6G Mobile Wireless Communications

Vision, Roadmap, Technologies & Use Cases

Introduction
ZAHID GHADIALY
JUNE 2021 @6Gtraining

@3g4gUK
#Free6Gtraining
Legal Disclaimer
This presentation is intended to stimulate discussion on some of the exciting current and future
developments in digital communications technology and networks. It also contains some
forward-looking statements, research and speculation that may never become part of standards.

It strives to provide the latest and most correct information. Due to the vastness of standards,
constant change and revision, it is possible that the following information may not be entirely up
to date or correct. E&OE.

There are references to information in public domain (books, websites, standard documents,
etc.) in this material. Attempt has been made to give credit to all such references wherever
possible. The original copyright holders retain the copyright to their material.

It would not be prudent to make any financial or investment decisions based on this
presentation.

©3G4G
 Before we begin
Please Note:
• This is a very basic introductory course.
• This is designed for people with deep understanding of the mobile
wireless technology and ecosystem.
• Even if you are a beginner in this domain, you will learn somethings but
not everything.
• There is no programming involved in any way.
• There are no review questions / answers.
• I will provide a lot of references that you can use to study this topic
further.

©3G4G
6G Mobile Wireless Communications
Vision, Roadmap, Technologies & Use Cases
Part 1: Introduction

@6Gtraining

@3g4gUK
#Free6Gtraining
Part 1 Video Link

©3G4G
What exactly is 6G?

©3G4G
When is 6G coming?

©3G4G
 3GPP Releases Timeline
1999 2002 2009 2011 2016 2019 2022 2025 2029
R99 R4 R5 R6 R7 R8 R9 R10 R11 R12 R13 R14 R15 R16 R17 R18 R19 R20 R21 R22

3G
3.5G (HSDPA)

4G
Real 4G (LTE-A) 4.5G (LTE-A Pro)

5G
5.5G?

6G
Red text indicates dates and features are not confirmed

3GPP Release Dates on 3GPP Portal

©3G4G
If 5G is being launched just
now, why are we talking
about 6G already?
©3G4G
5G Research Vision Requirements Standardization Launch Evaluation Evolution continues…

Technologies
that didn’t
make it to 5G

6G Research Vision Requirements Standardization

©3G4G
Who is standardising 6G?

©3G4G
Tentative 6G Standardisation Process

IMT-2030 SDOs
(Standards Development
Organizations)

IMT-2030
Vision and

ITU-R
Requirements 3GPP
once they are
defined
ETSI
IEEE
etc.

©3G4G
Will 6G be called 6G?

©3G4G
 Will 6G be called 6G?
Marketing Name ITU Name 3GPP Name RAN Name Core Name System Name

3G IMT-2000 UMTS UTRAN UMTS Core UMTS System

Enhanced IMT-
3.5G UMTS HSPA UTRAN UMTS Core UMTS System
2000

Evolved Packet Evolved Packet

4G IMT-Advanced LTE-Advanced E-UTRAN
Core (EPC) System (EPS)

5G IMT-2020 5G New Radio (NR) 5G Core (5GC) 5G System (5GS)

6G IMT-2030 6G ? ? ?

Red text indicates that the names have not been confirmed.

©3G4G
Course Outline!

©3G4G
Course Outline: An Introduction to 6G Wireless
• Part 1: Introduction
• Part 2: 6G Vision
• Part 3: 6G Use Cases & Applications
• Part 4: 6G Timeline
• Part 5: 6G Requirements
• Part 6: 6G Groups
• Part 7: 6G Technologies
• Part 8: 6G Devices
• Part 9: Course Summary and Conclusion

©3G4G
 Background Material
• The 3G4G Blog: 3G -> 3.9G, May 2007 (link)
• The 3G4G Blog: IMT Advanced = 4G, June 2007 (link)
• The 3G4G Blog: Revised paper on “4G” by 3G Americas, Aug 2008 (link)
• 3GPP system standards heading into the 5G era, Spring 2014 (link)
• The 3G4G Blog: What is (pre-5G) 4.5G?, Oct 2014 (link)
• ITU: ITU agrees on key 5G performance requirements for IMT-2020,
Feb 2017 (link)
• The 3G4G Blog: IMT-2020 (5G) Requirements, March 2017 (link)
• ITU IMT-2020 Page (link)
• 3GPP Release-15 Page (link)

©3G4G
6G Mobile Wireless Communications
Vision, Roadmap, Technologies & Use Cases
Part 2: 6G Vision

@6Gtraining

@3g4gUK
#Free6Gtraining
Part 2 Video Link

©3G4G
 Focus area for different technology generations
Speed / Throughput
2G Focus area
Voice
+
3G Focus area
SMS
4G Focus area

5G Focus area

Data

Connection Density Latency / Delay

©3G4G
Focus area for different technology generations
Speed / Throughput

2G, 3G, 4G

5G

Data

Connection Density Latency / Delay

©3G4G
 IMT-2020 High Level Vision
eMBB (enhanced Mobile Broadband) – Capacity Enhancement
& Fixed Wireless Access (FWA) – High Speed Home / SOHO Broadband
ITU recommendation ITU-R M.2083-0

Gigabytes in a second

Smart Homes 3D video 4K screens

Smart-city cameras
Work and play in the cloud

Augmented/Virtual reality
Voice

Industrial and vehicular automation

Sensor Network
Mission critical broadband
Sensor

Self-driving car

mMTC (massive Machine Type Communications) – URLLC (Ultra-reliable and Low-latency communications) –
Massive connectivity High reliability, Low latency
©3G4G
Motivation for NR-RedCap in Release-17

NR-RedCap
(previously known as
NR-Light, NR-Lite)

NR-RedCap (New Radio

Reduced Capability Device)

©3G4G
Motivation for NR-RedCap in Release-17
Low Latency
eMBB
10
URLLC
8
LTE-M (eMTC)
6
NB-IoT Battery Life Reliability
4
NR-RedCap
2

Low Cost Peak Data Rate

Coverage

©3G4G
Huawei 5.5G Vision

Source

©3G4G
NTT Docomo’s 6G Vision

NTT Docomo 6G
whitepaper

©3G4G
 ITU FG NET-2030 Vision
Source
presentation VLV&TIC

eMBB

BBE&HPC ManyNets

Web

mMTC uRLLC

Multimedia APP

Past Now Future

2000 - 2020 2020 - 2030 2030+

©3G4G
 ITU FG NET-2030 Vision
▪ Beyond AR/VR
Very Large Volume & Tiny Instant Communications ▪ Holographic Type Communications
VLV&TIC ▪ Very High Throughput (> Tbps)
▪ Holographic Teleport (< 5ms)
▪ Digital Senses
▪ Qualitative Communications
▪ High Precision Communications ▪ Coordinated Streams
▪ Lossless Networking
▪ Throughput Guarantee
▪ Latency Guarantee
▪ In-Time Guarantee ▪ Satellite Networks
▪ On-Time Guarantee ▪ Internet-Scale Private Networks
▪ Coordinated Guarantee ▪ MEC
▪ User-Network Interface ▪ Special-Purpose Networks
▪ Dense Networks
▪ Network-Network Interface
BBE & HPC ManyNets ▪ Operator-Operator Interface
Beyond Best Effort and
High-Precision Communications
Source presentation

©3G4G
ITU FG NET-2030 Vision

Source whitepaper

©3G4G
Samsung: 6G ‘Connected Machines’ Vision

Samsung 6G Vision Whitepaper

©3G4G
ETRI: 6G Usage Elements and Scenarios

Source: ETRI, South Korea (link)

©3G4G
ETRI: 6G Usage Elements and Scenarios

Source: ETRI, South Korea (link)

©3G4G
6GIC 6G Vision

Source whitepaper

©3G4G
Qualcomm’s 6G Vision

Qualcomm’s 6G Vision, via

5G America’s 6G whitepaper

©3G4G
Nokia’s 6G Vision

Source: Nokia Bell Labs

©3G4G
Ericsson’s 6G Vision

Source: Free 6G Training

©3G4G
 Background Material
• The 3G4G Blog: IMT-2020 (5G) Requirements (link)
• The 3G4G Blog: Introduction to Fixed Wireless Access (FWA) (link)
• The 3G4G Blog: 5G Enhanced URLLC (eURLLC) (link)
• The 3G4G Blog: Ultra Reliability: 5x9s (99.999%) in 3GPP Release-15 vs
6x9s (99.9999%) in 3GPP Release-16 (link)
• The 3G4G Blog: 5G and Industry 4.0 (link)
• The 3G4G Blog: New 3GPP Release-17 Study Item on NR-Lite (a.k.a. NR-
Light) (link)*
• 3G4G: Introduction to NR-Light a.k.a. NR-Lite (link)*
• The 3G4G Blog: What is Industrial IoT (IIoT) and how is it different from
IoT? (link)
* NR-Lite / NR-Light is now known as NR-RedCap (New Radio Reduced Capability Device)
©3G4G
 Further Reading & References
• The 3G4G Blog - ITU 'Network 2030': Initiative to support Emerging
Technologies and Innovation looking beyond 5G advances (link)
• ITU News: ITU launches new study on networks & technologies for
2030 and beyond, Aug 2018 (link)
• ITU FG NET-2030: Focus Group on Technologies for Network 2030 (link)
• NTT Docomo white paper: 5G Evolution and 6G, January 2020 (link)
• Free 6G Training: 6G Usage Elements and Scenarios (link)
• Free 6G Training: '6G Vision for 2030+' from 6th Generation Innovation
Centre (6GIC) (link)
• Free 6G Training: Huawei talks about Beyond 5G, 5.5G and 6G (link)
• University of Surrey, 6GIC – 6G Wireless: A New Strategic Vision (link)
• Samsung 6G Vision Whitepaper, July 2020 (link)
©3G4G
6G Mobile Wireless Communications
Vision, Roadmap, Technologies & Use Cases
Part 3: 6G Use Cases & Applications

@6Gtraining

@3g4gUK
#Free6Gtraining
Part 3 Video Link

©3G4G
 5G High Level Vision & Use Cases
eMBB (enhanced Mobile Broadband) – Capacity Enhancement
& Fixed Wireless Access (FWA) – High Speed Home / SOHO Broadband
ITU recommendation ITU-R M.2083-0

Gigabytes in a second

Smart Homes 3D video 4K screens

Smart-city cameras
Work and play in the cloud

Augmented/Virtual reality
Voice

Industrial and vehicular automation

Sensor Network
Mission critical broadband
Sensor

Self-driving car

mMTC (massive Machine Type Communications) – URLLC (Ultra-reliable and Low-latency communications) –
Massive connectivity High reliability, Low latency
©3G4G
 Augmented reality (AR)

In Augmented Reality (AR),

virtual information and
objects are overlaid on the Extended reality
real world. This experience
enhances the real world
with digital images, text,
and animation. LG U+ AR Dance-Off

©3G4G
 Virtual Reality (VR)
In a Virtual Reality (VR)
experience, users are fully
immersed in a simulated
Extended reality
digital environment. Users
must put on a VR headset
or head-mounted display
(HMD) to get a 360 -degree
view of an artificial world NTT Docomo VR Example

©3G4G
 Mixed Reality (MR)
In Mixed Reality (MR), digital
and real-world objects co-
exist and can interact with
Extended reality
one another in real-time.
This is the latest immersive
technology and is
sometimes referred to as
hybrid reality. Microsoft HoloLens MR Example

©3G4G
Extended Reality (XR)?

Extended Reality (XR) Extended reality

is an umbrella term for
all the immersive
AR VR MR
technologies.

©3G4G
Transform how children learn and play

Source: NTT Docomo

©3G4G
Tourists Exploring Historical Sites with XR

Source: BBC - How we streamed AR & VR at the Roman Baths (link)

©3G4G
XR for Work Life Balance

Source: NTT Docomo

©3G4G
5G skiing Use Case by Vodafone

Use case details here, video here.

©3G4G
 XR will impact everyone and everything

Transform how Tourists

Families Working Health and People with
children learn exploring
communicating Professionals Fitness disabilities
and play historical sites

Children chasing Exploring Experiences that might

Families bought Engineers Virtual
virtual historical sites be impossible or unsafe
together with life- collaborating on trainers to
characters/immersi through VR for them in real life. They
like shared design motivate
ve gaming, students seeing them in can run, ski, ride bikes,
communication to improve fitness groups
using VR aids their original and climb mountains.
efficiency
state

©3G4G
Collaboration Over Immersive XR

Source: Qualcomm

©3G4G
Digital Twins

Source: Siemens

©3G4G
Digital Twins

NTT IOWN: Digital twin computing (Concept video)

©3G4G
Hologram

Hologram example from Star Wars Episode IV: A New Hope

©3G4G
Holoportation / ‘Holographic Telepresence’

Holoportation example from movie Kingsman: The Secret Service (see video)

©3G4G
Teleportation

✘
See Transporter in Star Trek video

©3G4G
Teleportation

From the movie, Surrogates (2009), see trailer video

©3G4G
Samsung 6G
Vision
Samsung whitepaper highlights
three key 6G services:
• Truly Immersive XR
• High-Fidelity Mobile Hologram
• Digital Replica

©3G4G
NTT Docomo 6G Use Cases

Source: ANN
News Channel
(link)

More details in the NTT Docomo 6G Whitepaper

©3G4G
Ericsson’s 2030 Trends: Internet of Senses

Watch the ‘Internet of senses’ video here

©3G4G
Enabling Vertical Markets with Network 2030

Source: FG NET-2030 Whitepaper

©3G4G
ETRI: 6G Usage Elements and Scenarios

Source: ETRI, South Korea (link)

©3G4G
Scenarios for 6G business
Source: 6G Flagship Whitepapers

See, 6G Vision for 2030 video from University of Oulu / 6G Flagship here.

©3G4G
 5G vs 6G Use Case Comparison
Use case (capability) 5G 6G
High resolution, multi-sensory / detailed
Augmented Reality for Industry Low resolution / high level tasks
tasks, co-design
Telepresence (capacity) High video quality, limited scale Mixed reality / Holographic
Security surveillance, defect detection
External sensing, limited automation Integrated radio sensing, fully automated
(positioning & sensing)
Distributed computing, Automation
Microsecond-level tasks Higher precision nanosecond-level tasks
(time synchronization)
Dynamic digital twins and virtual worlds
(real-time, multi-sensory mapping and No Yes
rendering)
Wireless in Data Center
No Yes
(peak rate and capacity)
Zero Energy Devices
No Yes
(back scatter communications)
Swarms of robots or drones Maybe Yes
Bio sensors and AI Limited Yes
From Nokia Bell Labs 6G whitepaper

©3G4G
 Background Material
• The 3G4G Blog: 5G eXtended Reality (5G-XR) in 5G System (5GS) (link)
• The 3G4G Blog: 5G and Industry 4.0 (link)
• The 3G4G Blog: What is Industrial IoT (IIoT) and how is it different from
IoT? (link)
• The 3G4G Blog: Challenges and Future Perspectives of Industrial 5G
(link)
• 3G4G: What are Telepresence Robots? (Presentation, Video)

©3G4G
 Further Reading
• 6G Research Visions: White paper 1 on Key drivers and research challenges for 6G ubiquitous wireless
intelligence, Sep 2019 (link)
• 6G Research Visions: White paper 2 on 6G Drivers and The UN SDGs, June 2020 (link)
• 6G Research Visions: White Paper 3 on Business of 6G, June 2020 (link)
• 6G Research Visions: White Paper 4 on Validation and Trials for Verticals towards 2030’s, June 2020 (link)
• NTT announces new R&D projects of Digital Twin Computing, Nov 2020 (link)
• NTT Docomo white paper: 5G Evolution and 6G, January 2020 (link)
• University of Surrey, 6GIC – 6G Wireless: A New Strategic Vision (link)
• Samsung 6G Vision Whitepaper, July 2020 (link)
• Free 6G Training: 6G may just make Teleportation a Reality (link)
• Ericsson: 10 Hot Consumer Trends 2030 (link)
• FG-NET-2030 Whitepaper (link)
• Enabling holographic media for future applications: Missing pieces and limitations in networks, SIGCOMM,
Aug 2019 (link)
• Holographic Type Communication, Kiran Makhijani, Future Networks, Futurewei, Oct 2019 (link)
• Nokia Bell Labs: Communications in the 6G Era Whitepaper, Sep 2020 (link)
• Virtual Reality Book by Steven M. LaValle (link)
©3G4G
6G Mobile Wireless Communications
Vision, Roadmap, Technologies & Use Cases
Part 4: 6G Timeline

@6Gtraining

@3g4gUK
#Free6Gtraining
Part 4 Video Link

©3G4G
 3GPP Releases Timeline
1999 2002 2009 2011 2016 2019 2022 2025 2029
R99 R4 R5 R6 R7 R8 R9 R10 R11 R12 R13 R14 R15 R16 R17 R18 R19 R20 R21 R22

3G
3.5G (HSDPA)

4G
Real 4G (LTE-A) 4.5G (LTE-A Pro)

5G
5.5G?

6G
Red text indicates dates and features are not confirmed

3GPP Release Dates on 3GPP Portal

©3G4G
3GPP Release 17 timeline agreed

Source: 3GPP

©3G4G
 Technologies Research Timeline
1991 1999 2009 2019 2029
2G Launch 3G Launch 4G Launch 5G Launch 6G Launch

Technologies
that didn’t
3G Research Started make it to 3G

Technologies
that didn’t
4G Research Started make it to 4G
Technologies
that didn’t
5G Research Started make it to 5G

6G Research Started

©3G4G
ZTE’s 6G Timeline from March 2020

Source

©3G4G
6G Flagship Suggested Timeline

Source

©3G4G
6G Timeline from Samsung Whitepaper

Samsung 6G Vision Whitepaper

©3G4G
6G Mobile Wireless Communications
Vision, Roadmap, Technologies & Use Cases
Part 5: 6G Requirements

@6Gtraining

@3g4gUK
#Free6Gtraining
Part 5 Video Link

©3G4G
 Comparison* of different Technology Generations
2G 3G (HSPA+) 4G 5G
Year 1990 2000 2010 2020
Max DL Speed 473.6 Kbps 42 Mbps 3 Gbps 20 Gbps
(theoretical)
Avg DL Speed 50 Kbps 8 Mbps 100 Mbps 300 Mbps
(practical)
Max UL Speed 473.6 Kbps 11.5 Mbps 1.5 Gbps 10 Gbps
(theoretical)
Avg UL Speed 50 Kbps 2 Mbps 50 Mbps 100 Mbps
(practical)
E2E Latency 600 ms 120 ms 30 ms 10 ms
(practical)
Reliability 99% 99.9% 99.99% 99.999%
Connection Density N/a N/a 105 devices/km2 106 devices/km2
Mobility 150 km/h 300 km/h 350 km/h 500 km/h

* Approximate values to show comparisons.

©3G4G
Comparison of 2G, 3G, 4G & 5G technologies
Connection Speed, Latency & Density Comparison
2G 3G 4G 5G

Example only.
Not according to scale

Speed Latency Connection Density

©3G4G
 5G (IMT-2020) Requirements
ITU-R IMT-2020 requirements

>10 Gbps 100 Mbps

Whenever needed
Peak data rates

100 x 10000 x
More devices than 4G
More traffic than 4G

M2M
Ultra low cost UR
Ultra-Reliable
10 years (99.999%)
battery life

< 1 ms
1,000,000 Low latency on
devices per km2 radio interface

©3G4G
5G Americas Next G Requirements

5G Americas Whitepaper: Mobile Communications Beyond 2020 - The Evolution of 5G Towards the Next G

©3G4G
NTT Docomo 6G Requirements

Source: NTT Docomo 6G Whitepaper, Jan 2020

©3G4G
6G Research Visions, 5G & 6G KPIs Comparison

6G Research Visions: White Paper 10 on Broadband Connectivity in 6G

©3G4G
ETRI: 6G KPIs

Source: ETRI, South Korea (link)

©3G4G
 Source

©3G4G
5G vs 6G Key Performance Requirements Comparison

Samsung 6G Vision Whitepaper

©3G4G
 Comparison* of different Technology Generations
2G 3G (HSPA+) 4G 5G 6G**
Year 1990 2000 2010 2020 2030
Max DL Speed 473.6 Kbps 42 Mbps 3 Gbps 20 Gbps 1 Tbps
(theoretical)
Avg DL Speed 50 Kbps 8 Mbps 100 Mbps 300 Mbps 1 Gbps
(practical)
Max UL Speed 473.6 Kbps 11.5 Mbps 1.5 Gbps 10 Gbps 10 Gbps
(theoretical)
Avg UL Speed 50 Kbps 2 Mbps 50 Mbps 100 Mbps 1 Gbps
(practical)
E2E Latency 600 ms 120 ms 30 ms 10 ms 1 ms
(practical)
Reliability 99% 99.9% 99.99% 99.999% 99.99999%
Connection Density N/a N/a 105 devices/km2 106 devices/km2 107 devices/km2
Mobility 150 km/h 300 km/h 350 km/h 500 km/h 1000 km/h

* Approximate values to show comparisons. **Subject to change when standards process starts.
©3G4G
 Background Material
• 3G4G: Bandwidth, Throughput, Latency & Jitter in mobile networks
(link)
• 3G4G: Reliability - 5x9s vs 6x9s (link)

©3G4G
 Further Reading
• 5G Americas: Mobile Communications Beyond 2020 – The Evolution of
5G Towards Next G, Dec 2020 (link)
• 6G Research Visions: White Paper 4 on Validation and Trials for
Verticals towards 2030’s, June 2020 (link)
• NTT Docomo white paper: 5G Evolution and 6G, January 2020 (link)
• 6G Research Visions: White Paper 10 on Broadband Connectivity in 6G,
June 2020 (link)
• Z. Zhang et al., "6G Wireless Networks: Vision, Requirements,
Architecture, and Key Technologies," in IEEE Vehicular Technology
Magazine, 28-41, Sept. 2019 (link)
• The 3G4G Blog: NTT Docomo's Vision on 5G Evolution and 6G (link)

©3G4G
6G Mobile Wireless Communications
Vision, Roadmap, Technologies & Use Cases
Part 6: 6G Groups

@6Gtraining

@3g4gUK
#Free6Gtraining
Part 6 Video Link

©3G4G
 6G Activities in China

Slide Source: MIIT

©3G4G
6G Activities in China

Slide Source: CAICT

©3G4G
6G Activities in Japan
Japan readies $2bn Japan eyes 6G as a
to support industry way of making up
research on 6G tech lost ground

Race for 6G: Japan Japan to earmark

plays catch-up via ¥50 billion for 6G
infrastructure development

(Click on the name of the newspaper to visit the link)

©3G4G
NTT Docomo 6G Activities
DOCOMO will continue its research into and development of
5G evolution and 6G technology, aiming to realize
technological advances including:
• the achievement of a combination of advances in
connectivity, including ultra-high speed, large capacity
and low latency
• the pioneering of new frequency bands, including
terahertz frequencies
• the expansion of communication coverage in the sky, at
sea and in space
• the provision of ultra-low-energy and ultra-low-cost
communications
• the ensuring of highly reliable communications
• the capability of massive device-connectivity and sensing
©3G4G
 6G Activities in South Korea
• Jan 2019: LG set up a 6G Research Center at KAIST (Korean
Advanced Institute of Science and Technology).
• Samsung also opened an Advanced Communications
Research Center in Seoul to focus on 6G during early 2019.
• The South Korean government expects 6G services could
be commercially available in Korea between 2028 and
2030
• The government of Korea reportedly expects to invest a
total of KRW 200 billion ($169 million) between 2021 and
2026 period to secure basic 6G technology.

©3G4G
North America: Next-G Alliance

https://nextgalliance.org/

©3G4G
 US Universities 6G Activities
• NYU Wireless Research (link) - Terahertz, 6G & Beyond research
• ComSenTer (Communications Sensing TeraHertz) (link) - innovation in
microelectronics-based technologies, including wireless
communications.
• mmWave Networking Group at the University of Padova (link) - focused
on mmWaves and THz
• The Institute for the Wireless Internet of Things (WIOT) at
Northeastern University (link)

©3G4G
 Hexa-X: European 6G flagship research project

Hexa-X website

©3G4G
6G Flagship at University of Oulu, Finland

6G Flagship Website

©3G4G
6G Innovation Centre (6GIC), University of Surrey, UK

Institute for
Communication Systems
(ICS) Website

©3G4G
 Further Reading
• 5G Americas - Mobile Communications Beyond 2020: The Evolution of
5G Towards the Next G (link)
• Nokia: 6G technology leadership in the US, Nov 2020 (link)
• Free 6G Training: Nokia to lead the EU’s 6G project Hexa-X, Dec 2020
(link)
• Presentations from the What Next for Wireless Infrastructure Summit,
Nov 2020 (link)
• ETSI Virtual Event on Boosting the Impact of Research & Innovation
through Standardization conference, Nov 2020 (link)

©3G4G
6G Mobile Wireless Communications
Vision, Roadmap, Technologies & Use Cases
Part 7: 6G Technologies

@6Gtraining

@3g4gUK
#Free6Gtraining
Part 7 Video Link

©3G4G
6G Network 6G Connectivity 6G Devices

©3G4G
Core Network
and Network
Architecture
Evolution
SUMMARY

• Recap of existing core networks

• Control and User Plane Separation

(CUPS)

• Service Based Architecture (SBA) in

5G

• 5G Network Architecture

• RAN-Core Convergence

©3G4G
 2G / 3G Mobile Network Architecture
Voice (PSTN) Data (IP) Core Network
Network Network • Connects to voice and data networks
• Provides Security and Authentication
Circuit Switched Packet Switched • Billing / Charging
Core
Network
(CS) Core (PS) Core • Roaming
(CN)
Backhaul Backhaul
• Connects access network with core
Base Base Station Base Station network
Station Controller Controller • Example: Fiber, microwave, satellite,
Radio
Access
mesh, etc.
Network
(RAN) Base Station Access Network
Transmitter
/ Receiver • Connects devices over the air
Air • Allows mobility and handovers
Interface

User Equipment (UE)

©3G4G
Evolution of Packet Mobile Core

Legacy 2G/3G Core

• Not scalable for
handling large amount
of signalling and data
• Separation of
signalling and data not
possible

©3G4G
 4G Mobile Network Architecture
Voice (PSTN) Data (IP) Data (IP)
Network Network Network

Circuit Switched Packet Switched System Architecture Evolved Packet

Core
(CS) Core (PS) Core Evolution (SAE) Core (EPC)
Network
(CN)
Backhaul Evolved
Evolution Packet
Base System
Base Station Base Station
Station Controller Controller (EPS)
Radio
Access
Network
(RAN) Base Station eNB
Transmitter Long Term Evolution
/ Receiver (LTE) of Radio Interface
Air
Interface
UE
User Equipment (UE)

©3G4G
 EPC before CUPS (Control and User Plane Separation of EPC nodes)

SGi SGi Gx EPC

Data (IP) TDF P-GW PCRF
Network
S5/S8
S1 S6a
S-GW 1 MME HSS

S1-U S1-
MME

eNB

UE

©3G4G
 EPC after CUPS

SGi SGi Sxb Gx EPC

Data (IP) TDF-U P-GW-U P-GW-C PCRF
Network
Sxc S5/S8-U S5/S8-C
S11 S6a
TDF-C S-GW-U S-GW-C MME HSS
Sxa

S1- S1-
U MME

eNB

3G4G Tutorial on CUPS UE

©3G4G
Evolution of Packet Mobile Core

Legacy 2G/3G Core 4G EPC

• Not scalable for • Scalable for handling
handling large amount large amount of
of signalling and data signalling and data
• Separation of • Control and User
signalling and data not Plane Separation
possible introduced in R14

©3G4G
 5G Mobile Network Architecture
Data (IP) Data (IP)
Network Network 5G System is defined as
3GPP system consisting of
Evolved Packet 5G Access Network (AN),
Core 5G Core (5GC)
Network
Core (EPC) 5G Core Network and UE.
(CN) The 5G System provides
5G System data connectivity and
New & Evolution
(5GS) services.

Radio Evolved
Access Packet 3GPP TS 23.501: System
Network System
New Radio or Next- Architecture for the 5G System;
Generation RAN
(RAN) eNB (EPS) gNB (NG-RAN) Stage 2
3GPP TS 23.502: Procedures for
the 5G System; Stage 2
Air
Interface
UE UE

©3G4G
 Core Network Architecture Evolution in 5G

5G

• Functional entities • Service Based (SBA/SBI/NAPS)

• Single Core • Virtualization & Slicing
• Dedicated protocols • Softwarization/ Cloudification
• Application Programming Interfaces
• Harmonized protocols (HTTP …)
• Exposure to 3rdParties
Source: Georg Mayer • Backward & Forward Compatibility
©3G4G
 5GS Service Based Architecture (SBA)
UDC
AF Application Function
UDR AMF Access and Mobility management Function
NSSF NEF NRF FE UDM AUSFFE PCFFE AF AUSF
DN
Authentication Server Function
Data Network
FE Front End
NEF Network Exposure Function
Nnssf Nnef Nnrf Nudm Nausf Npcf Naf NRF
NSSF
NF Repository Function
Network Slice Selection Function
PCF Policy Control Function
(R)AN (Radio) Access Network
SEPP Security Edge Protection Proxy
SMF Session Management Function
UDM Unified Data Management
UDR Unified Data Repository
Control plane AMF SMF UDSF
UE
Unstructured Data Storage Function
User Equipment
function group UPF User Plane Function

N4
N2

N1 N3 N6
UPF Data Network
gNodeB (DN)
(NG-RAN) User plane
5G UE function

©3G4G
5GS using Network Slicing

Source: 3GPP
©3G4G
Evolution of Packet Mobile Core

Legacy 2G/3G Core 4G EPC 5G Core (5GC)

• Service Based Architecture,
• Not scalable for • Scalable for handling
future proofed, scalable,
handling large amount large amount of
designed for NFV/SDN and
of signalling and data signalling and data
Cloud Based Era.
• Separation of • Control and User
• User plane can easily be
signalling and data not Plane Separation
located at the edge or in
possible introduced in R14
the cloud data centre

There may be no need for a new 6G Core Network

©3G4G
5G Network Architecture
Access Network CU / BBU
DU 5G Core Services
CP
Services
Control
UP
DU Plane
Services

Fronthaul Midhaul Backhaul Services

CP User
DU Services
Plane
UP Services

DU
5G Edge Core Services

UP Services

©3G4G
RAN–Core convergence
Access Network CU / BBU
DU NG Core Services
CP
Services
Control
UP
DU Plane
Services

Fronthaul Midhaul Backhaul Services

CU-CP User
DU Services
Plane

CU-UP Services

DU
Services
NGC-UP
‘Coreless RAN’ Services

©3G4G
Support of non-3GPP access

3GPP
Access
(NG-RAN)
Untrusted
Next
Generation
Core (NGC)
Trusted Non-3GPP
Access

Wireline

Complete Tutorial here

©3G4G
 Further Reading
RAN-CORE CONVERGENCE
• 5G Americas: Mobile Communications Beyond 2020 – The Evolution of 5G Towards Next G, Dec
2020 (link)
• Nokia Bell Labs: Communications in the 6G Era Whitepaper, Sep 2020 (link)

WIRELESS WIRELINE CONVERGENCE (WWC)

• The 3G4G Blog: Three New Standards to Accelerate 5G Wireless Wireline Convergence (WWC), Nov
2020 (link)
• Connectivity Technology Blog: 5G Wireline Access Architecture, Sep 2020 (link)
• The 3G4G Blog: Exploring Network Convergence of Mobile, Broadband and Wi-Fi, Dec 2019 (link)
• The 3G4G Blog: Introduction to 5G ATSSS - Access Traffic Steering, Switching and Splitting, Nov
2019 (link)
• The 3G4G Blog: 5G and Fixed-Mobile Convergence (FMC), Sep 2019 (link)

©3G4G
6G Connectivity
Technologies

©3G4G
NTT Docomo’s view of 6G Technologies

Source: NTT Docomo 6G Whitepaper

©3G4G
NTT Docomo 5G Evolution & 6G Summit

Source: NTT Docomo Technical Journal, Jan 2021

©3G4G
Nokia: 6 Key Areas for 6G

Details in
Nokia’s 6G
whitepaper

©3G4G
6G Flagship’s view on Possible 6G Technologies

Source: 6G Flagship Whitepaper #1

©3G4G
6GIC 6G Technologies

Source whitepaper

©3G4G
Hexa-X 6G Technological Areas

Source: Hexa-X

©3G4G
 List of Probable 6G Technologies
Spectrum THz mmWave
Spectrum Sharing
Antenna Technologies OAM RIS Metamaterials
Evolution of Duplex Half Duplex FDD In-band Full Duplex (IBFD)
Evolution of Network Topology HAPS, Satellites, NTN Wireless Wireline Convergence
Comprehensive AI/ML AI/ML Air Interface AI/ML at Edge AI/ML in RAN
Split Computing
High Precision Network
Communications & Sensing
Extreme Connectivity/Networking Extreme URLLC
Industrial IoT Sub-Networks
Localization & Sensing
Security & Trust
Fully Service Based, Cloud Native Networking and RAN-Core Convergence
Expanded integration of variable wireless technologies
Open Platforms

©3G4G
6G Mobile Wireless Communications
Vision, Roadmap, Technologies & Use Cases
Part 8 - 6G Devices

@6Gtraining

@3g4gUK
#Free6Gtraining
Part 8 Video Link

©3G4G
What do you think are 6G Devices?

Source: Microsoft HoloLens MR Video link

©3G4G
What do you think are 6G Devices?

Source: Corning - A Day Made of Glass

©3G4G
What do you think are 6G Devices?

Source: Ericsson - A Social Web of Things

©3G4G
 What’s stopping us from
turning Science Fiction into
Reality?
©3G4G
6G Network 6G Connectivity 6G Devices

©3G4G
 Network & Access Devices and
Architecture Network Components
Evolution Evolution Evolution

6G Network 6G Connectivity 6G Devices

©3G4G
Internet Applications Server
AS Application

AS Application

AS Application

6G Network 6G Connectivity 6G Devices

©3G4G
From Phones to Smartphones and Smart Featurephones

1980 1990 2000 2010 2020

?
2030

©3G4G
 iPhone Size Comparison Over the Years

Picture Source

Good summary of history of iPhones and evolution (link)

Source: Kate Matthews Comparison of iPhone 12 with the original iPhone SE (link)

©3G4G
Smartphones Innovation in 2020 Based on article from TechRadar
(Click on the picture to read more about them)

Oneplus Concept One LG Wing 5G

Motorola Razr Foldable

Samsung Galaxy Z Fold 2 ZTE Axon 20 5G Oppo X Nendo

©3G4G
Tablets & Laptops

MacBook Pro Lenovo Tab P11 Pro

Surface Book 3

Dell 2-in-1 iPad Samsung Galaxy Tab A7

©3G4G
 Rise of the Companion Devices
What exactly are Companion Devices?

Companion Devices are designed to work with a ‘main’ or

‘parent’ device which generally needs to accompany them.

Examples of companion devices could be smartwatches or

Bluetooth headset or any other wearables, wherein they
generally only work with a Smartphone or a Tablet, which is
the main device.
©3G4G
 Example of Companion Devices

XR Headsets Electronic Skin Hearables

Patches
Smart Watches and
Smaller Fitness Trackers Smart Clothing
Companion
Phones

©3G4G
 Apple Watch Healthcare

Source: Apple

©3G4G
MediaTek TM
Sensio : Your Personal Health Companion

YO U R P E R S O N A L H E A LT H CO M PA N I O N
MT6381: The world’s first highly integrated 6-in-1 biosensor module for
smartphones, measures 6 functions in nearly 60 seconds
1. Sp02: Peripheral Oxygen Saturation measures the amount of oxygen in the
blood
2. Heart Rate: MediaTek Sensio measures heart beats per minute
3. Blood Pressure: Trends Measures blood pressure trends help users see data
over a period of time
4. Heart Rate: Variability Measures variation in the time between heartbeats
5. ECG: Electrocardiography measures the electrical activity of the heart over
a period of time and displays it in graph form
6. PPG: Photoplethysmography measures the change in volume of blood

Source: MediaTek

©3G4G
Wearable 360° Cameras
NEXX360 FITT360

NEXX360 Details See Linkflow FITT360 Details

©3G4G
360° Camera Usage Example

Source: KT

©3G4G
Qualcomm’s Vision: one XR device to rule them all!
Convergence: one device to rule them all.
At some point in the future, we envision the convergence of the smartphone, mobile VR
headset, and AR glasses into a single XR wearable. XR could replace all the other screens in your
life, like that big TV in your living room. Mobile XR has the potential to become one of the
world’s most ubiquitous and disruptive computing platforms—similar to the smartphone today.

Source: Qualcomm

©3G4G
Extended Reality (XR)!

Extended Reality (XR) Extended reality

is an umbrella term for
all the immersive
AR VR MR
technologies.

©3G4G
AR, VR & XR Head Mounted Devices
Oculus
HTC Vive
Samsung Gear
Google Cardboard
Powis Cardboard
Microsoft Hololens
Magic Leap
Mira Prism
- Gensler slide

©3G4G
Nreal Mixed Reality Glasses Kit

Source: Nreal

©3G4G
 Source: Qualcomm
A glimpse into the future — everyday
A glimpse into the future — everyday AR glasses
AR glasses

Bone conduction transducers Multimode connectivity

(4G, 5G, etc.)

Directional speakers
Many passive and active cameras
with fisheye and telephoto lenses
Optoelectronic night vision
and thermal imaging sensors

Ambient light sensors

Tracking and recording cameras

Eye tracking cameras

Inertial, haptic,
and health sensors

New optics and projection

Multiple high sensitivity technologies within a durable,
audio microphones semitransparent display

©3G4G 4
Collaboration Over Immersive XR

Source: Qualcomm

©3G4G
 Source: Qualcomm

©3G4G
XR Devices and Form Factors

©3G4G
XR Devices and Form Factors

©3G4G
XR Devices and Form Factors

©3G4G
XR Devices and Form Factors

©3G4G
 Summary of XR Device Types (3GPP TR 26.928)
XR Type XR Device Type Tethering XR Engine Typical Max
5G Uu Modem Power Supply
Number Name Examples Localization Avail Power
XR5G-P1 Phone n/a XR device XR device or split Internal 3-5 W
Simple VR Viewer wired
XR5G-V1 USB-C External External External 2-5 W
tethering
Simple VR Viewer wireless 802.11ad/y, 5G
XR5G-V2 External External Internal 2-3 W
tethering sidelink, etc.
Smart VR Viewer wireless 802.11ad/y, 5G
XR5G-V3 External XR device or Split Internal 2-3 W
tethering sidelink, etc.
XR5G-V4 VR HMD Standalone n/a XR device XR device or Split Internal 3-7 W
Simple AR Wearable Glass
XR5G-A1 USB-C External External External 1-3 W
wired tethering

Simple AR Wearable Glass 802.11ad/y, 5G

XR5G-A2 External External Internal 0.5 – 2 W
wireless tethering sidelink. etc.
Smart AR HMD see-through
XR5G-A3 n/a XR device XR device or Split Internal 3-7 W
standalone
AR Wearable Glass
XR5G-A4 n/a XR device XR device or Split Internal 2-4W
standalone
Smart AR Wearable Glass 802.11ad/y, 5G
XR5G-A5 External XR device or Split Internal 0.5 – 2 W
wireless tethering sidelink. etc.

©3G4G
XR Evolution Roadmap
Source: Qualcomm

©3G4G
 Outstanding Challenges with XR Evolution
• Virtual Objects look Fake
• Improvements needed in motion tracking
• Improved head/body tracking
• Improved eye tracking
• Poor Battery Life
• Charging time
• Fast Switch-on
• Able to handle large amount of computation, without getting hot
• High speed connectivity, indoors and outdoors
• Low latency (zero lag)
• Weight
• High Cost
©3G4G
Wearables – TESLASUIT (link)

Pic source

Teslasuit relies on 2.4GHz Wi-Fi for connectivity today. Could it be using 5G/6G in future?
©3G4G
World's first 5G haptic rugby tackle by VF UK

Source: Vodafone UK YouTube

©3G4G
 Wearables – Contextually-Aware Fragrances

More Details: escent.ai See this presentation on CW

©3G4G
Hearables

Pictures source: Fashnerd

©3G4G
Ericsson’s 2030 Trends: Internet of Senses

Watch the ‘Internet of senses’ video here

©3G4G
“Lickable Screen" device

Source: TechXplore

©3G4G
‘Zero-Energy’ or ‘Extreme-low power’ Devices

Picture Source: NTT Docomo 6G Whitepaper

©3G4G
©3G4G
 Background Material
• Corning: A Day Made of Glass Video Series (link)
• Ericsson: A Social Web of Things (link)
• The 3G4G Blog: 5G eXtended Reality (5G-XR) in 5G System (5GS) (link)
• GSMA: The activities of GSMA on 5G and Cloud AR/VR (link)

©3G4G
 Further Reading
• University of Oulu: 6G vision for 2030 (video link)
• EE Times: Have Wearables Found Their True Killer App?, Nitin Dahad, April 2018 (link)
• Cambridge Wireless: Scenarios for smart devices in 2025, David Wood, March 2018
(link)(summary on 3G4G blog)
• BBC - CES 2020: Nreal's mixed reality glasses win over sceptics (link)
• Nokia Bell Labs: Communications in the 6G Era Whitepaper, Sep 2020 (link)
• Free 6G Training: One XR Device to Rule Them All!, Dec 2020 (link)
• Qualcomm: Extended Reality (link)
• Cognitive Times: Smart Shirts & Clothes Could Help Save Lives with Health Monitoring (link)
• iDB: Future AirPods could track your heart rate and body temperature via built-in sensors (link)
• IEEE Spectrum: Your Earbuds Will Become Your Most Powerful Health Monitor (link)
• IEEE Spectrum: Treating Tinnitus Through the…Tongue? (link)
• Elsevier – Nano Energy: Battery-free short-range self-powered wireless sensor network (SS-WSN)
using TENG based direct sensory transmission (TDST) mechanism, Nov 2019 (link)
• NTT Docomo white paper: 5G Evolution and 6G, January 2020 (link)
• Ericsson: Ever-present intelligent communication - A research outlook towards 6G, Nov 2020 (link)

©3G4G
6G Mobile Wireless Communications
Vision, Roadmap, Technologies & Use Cases
Part 9 - Course Summary & Conclusion

@6Gtraining

@3g4gUK
#Free6Gtraining
Part 9 Video Link

©3G4G
Course Outline: An Introduction to 6G Wireless
• Part 1: Introduction
• Part 2: 6G Vision
• Part 3: 6G Use Cases & Applications
• Part 4: 6G Timeline
• Part 5: 6G Requirements
• Part 6: 6G Groups
• Part 7: 6G Technologies
• Part 8: 6G Devices
• Part 9: Course Summary and Conclusion

©3G4G
 Part 1: Introduction
• What exactly is 6G?
• When is 6G coming?
• If 5G is being launched just now, why are we talking about 6G already?
• Who is standardising 6G?
• Will 6G be called 6G?

©3G4G
Part 2: 6G Vision

©3G4G
Part 3: 6G Use Cases & Applications

©3G4G
Part 4: 6G Timeline

©3G4G
Part 5: 6G Requirements

©3G4G
Part 6: 6G Groups

©3G4G
Part 7: 6G Technologies

©3G4G
Part 7: 6G Technologies

Presentations on these
topics coming soon

©3G4G
Part 8: 6G Devices

©3G4G
An Update from ITU

Link

©3G4G
 Further Reading – Our Websites
• Free 6G Training (link)
• 3G4G: 6G and Beyond-5G Wireless Technology (link)

Not directly relevant to 6G but may be useful

• The 3G4G Blog (link)
• Telecoms Infrastructure Blog (link)
• Operator Watch Blog (link)
• Connectivity Technology Blog (link)
• 3G4G YouTube (link)
• Free 5G Training (link)

©3G4G
 Further Reading – 6G Whitepapers
• 6G Research Visions: White paper 1 on Key drivers and research challenges for 6G ubiquitous wireless
intelligence, Sep 2019 (link)
• 6G Research Visions: White paper 2 on 6G Drivers and The UN SDGs, June 2020 (link)
• 6G Research Visions: White Paper 3 on Business of 6G, June 2020 (link)
• 6G Research Visions: White Paper 4 on Validation and Trials for Verticals towards 2030’s, June 2020
(link)
• 6G Research Visions: White Paper 5 on Connectivity for Remote Areas, June 2020 (link)
• 6G Research Visions: White Paper 6 on 6G Networking, June 2020 (link)
• 6G Research Visions: White Paper 7 on Machine Learning in 6G Wireless Communication Networks,
June 2020 (link)
• 6G Research Visions: White Paper 8 on Edge Intelligence, June 2020 (link)
• 6G Research Visions: White Paper 9 on Research Challenges for Trust, Security and Privacy, June 2020
(link)
• 6G Research Visions: White Paper 10 on Broadband Connectivity in 6G, June 2020 (link)
• 6G Research Visions: White Paper 11 on Critical and Massive Machine Type Communication towards 6G,
June 2020 (link)
• 6G Research Visions: White Paper 12 on Localization and Sensing, June 2020 (link)
©3G4G
 Further Reading – 6G Whitepapers
• ITU FG NET-2030: Focus Group on Technologies for Network 2030 (link)
• 5G Americas: Mobile Communications Beyond 2020 – The Evolution of 5G Towards
Next G, Dec 2020 (link)
• NTT Docomo white paper: 5G Evolution and 6G, January 2020 (link)
• University of Surrey, 6GIC – 6G Wireless: A New Strategic Vision (link)
• Samsung 6G Vision Whitepaper, July 2020 (link)
• Nokia Bell Labs: Communications in the 6G Era Whitepaper, Sep 2020 (link)
• Ericsson: Ever-present intelligent communication - A research outlook towards 6G,
Nov 2020 (link)
• University of Surrey, 6GIC – 6G Wireless: A New Strategic Vision (link)

©3G4G
 Further Reading – 6G Research Papers
• Z. Zhang et al., "6G Wireless Networks: Vision, Requirements,
Architecture, and Key Technologies," in IEEE Vehicular Technology
Magazine, 28-41, Sept. 2019 (link)

• Virtual Reality Book by Steven M. LaValle (link)

©3G4G
 Further Reading – Others
• Free 6G Training: 6G Usage Elements and Scenarios (link)
• Free 6G Training: '6G Vision for 2030+' from 6th Generation Innovation Centre (6GIC)
(link)
• Free 6G Training: Huawei talks about Beyond 5G, 5.5G and 6G (link)
• NTT announces new R&D projects of Digital Twin Computing, Nov 2020 (link)
• Free 6G Training: 6G may just make Teleportation a Reality (link)
• Ericsson: 10 Hot Consumer Trends 2030 (link)
• Enabling holographic media for future applications: Missing pieces and limitations in
networks, SIGCOMM, Aug 2019 (link)
• Holographic Type Communication, Kiran Makhijani, Future Networks, Futurewei, Oct
2019 (link)

©3G4G
 To learn more, visit:
3G4G Website – https://www.3g4g.co.uk/
3G4G Blog – https://blog.3g4g.co.uk/
Telecoms Infrastructure Blog – https://www.telecomsinfrastructure.com/
Operator Watch Blog – https://www.operatorwatch.com/
Thank You Connectivity Technology Blog – https://www.connectivity.technology/
Free 5G Training – https://www.free5gtraining.com/
Free 6G Training – https://www.free6gtraining.com/

Follow us on Twitter: https://twitter.com/3g4gUK

Follow us on Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/3g4gUK/
Follow us on LinkedIn: https://www.linkedin.com/company/3g4g
Follow us on SlideShare: https://www.slideshare.net/3G4GLtd
Follow us on YouTube: https://www.youtube.com/3G4G5G

©3G4G