oa :4 Absorption Refrigeration System ‘Absorption refrigeration system : Practical H2O -NHS oycle, LIBr — H2O system and Its working, h-x dlagram and ‘simple calculation of various process lke adiabatic mixing and mixing with heat transfer, throting. 4.1 Introduction to Vapour Absorption System 4.1.1. Components used in Vapour Compression System . 4.1.2 _ Important Terms and Definitions 4.13 Refrigerant - Solvent Properties 42 Simple Ammonia-Water Vapour Absorption System. Ua. Draw net sath of enple aga aramona igeraion yom ar ugget emedist ovecoe its lntatone (SLUELCRTE MUERTE 4. Practical Ammonia-Water (NH, + H,0) Vapour Absorption System UG. Explain practical vapour absorption refrigeration system with schematic diagram. Green 8. $-18. $-16. 7 Marks) 44 Maximum COP of an Ideal Vapour Absorption System. son 45 Domestic Electrolux (NH3~H,) Reftigerator (Three fluld system) UG. Explain Electrolux refrigerator with line diagrarn. [ESTUECOMT 4.5.1 Advantages and Disadvantages of Domestic Electrolux (NH ~ H,) Refrigerator. 46 Lithium-Bromide WATER Absorption Refrigeration System. UG. With neat sketch explain working of lithium bromide water absorption refrigeration system also ‘enlist major fields of application of this refrigeration system, 4.6.1 Advantages, Disadvantages and Applications. 462 Advantages of VARS over VCRS UG. List the Advantages of Absorption Refrigeration Refrigeration System . 4.63 Comparison between Aqua — NH, with L+Br-H,0 Vepour Absorption Syst UG. Comparison between Aqua - NH, with LHBr— H,0 Vapour Absorption system, 464 va. refigoration system. 4.7 enthalpy — concentration (h-c) diagram. 48 steay flow process with binary mixture 49 List of Formulae... 4.10 Solved examples. © Chapter Ends. @ scanned with OKEN Scanner‘pasic working principle of A esson, the this imum COP of ideal absorption ™ 2 the maxi syste: shag f se Sen of properties of mixes ‘tang! 3 Ss ationsytems willbe discieg™ Sy,“ 1 4.1 INTRODUCTION TO ‘VAPOUR ____Assonrmion svsTeM_——— = Vapour Absorption Refrigeration Systems (VARS) belong (9 theres of tapoor eyes similar 9 vapeur comers” ‘refrigeration systems. fon refrigeration systems. — However, unlike vapour compressi ‘ae oped inst aborpon systems a ae fom of vaccumulator, (i) Receiver o = ~ eee macs etc | mrtinns Soni oe ecm ane systems use Bquids for absorption of refrigerant, these 7° ~ pe compre = alee alencen nae a Pree pane FEAT on, ~ Seton compen reigeration systems POU |) _pgorber : The fonction of a absorber to bear : systems Mave ae ary is weak scion 8 8 SAB seg SSE ee | ein = = Since eve eyes ten on re wey | © Pump : Its function is to raise the Pressure of ch xg, ee eee wade congy neh a wae, ea Of received from the absorber up to condenser ‘solar energy is available. Since conventional absorption © Generator : The function of the generator is to . systems use natural refrigerants such as water oc ammonia, Mo ech scltion withthe help ofa they are cavironmeat friendly. vemoid, nd te lf over weak solution ised orm, @ scanned with OKEN Scanner(GTU - Som. 7 - Mech) 4@ Assomdlator + The tank on the suction tine between dhe ‘evaporator and the compressor isa suction accumalator. {© "Tho primary function ofthe suction accumulator is to catch and Hold any igure secumulion convo te fow ofrfigeeay w 1s mae © sented the back flow of refigernt to (ii) Therefore, & vapour absorption system consists of condenser, expansion device and evaporator with absorber, pump and generator as a replacement of ‘compressor of the vapour compression syscem. Receiver : The tank on the liquid line between the condenser ‘and expansion valve is a receiver, () Refieriat recivers ae only insled in ‘srigeraton sytem, whon absolutely necessary in order ‘to-maintain simplicity and avoid and excess cost. 1). The receiver control the refrigerant flow, Filter : Filter are used to remove the impurities from the refrigerant. (Filters are used to maintain component clean, (Gi) Filters remove suspended particles from the refigerant. Liquid suction heat exchange : Heat exchangers are used to remove the heat from evaporated refrigerant. Heat exchangers are used to control evaporated and condenser. Definition of liquid absorbént systems : Same principle is used in modem absorption system except, that a suitable liquid absorbent is used in place of solid absorbent (i.e. sodium chloride). For this reason, these systems are also called as liquid absorbent systems, @ o 3 4.1.2 Important Terms and Definitions ‘Some important terms and definitions used in vapour sbsorption system using ammonia are given here. (@) Anhydrous ammonia : This is ammonia in its dry state. (b) Aqua ammonia : Definition : A mixture of water and ammonia is called as ‘aqua ammonia. Sometimes, this is simply called aqua. (© Concentration of strength : It represents the amount of ‘ammonia by weight dissolved in a given weight of solution. (© Equilibrium concentration It represents the condition of ‘aqua ammonia solution when it possess 0 tendency to © © (Absorption Refrigeration System)....Page no. (4-3) ‘change its concentration at a certain existing pressure an temperature, However, a change in temperature of the solution brovght about by heaiing ot cooling will enable the solution to decrease its concentration by losing ammonia or to increase its concentration by absorbing ammonia respectively in case itis available Weak and strong aqua solution : These are merely relative terms and depend on the concentration of the aqua ammonia Saturated aqua : It is the solution of ammonia and water Which can no more absorb ammonia vapour under the existing pressure and temperature. Heat of absorption : It represents the heat liberated when ‘ammonia vapour goes into solution with water or weak aqua solution. %. 4.1.3 Refrigerant - Solvent Properties Some ofthe properties desired fora solvent are a @ @ ® oO © 2 o @ @ @ Great affinity o absorb the refrigerant used. Low surface tension to facilitate absorption of refrigerant used. ‘To remain liquid through is cycle. Low vapour pressure at generator temperature and stable st highest temperature ofthe cycle, Low specific heat and low viscosity for beter heat transfer ‘and minimom pump work, Suitable pressure temperature relationship to meet the actus} practical conditions needed in various components of the system, Desirable Properties of Refrigerant - Solvent ‘Combination High solubility of reftigerant at low temperanures, and low solubility at high temperatures, that will exist in generator. ‘Stability stall tempecatures. Chcmical abil Other propertics to be considered are explosiveness, ‘nflasamability, toricity, reaction with metals, high latent heat ‘of vaposisation, freezing point and its svailability. (New Syllabus wef academic year 21-22) (67-50) Tech-Neo Publications A SACHIN SHAH Venture @ scanned with OKEN Scanner3. Characeertstles of a igerat ‘Since ammonia is most commonly used refrigerant ns, tS absorption system for domestic and industrial applicati the sohbility popes would prove useful im understands ‘working of these systems later. These are vapour 08 (1) Water has Inge capacity to absor> ammonia Y9POr ater at 13°C is capable 10 dissolve 1000 ti volume of ammonia vapour an (@) Amount of NH vapour that water can absorb — 7 increase in pressure and decreases with inc ater, eat is @) During dissolution of ammonia vapour in wale, by (@) Water can be induced to give up dissolved snusoais 0 heating, since the boiling temperature of ammonia is ™ ower than that of water at any pressure. ‘Now some of the absorption systems are discussed. High pressure ammonia ‘This vapour is'tlloived to be mixéd-atid ak srnerene: nn react tempers. The seematc ABrAM of vapour. 8 cee sing aranonia water shown in Fig 42 om, Generator is Pro contains strong adi the heat is driven out as vapour a: simple Wires used 28 absorbent. 1 shou eetch of simple aqua," ind suggest ey a vena wh ‘sod fg jonia in water at low prt’, of ammonia i that, Sotbil Oper than it iS at high pron % ied with eating age mona slton we mun a 8% dane Ms ‘etter behind serve supplied, [NHS in the generator. (NH liquid) @ scanned with OKEN Scanner(TU - Som. 7 - Mech (Absorption Refrigeration Page no. (4-5) 4, The oaultitig strong aqua solution at low pressure from absorber is pumped by an aqua pump to the generator. It should be noted, that the energy: tequirement for absorption system, is heat energy in the generator. This heat energy can be supplied by burning kerosene or solar energy, or waste beat from process industry incase of industrial application. 6. Further, the work encegy is only required to drive the agua pump in this system which is extremely small as compared to vapour compression cycle, singe the aqua pump handles the liquid as against the refrigerant vapours of high specific volume. ing ofect, Heat supplied, Qy ‘The simple absorption system designed for continuous operation as discussed above will not be economical unless its performance is improved by suitable modifications. The simple absorption system is not economical. In order to make the system more actual practice itis fited with an analyse, a rectifier and two heat exchangers as shown in Fig. 4.31 2, These accessories help to improve the performance of the cycle, 7 (gorafig- 42.1: Schematic diagram of particle Amimonia -Water vapour (NH; +10 ) absorption orien Tl rech-Nieo Publications A SACHIN SHAH Venture @ scanned with OKEN Scanner@ Function of ational component re: > @ Analyzer sving the generator tts pone hat the ammonia vapout Vi 8 Oe may Contain water vapour which wil Be condenser. The condensed water may freeze It valve and choke the flow. It is necessary "0 roisture from ammonia vapour before condenser - 3) The analyser performs the work of removing the MNT, from the Niy vapour leaving the generator: AD anslt’ consists ofa series of rays mounted over the Bene ats as opea type of het exchange a (ii) High pressure, 00g aqua solution frm the absorber 8 ‘agua heat exchanger along withthe condenser remov rectifier flows downwards over the tay, and it cools te Bot rising ammonia vapour from the generator. Therefor, most of the water vapour gets condensed and drips back into _geveratr. (Gv) This method helps in salvaging a prt of the total heat emeFBY from the NHs vapour which otherwise would have been ‘ejected in the condenser. > @) Rectifier @ In case the water vapours are not completely removed in the analyser, a closed type vapour cooler called rectifier (also known as dehydrator is used. It is generally water cooled and ay be ofthe double pipe, shell and cil or shell and tube pe. Gi) Its fanction isto cool furher the ammonia vapours leaving, the analyser so that the remaining water vapours ae condensed. The condensate from the rectifier is retuned to the top ofthe analyser by a drip return pipe. > ©), Heat exchanger (@ The heat exchanger provided between the pump and the ‘generator is used to cool the weak hot solution returning from the generator to the absorber. The heat removed from the ‘weak solution rises the temperature ofthe strong solution leaving the pump and going to analyser and generator, Gi) This operation redoces the heat supplied to the generator and {Be amount of colingreuied forthe absorber. Thus the economy of the plant increases It helps in reducing ! to be’ supplied to the generator and. tte beat the absorber, } — @ Uquid-vapoor heat exchanger @ The heat exchanger provided between the ‘evaporator may also be called Fiquid ‘exchanger, the liquid refrigerant remove a0 | i centering the Condenser and the ‘Sub-codlr. In this heat ‘ga. De ‘cooling to be provided in |* cd iquid 15 HOW PASSES C0 the oy tne evaporator. TC helps iq ) This ty and then : to eof tbe guid ammonia aproaching "tan increased refrigerating ete, om, valve $0 e system, ator. COP of th 7 aerating effect in the SYStEM isthe yy jiy The net rfrige vy evaporator. Total SMETEY required ip ioe ip equal 106 sum Of Work energy yt an pm and he beat egy generator. = Ry ey Therefore, an cor= GRE NTT MAXIMUM COP OF AN IDEA ~ Wi 44 VAPOUR ABSORPTION SvSTEN ‘the equation for maximum COP of an ‘Vapour Absorption System. Py Thus, an ideal vapour absorption refrigeration sysem., considered to be a combined system consisting oo, heat engine and a Camot refrigerator as shown in Fi ‘Thus, the COP of an ideal VARS increases pay temperature (Tg) and evaporator temperature (Tay and heat rejection temperature (T,) decreases. Hove, COP of actual VARS will be much less than that of wie VARS due to various intemal and extemal ines present in actual systems. @ scanned with OKEN Scanner(QTL sem, Mech) (o Wheut elect rae we rere (Absorption Retigeration Systom)...Page no. (4-7) sume extemal beat sik temper, then a vapour boron ond Te aes between: thee temperature twvels, Ty, To aod Ty. The. maximum pos ma seftigeration system operating between three level, canbe obtained by.spplying frst and second inn of Atermodynamics fo the system. Fig. 442 shows the vious coeray transfers and the conssponding cc absorption refrigeration system, (cseyPig, 442 : Various energy transfers in a vapour absorption refrigeration system (ii) Following are the energy transfers in an vapour absorption system, Where, Q, = Heat added to refrigerant in the generator at temperature (Ty. } ‘Heat added corresponding to pump work [W] to refrigerant. Heat absorbed by refrigerant in evaporator at temperature (Te) ‘Heat discharged to atmosphere or to cooling after from condenser [T.]. 7 and absorber t temperature T.. Gv) Assumptions for Ideal Vapour Absorption System Heat transfers are reversible. @ There are no other heat transfers except considered. (@) Neglecting the heat due to pump work (Q,). 4%) According to first law of thermodynamics, Gt = & +) ‘Considéred reversible process as per the assumptions made, ‘the net ctunge in Entropy must be equal to. zero according to ‘eo0nd law of thermodynamics. AS y+ A5,+4S, = 0 1 Q@= {Sys wre facademic year 21-22) (G7-50) We _ We & GL _ontn 7° @ Hi & _& 1,°T 7 T & = Bre From Equation (1), on substtting inthe above expression, See _ et Qe 7% % ow = (Sie) 53) Tr. a nepasion (<7) represents the COP of a Camot ie~ Te reftigerator working between the temperature limits of T, and Te ‘T;-Te (2) The expression a represents the efficiency of a ‘s Camot engine working between the temperature limits of Ty and Ty. Ln = (COPhanet = Fa lt) Tel Teainot = a 5) COP = (COPleamot™ Neamt [Blrech-Neo Publications...A SACHIN SHAH Ventute @ scanned with OKEN ScannerD1 4.5 DOMESTIC ELECTROLUX (Nis ~ Hz) REFRIGERATOR (THREE FLUID SYSTEM) — £ Ua, Explain Electrolux refrigerator with line diagra ' Definition : lectolux reftigerstoris a type of vapour absorption system ‘which does not requires a pump so it reduces the amount of power input to the system and efficiency of the systems improved. ‘The flow of working fui takes place bythe action of EravitY itself, Besides this hydrogen gas is used to improve the performance of evaporator 1. The domestic absorption type reftigertor was invented PY two Swedish engineers Car Munters and Balter Von Patan in 1925. The Electrolux reftgerator is used for domestic refigerton. 2, This ype of refrigerators aso called thre fuids absorption system. The main purpose of this system isto eliminate the pump :0 tat, in the absence of moving pars. the machine becomes noiseless, The three Huids used inthis system are smmonia, bydrogen and watt. 3. The ammonia is used asa reftigerant because, it possesses most ofthe desirable properies Its toric, but due to absence of moving pars, there is very litle changes forthe leakage nd the total amount of reftigeration used is small 4. The hydrogen, being the lightest gas is used to increase the rate of evaporation ofthe liquid ammonia passing trough the evaporator. The hydrogen is aso non-corrosive and insoluble in water. This is used in the low-pressure side ofthe system, ‘The water is used as a solvent because it has the ability to absorb ammonia realy. refrigerator 95° 5. 9% soon iets ation of e principle of The prin nin Figs 45-1 from the absorber through hey a domestte Blectrtuy a myn i gee PN Hg pater separator Hed Before tHe conden pour cored wih te AMON YAN. Ty plied to the condenser, The hy ‘A rectifier oF # removes water ¥ uy dry ammonia vapours fe oan et bin 9 the neni Tow Oy sorber trough the Heat excHHNBSS sis ho weak sotuion while passing through the exchange, in cooled. Te heat removed by the weak solution, is uted rein th emer of 006 soo Ping thay tc eat exctange, cia ways Oe abortion cera erie improvement in ce performance of pla achieved. The ammonia VapOu ‘condensed by using external cooling SOUrCE ‘The liquid refrigerant Feaving the condenser flows unde ravty tothe evaporator where it meets the hydrogen yx ‘The hydrogen gas which is being fed to the evaporator peri the liquid ammonia to evaporate at a low pressure ant temperature according. to Dalton's principle, During de process of evaporation, the ammonia absorbs lant hea ron ‘the reftigorated space and thus produces cooling effect. is in the condenser we ‘The mixture of ammonia vapour and hydrogen is pase the absorber where ammonia is absorbed in water, while te hydrogen rises to the top and flows back to the evapora. ‘This completes the eycle. (New Syllabus wef academic yeer 21-22) (67-50) Tabrech-Neo Publeations_a saci HIN SHAH Vertu @ scanned with OKEN Scannertom Evaporator “Ammonia and hydrogen (NH + H moxture) Heat exchanger (NH In HzO) (woea)Fig. 4.5.1 : Electrolux refrigerator (Three fluid system) 10, The system has very low C.OP., due to which, system is not ‘sed for industrial applications. Di 4.6 LITHIUM-BROMIDE WATER The coefficient of performance of this refrgerstor is given ABSORPTION REFRIGERATION by: SYSTEM. ___ Heat absorbed in evaporator COP = “Heat supplied in generator ‘4.5.1 Advantages and Disadvantages of vO. With neat sketch explain working of lithium bromide | ‘water absorption refrigeration system also enlist # major fields of application of this refrigeration j Domestic Electrolux (NH — Hz) : Refrigerator Caner) : = Advantages In a lithium bromide absorption system, lithium bromide (Li Br) being highly hydroscopic, salt is used as an absorbent (Completely leak proof. and water itself is used as refrigerant. Li Br — H 0 mixture in @ Noiseless. absorption system, is only used for air-conditioning ® Nolubrication problem, No wear and tear. application since water freezes st O°C. (4) No pump and compressor required. 2. Lithium bromide salt solution has a strong affinity for water () Maintenance cost is low. ‘vapour because of its low vapour pressure (much below 100 (©) Easy to control, simply by controlling heat input. mum of Hg absolute) due to which, if both, Li Br and water are we ‘kept in a closed evacuated vessel, the pure water will only Sobers . . evaporate because of very low boiling temperatures st Q) More complicated construction and working principle. ‘Vacuum pressures in a geaerator, leaving being Li Br salt Q) Coefficient of performance is very less. (Since it does not evaporate). 8) Once the system is spoiled, it cannot be repaired andhas | 3, For this reason, this absorption system does not need an to be replaced. analyser and rectifier, as needed in NH3 water absorptions system. New Syllabus w.ef academic year 21-22) (G7-50) ad rech-Neo Publcations_A SACHIN SHAH Venture @ scanned with OKEN ScannerSolution pump voeyFig. 4.6.1: ithium bromide absorption refrigeration system 4 Main components Main components ofthe system ae a follows @ Generator (i) Heat exchanger Gil) Absorber Gv) Solution pump: (¥) Evaporator pamp: (vi) Condenser (vii) Evaporator 5 (A) Working Principle ‘The working of the system is as follows : 1. Generator and condenser are located in a high pressure vessel and the evaporator and absorber ar located in-a low pressure este), Weak Li Br soletion from absorber is circulated by the solution pump to ganertor through the heat exchanger. This ‘weak solution, absorbs heat from hot strong ki Br solution ‘passed through the heat enebanger. It reduces the energy ‘eguirementin the generator, 2. Weak Li Br solution is heated by steam, or hot liguid cirerlated in beating-col. As.a result, the water refhigerant from wea solution is convested into water vapour, leaving behind the strong solution of tikium bromide in generator, ‘The water vapour reftigerant 4s oondemed by the water qreuliued fin cooling, pend whieh condenses the water (New Syllabys wef academicyear 21-22) (67-59) ‘The condensed water vapour refrigerant from condenser a high pressure flows down from condenser. Its pressure is reduced in the pressure reducing value upto evaporator ‘pressure. The cooled water is sprayed in the evaporator as shown in Fig. 4.6.1. This cooled water is sprayed by an evaporator pump, where it absorbs its latent heat of ‘vaporisation from hot water circulated from air-conditioned space in chilled water tubes. During the process, the hot water ssives away heat and is converted into chilled water, thereby, roduces the required refrigeration load for air-conditioning Purposes and the sprayed cool water is converted into watt ‘vapour, ‘This water vapour is absorbed by the strong Li Br solution ‘sprayed in the absorber and is converted into weak Li Br "Solution, Thus, the cycle is completed. FF Advantages ©) Rete pe = san tecea el tigrnt and eign wed for chilled cll for the airconditionin Bree Publications. SACHIN SHAH Ventut @ scanned with OKEN Scannerind Ait-conditioning (GTU - Sem. 7 - Mech) ‘The work entray requirements are negligible. (4) These plants have been built upto 1 Lakh TR capacity, for vatioas industries, (©) Operation and maintenance costis very low. 6 Disadvantages (1) Lithium bromide solution is corrosive. (@ Alljoints are made leak proof to prevent leakages. (@) The system stops working, the salt solution may solidify. and itcauses replacement of pipe. 5 Applications (1) Used in air-conditioning. @)_ Used in chilling of drinking water, © Ciilling of beverages and fruits and juices. 7% 4.6.2 Advantages of VARS over VCRS 1. _Asthere is no moving part in the entire system except pump- motor, the operation is quict, and is subjected to litle wear. ence the maintenance cost is very ow. The VAS uses heat energy to change the condition of the refrigerant from the ‘evaporator. 2 This heat energy or thermal energy may be utilized from process steam, hot exhaust from furnaces, or may be solar energy. Hence VARS are easy to install where electic power iis hard to obtain and expensive. Absorption unit can be built in capacities well above 1000 tonnes each, which is the largest size for single compressor unit. 3. In VARS, the liquid refrigerant leaving the evaporator has no ‘bad effect on the system except that, of reducing the refrigerating effect. While in VCRS, it is ensured that the ‘evaporator refrigerant enters inside the compressor unit must ‘be supetheated, if liquid is presen, it causes serious problem to compressor, and te load on compressor unit increases. 4, Steam, which is bled from the turbine, is used for winter heating, and the same steam can be used for refrigeration in summer supplying tothe generator. In VARS, load variations are met by controling the quantity of steam supplied to the ‘generator, or by changing the mass flow rate or both. While ‘the C.O,P, of VERS decreases as the load decreases on the ojsem, 5. VARS is more useful when different evaporator temperatures ‘afe required at different time of month or year, and this is ‘more efficiently done without decreasing the capacity of the nA system. AS per the temperature of the evaporator (rate of refrigerating effect), the pressure of the steam supplied to the generator is decreased or increased. 6. The space requirements and automatic control requirements favours the absorption system more and more as the desired ‘evaporator temperature drops. 3. 4.6.3 Comparison between Aqua - NHs with Li-Br - HzO Vapour Absorption System —_——— 1 UQ. Comparison between Aqua - NH with Li-Br~ HzO } ‘Vapour Absorption system. (New Syllabus w.e-f academic year 21-22) (G7-50) St. | Parameter | Aqua-NH, | Li-Br-H,0 vapour Noe |: vapour absorption system Z Absorption ‘stem 1. | Uses | Iteanbe used to | Itcan be used only produce {for air-conditioning of temperatures _| spaces since water is below 0°C. Since | used as refrigerant Nig acts as seftigerant. 2 [CoP | CoPisiowinthe | COPis comparatively range of 0310 | high in the range of os. 061008. 3. | Needs of | Itneeds rectifier | In does not need any rectifier | and analyser to _| rectifier and analyser. and remove water analyser | vapour to avoid freezing in expansion valve and choke the flow. 4, | Leakages | Leakagesare | LiBris corrosive toxic, thus needs inhibitors. 5. | Pressure | system works | System works under shove atmospheric | vacuum, ths, nceds pressure. Joints leak proof. 6. | Weight Itisheavy in Itis lighter in weight. weight "1. | Capacity | ‘These are used for. | These can be used for low capacity - | hiigh capacity [al rech-Neo Publications. SACHIN SHAH Venture @ scanned with OKEN Scannerelectrical ney cost is expensive due | supplied trom Bee of | SOUT ote gy oa clectica Aso eletica ey required ong,” | = pump is very tes, 1. | Working igerantis | Reigratis ToT ainenance | High. due owe | Low Principle | compressed. absorbed and heated. presence of Sr. z igerant | Freon -12 & Freon | Ammonia (NH3). compress etigeaat | Ros Timited t 1000 | Above 1000 ons 3. [cor Sybut | Low (1.1), butsame coe cons of ot suitable for co. High 6-5) Ds sonal very low et pect | as fll end pat loads. reigerton for 8 ‘capacities, ba compressor unit. 4. | Bnergy Inpa | Mechanical Heat energy ————aTHALPY > CONCENTRATION —~ Exe (igh | dow grceconm). |! aiy< ENTHALPY = CO rade cocrgy). __ Ho) DIAG 5 | Mestescal | Reigeant | Pump has to aly The enapy concentrtion diagram for «binary mite a Seer | ete the most powerful diagram from the practical pont of vey high pressure, so | Therefore, Fig. 47.1 shows fre chat for water ammonia soln. aechanical energy | mechanical energy concentration of NH (kg of NH per kof mixture ish, ‘input ismore, input to ran the pump slong x-axis and enthalpy is shown along y-axis, Sis ion oF boiling line at a species — 2+ is the liquid saturation or boiling line at a spc 6 | Reftigecant | Simple a pressure p and b-3-d is the vapour saturation line or te condensing line at the same specified Pressure p. The 7. | Leakage of nt evn intercept ab is the enthalpy of evaporation at pressure pe from from the system, as ‘water where C = 0 (that means there is no ammotia ia the system dueto |-there is no the mixture), Ligh pressures. | compressor. ‘The intercept cd gives the enthalpy of evaporation of NH, 8. [Noise | More noise due} Quiet in operation, a» ‘Pressure p where the concentration of NH3. C= | (hat mess te pert Secalyworng rat there is no mixture). The constant pressure lines for saul eee eee quid line and dry saturated vapours are shown i Fig. 41: actente a __|] Reemnssnssted ine aio represented inthe iui on. @ scanned with OKEN Scannerrefrigerant and absorbent 1, Adlabatic mixing of two streams different concentrations are brought together adiabatically in a mixing chamber as shown in @ Consider tivo fluid streams of , : Fig 481 (a), The mass flow rats, specific enthalpies and concentrations before and afer mixing ar shown in Fig 45.1 0) rech-Neo Publications..A SACHIN SHAH Venture (Now Syllabus w.e.f academic year 21-22) (G7-50) @ scanned with OKEN ScannerA-conditioning (GTU. Fig. 48.1: ‘Adiabatic mixing of ¢o streams (i) Balancing the masses, cals and mass ofthe sole (8) NH) in the mixture, we can write m+m = my a) mj hj+mgby = mshs .@) mCi +mC, = myCy 8) Gi) Now, Eliminating ms from above equation we get SL Malm O/C, baby _Length2-3 my ~ my/img ~C3/C;~hy—hy ~ Length 1-3 ‘Above equation shows tat the mixing of process on ht — C diagram. ‘The concentration Cand Enthalpy hg after mixing are given “ & = c+ cp by = bye yap 2. Ming of two streams with heat exchanger @) Tris necessary to add or reject heat while mixing two binary fulds, This process occurs in the absorption of an VAS ‘Vapour Absorption System) as shown in Fig 48.2, Go The findamental enutons for he mig ig generation. m+m, = Ms myhy +mpho = mybs+Q i my Cy +my,Cz = m3 C3 Now, eliminating m), we get hy-+myhy = mshs+Q myhy = hy +mzhe-Q ™, g& by = elha-h-a [QI] fe yom, by = «(2 ][: N=Zo.-| cheat mds = C1478 [C2-C) A GG (i) With heat removal during mixing the state point 3 is the state point 3°. Obtained from adiabatic mixing by = distance of [Q/ ms} 3. Simple beating and cooting processes © | Two simple processes of heating and cooling ae 5 ‘ssshown in Fig. 4.8.3, i ig. 48.2: Mining of to binary streams with eiergy trnst 7 ij uw (New Syllabus wef academic year 21-22) (67-50) B, - }ech-Neo Publications_.a SACHIN SHAH V®™ @ scanned with OKEN ScannerPage no. (4-15) Fig. 48.3: Heating and cooling Separation of binary fluid For the binary mixture like Aqua ~ ammonia the rectification ‘of vapouris very important. Now consider the heat exchanger A. Where the heat Qy is given to the binary fluid passing through it. * Ql = my (hy-by) for separstor A, my = my+my smhy = myhy+myhy From sbove equation B m Mm _ oH and ™ = my ~ C4=C3 “hyby i) The above equations state that the point 2 lies on the tine joining the points 3 and 4, The state points of the binary fluid passing through heat exchanger are represented on h - C diagram. From diagram ™ _ 24 m 73-4 ™ ™ sto St = (hy —by) (Gi) The vapour concentration Cy leaving the separator can be cooled further in heat exchanger ‘BY to the state point S and the isotherm 7 ~5~6 can be drawn, (Absorption Refrigeration. For heat exchange ‘B' y= mg lhy—Bs For separator ‘B' we got ms = mg+my imsbs = mghe+ m7 by mss = me Com Cy From the above equation, we get Me _ Cans _ hobs ims" Cp=Cehy=he ‘4. Throttling process (@ The proces is represented on h-C chat shown in Fig. 484 Saturation Vapour Line at P | PPP, Saturation Liquid Line at P, C=C; —=C Fig. 484: Throttling of binary fuid (Gi) The initial conditions are P, Cy and hy Final conditions are Py, Cand hy ‘Throttling process hy =hy and .. Concentrations C, = C (Gi) The points 1 and 2 are identical but at point 2, the pressure is Pp, Thus the vapourization occurs and point 2 lies on the isotherm f~2— g. The ratio of liquid to vapour is given by (New Syllabus w.e-f academic year 21-22) (G7-50) [Ral rech-Neo Publications..A SACHIN SHAH Venture @ scanned with OKEN Scannerand A (GTU - Sem.7- Mech) =————— D1 4.9_ LIST OF FORMULAE 1. COP ofthe system {ideal] = Reftigerntion Bffects Qe cop = UN Heat supplied Qp [ter 2 cop = [te] [Tate vor = FIPS] Heat supplied to refrigerant in generator ‘temperature (T,) ‘= Heat supplied respect to pump work (W) ‘= Heat absorbed by refrigerant in evaporator (Te) Ex. 4.10.1 : In an absorption system heating, cooling and ‘efrigeration takes place at 150°C, 30°C and ~ 20°C, respectively Find the theoretical COP of the system. If the generator (temperature is increased to 190°C and evaporator temperature is decreased to - 30°C, Find the percentage change in theoretical cor. Also, ty = 190°C = 1904273 = 465 K a aL swe =- 304273 243 « el = 463 — 03 x [495203 con, = [ss] [ ; dad ‘To calulate % change in COP = COP 1.3996 — 1.3542 = eae 0 oA eoerutr, cooing in evaporator takes pace at 100°C, 20° ay 0°C respectively. Find maximum COP of the system, D som: Given data: Generator temperature. [Ty] = 100°C = 100-+273 = 373 K Condenser temperature (Te} = 20°C = 20 + 273 =203 K Evaporator temperature [T,] =~ 10°C =~ 10+ 273 =263 K To caleulate maximum COP ofthe system 263 = Ls: 3 — 263. [COPInax = 21.88 Ex. 4.10.3 : In an absorption type refrigerator, the heat suppliedis ‘generated by condensing steam at 1.6 bar dry and saturated, The ‘refrigeration temperature is - 5°C, ‘condensation take place at 30°C. Find the maximum possible COP of the system. If the refrigeration load is 150 TR and actual COP is 80% of ‘maximum COP, calculate the mass of steam required per hou. Use Teat = 113.3°C, gg = 2220.9 kick at 1.6 bar. & son. : cot Given data : a 7 E pence Generuor temperature (Ty) = 11334273 = 3863K 1, = -0Ca-20473-289K sere = 304273 = 300K ‘To calculate theoretical COP waporior temperature (TJ =—$ 4.273 = 268K te ) 4-7, Ref. load = 1507R = [2], [acts bed fk Hf Ty ] c ‘Actul COP = og. : tep 1: To calculate 1deal COP. . [rata 5] (cory 2 re cop = 13842 mw ol @ scanned with OKEN ScannerSteps To ealenlete Acteal heat supplied ‘Actua eat mapped =» SeAaton Sond 7 TAS Oe = 2996275 kein = 3O71Kw ‘Step 3: To Calculate Mass of steam required/br = inate mass 22009 ‘Ex A10A : Find out to genertoreperatne for an asorpion system having evaporator and absoxber temperature at 250 K and 310 K respectively. Maximum COP is 130. Mf the satmated steam is supplied at a temperature 15 K above the generator tempersmre. ‘What isthe steam pressure ? 1 soin. : Given data [Bvaporsior temperature [T,]=250K, T,=310K, COP=13 Condcase teinperatre (T= 15 + Generator temperature [T,] ‘Ty = Steam temperatore ‘To find Generator temperature [T,] eee Tal [ na) [5] Stepl: 5 250 (T_-310] 250, - 310250 250T,-78 Ty 310x250] __ T= eos |=4506K Ans, Step 2: To calealateSteam pressure + Steam temperature= T= 15+ Ty = 1544506 =465. 6K =465.6-273 T, = 1926C Notedown P = 133 bar Ams. Page co (4-17) Pressure = Dwrw. wo ows semm=wAK ps7 = 4K [COP = 08 (COP ysas Refigeratng effect RE= 6) TR Stepl: To calculate Ideal COP of the sytem 5. core «(re | f 1.7535 If [COPhigeat ‘Step2: To calculate Actual COP of the system ‘Actual COP = 0.8 x (COPhigeai= 08 «1.7535 = 14028 Refrigerating effect ‘Actnal COP = ezual heat supplied x3516 _ = DRE = 15038 tec. ARS. ‘Step3: Mass of steam required Heat supplied /kg = xxbg From stam table, comesponding to given pressure of P= bar Note down the valweof T, = T,=120°C = 1004773= 393K Also,byg = 2200s 2. Heat suppliedikg = 0952200 = 280 LIK 1: Manefocanegia = 1503823600 = 25982 kghr. Ans. Bi 4.105 + In on aqu-ammonia absorption system, heat is soplied to the generator by considering the system at 80 kPa and (0.95 dry. The evaporator is maintained at — 5°C. The cooling water ‘valle for condenser 15 30°C. Find ideal COP. if actual COP of ‘thesystem is 80% of Ideal COP. Find mass of the steam needed io ‘gl io produce refiigezation load at GOTR. weet academic year 21-22) (G7-50) Ex. 4.10.6 : In.a vapour absorption system, the heat is supplied to the generator by condensing system at 3 bar and 85% dry. The ‘eanperatare in evaporator isto be tmintained at — 10°C. If cooling ‘water resets heat at 30°C in the condeaser, find the maximum COP of the system, whea the reftigeation local i 10 toanes and aca! COP is 40% of the matimam COP. Find the mass of stam required / hour. Tech-Neo Publications A SACHIN SHAH Venture @ scanned with OKEN ScannerGiven data : P=3 bar, dryness fraction x = 0:85 = 10°C =~ 104273 =263 K = 30°C=273 +30=303K 107R = 10x3517=35.17KW + Actual COP = 04% {COPlag Find maximum COP ‘Stepl: Pe] tot = [52s 263 «(es ] - [ew 1.6747 Step2: Mass of steam required + Actual COP = 04 x [COP]qq, = 0.4 x 1.6747 = 0.6699 pea cor = egg Q 35.17 (COP, = Ge 0.6699 = 220f : a @ 3517 = 0.6695 Q, = 52503 KW ‘Heat supplied /kg of steam qs x hig a) ‘From Steam table corresponding to given pressure 3 bar NotedownT, = ,=13355°C =133.55+273 = 40655K Also, hy = 2163.21Ig From Equation (1) q = 085x2163.2 = 1838.7210kg Alsoaxq= O, 7 Q& _ 52.503 th = “t= Tgaa.79 «3600 102.795 kg/hr ‘Ex. 4.10.7 = In a vapour absorption refrigeration system the refiigeration temperature is ~ 15°. The generator is operated by solar heat where temperature reached is 110°C. The temperature of heat sink is 35°C. Whats the maximam possible COP ? @ som. . Given data: 7, = 10°C=110+273=383 K, ‘academic year 21-22) (G7-50) ‘Step 1 : To calculate COP of the system - feb) COP 258. 383 — 32 = [ae] « [5] CoP = 0.5292 Ex: 4.10.8 : In an absorption system heating, cooling any refrigeration takes place at 150°C, 30°C and ~ 20°C, respectively, Find. the theoretical COP of the system. If the generator temperature is increased to 190°C and evaporator temperature i, decreased to ~ 30°C. Find the percentage change in theoretic CoP. © sotn.: Givendata: T, = 150°C=150+273=423K, T, = 30°C =30+273 = 303K T, = -20°C=-20+273 =253K ‘Step! : To calculate theoretical COP Te [het - (2s). cor = [aA] __253_ 423-303 = 303-253" 423 COP = 1.3542 1, TT Also, [COP], = Fe) ] fa Ta. i Here, Ty = 190°C =190+273= 463K Ty = -30°C=-30+273=243K = (31. con, = [saa] x [Se Step 2: To calculate % change in COP {COP}, COP = cor 100 1,3996 ~ 1.3542, 1.3542, x 100=3.35% 85 10 8S Ex. 4.10.9 : One kg of saturated vapour ammonia with C = 1 2 bar mixed with 10 kg of saturated liquid aqva ammonia at 2D and 40°C. If the mixture after mixing should come out at saturated liquid aqva ammonia at2 bar. Determine: (@) The conceatration, temperature and enthalpy the mixture after mixing. Tech-Neo Publicatiois..A SACHIN SHAH Ventu'® @ scanned with OKEN ScannerSom.7_ Mech) Refrigeration Sy ro (4-19) * Bi boin: Ex. 4.10.10 : A steam of liquid aqua-ammonia at 7 bar 30°C and Girendatas Ty = 40°C Py = 2ber C = 06 following at a rte of 6 kg/min is mixed with another m= 1kg m = 1kg system of aqua-ammonia atthe same pressure following at arate of Po = 2ber Q=1 3kp/min at 80°C and C=03. Tofind: Ty=? by=?Qa7 Determine : (a) The concentration, enthalpy and temperature of Step 1: To calculate the concentration Cand C, the mixture and (©) The percentage of vapour in the mixture after — Locate the point 1 (Ty = 40°C and Py = 2 bar) and, point 2 mixing. (C_=1 and P =2bat) onc ore. |g = Drawa line joining 12, SaasbowninFi**. 1 FZ goin: = Read the value of C; from chart Given data: 0c cy = 06 2 Cy = 035 Tar T = 80°C > Siep2: The concentration after mixing ‘C,’ given by 03 c= G4 Mty-c9 > stepi: ma = 035+ hgt10-0209 Sida 7b Locate the point 2 (T) = 80°C and Cy = 03 is also a Locate the point 1 (Ty = 30°C and Cy = 0.6) sub-cooled os 1 od 3 = 0385s of NHy/kg mixture Ans. ssub-cooled liquid) on h — C chart and joint them. To store Se a raiat is eee oe > Step 2: To calculate concentration ofthe wilt 1-23 . ey = Gee Bote-en From the point 3’ draw a line. Vertically down which will cut the boiling liquid line for 2 bar pressure line at point ‘3* which will be the condition of mixture coming out after 3 06+525103-06) mixing. Cy = OS sw Ans. — Read the enthalpies at ‘3" and 3 from the chart > Step3: My = 20164Ing = Draw line vet trough Cy which cs the line 1 = 2a eas Frm eit -3— se yl and . i - 3-8 by til andere Hut renoved ring mining = (my +3} (9hy)=(10+11(2016-168) | — Then oe the pon fd g on ~ C cha shown in Q = 1848K Fig. P. 4.10.10 Enthalpy(h) ——= D @ C3 c —> Concentration(C) ‘Fig. P. 4109 Fig 41010 {New Syllabus w.ef academic year 21-22) (G7-50) [Bl rech-Neo Publications. SACHIN SHAH Venture @ scanned with OKEN ScannerTy = Gy = 0495 and Cy = 0.995 > supa: Pe ikems ee Length t—3, sD Teoght—_ = 10°C, T3= 48°C ‘Therefor the mixture at 3 Fiquid. Ex, 4.10.11 2 7 kg of liquid aqua-amm: 017 kyo Ny pe ig mite at 15°C and 7 brah ‘mixed with 0.5 kg saturated liquid aqua ammonia at 100°C a contins 08 % vapour and 99.2 % with a concentration © The equilibrium temperature mixture (©) Percentage of vapour and uid inthe mixture after equilibrium has been reached. som. Gradatas Ty = 15°C cy = 07 Py = Thar = 100°C > Suepi: Locate the point 1 as its temperature 15°C {subcooled] and ‘concentration 0:7 are known, Lesate the point 2 on 7 bar pressure line: and 100°C ‘eoperature are kiown on iC diagram. ~ Read the vale of Ctr chart Co = 0.24 ‘Step 2 : To calculate concentration mixture C3 = casa = arog 3021-0 » > ted “ concentration cy Fig. P.4.10.11 Step 3: To caleulate the temperature ‘The pressure at point 3, pressure 7 bar but the pein the 7 bar pressure line. ‘This indicates thatthe point 3 lies inthe wet repo, Now, by trial and error, ‘totem bg, ® pressure line of 7 bar which will also pas tang point 3. f ‘The required isotherm is f-3-g 5. Ts = 43°C toe ‘Step 4 : The point 3 lies in the wet tem liguid and vapour. ean, ‘The mass ratio of liquid and vapour at point 3 4 @ scanned with OKEN Scanner