
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[Total: 9]
non-infectious ....................................................................................................................
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disease ..............................................................................................................................
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(ii) In a person with lung cancer one or more healthy cells undergo changes to produce
cancerous cells that can form a tumour.
Suggest and explain the cellular changes that occur in the development of lung cancer.
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infectious disease
type of virus A B
pathogen
Fig. 5.1
A .........................................................................
B ......................................................................... [2]
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[Total: 14]
6 (a) Fig. 6.1 represents one complete cell cycle for a eukaryotic cell.
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[3]
Fig. 6.1
(ii) Name the stage in the cell cycle in which semi-conservative replication of DNA occurs.
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The development of stem cells to become neutrophils occurs in several stages. Some of these
stages are capable of cell division.
Fig. 6.2 is a summary of neutrophil development. Some details of cellular structure are included.
no granules visible
myeloblast large spherical or ovoid nucleus
Fig. 6.2
All three types of granule indicated in Fig. 6.2 are membrane-bound cell structures containing
hydrolytic enzymes. Each type of granule contains a different group of enzymes and other
chemicals that enable the neutrophil to carry out its role.
(b) (i) State the location in the body where development and maturation of the neutrophil
occurs.
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(iii) State the alternative name of the cell structures described in Fig. 6.2 as “granules”.
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(c) (i) Primary granules contain proteins known as defensins. These bind to cell surface
membranes of bacteria and form very small pores in the membrane.
Suggest how defensins contribute to the role of the neutrophil in killing bacteria.
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(ii) Secondary granules contain lysozyme. This is an enzyme that breaks bonds in
peptidoglycan molecules.
Explain how the action of lysozyme will lead to the destruction of the bacterial cell.
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[Total: 11]
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