PROJECT WORK

GLOBAL SCHOOL OF SCIENCE

DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTER SCIENCE

SUBMITTED BY:
Ms: Pramuditta Poudel
GRADE:XI SECTION:M1
ROLL NO:28

SUBMITTED TO:

MR:Milan Baral

MID-BANESHWPR KATHAMANDU
NEPAL

26/07/2081

ACKN
OWLE
 DGEM

I would like to express my profound gratitude to

Mr. Roshan Dangi, Name of the HOD of Computer,
and Mr. Gokul Dev Badu, the program director of
Global School of Science for giving me this
opportunity.

I would like to express my special thanks to our

mentor Mr. Milan Baral, for his time and efforts he
provided throughout the term. Your useful advice
and suggestions were really helpful to me during the
project’s completion. In this aspect, I am eternally
grateful to you.

I would like to acknowledge that this project was

completed entirely by me and not by someone else.

CO
 Introduction and characteristics of computer

NT
  Application of computer

 History and Generation of computer

 Different types of Logic Gates

 Laws of Boolean Algebra

 Summary

 References

CHARACTERISTICS INTRODUCTION

AND OF COMPUTER

A computer is an electronic machine that converts the raw data into

useful information. The word computer is derived from the Latin word
'computare', which means 'to calculate', 'to count', 'to think', or 'to sum
up'.
It is an electronic device which accepts data as its input, processes it by
doing manipulations and then gives the output in human readable form.
A computer is a machine that can be programmed to automatically carry
out sequences of arithmetic or logical operations (computation).
Modern digital electronic computers can perform generic sets of
operations known as programs. These programs enable computers to
perform a wide range of tasks. The term computer system may refer to a
nominally complete computer that includes the hardware, operating
system, software, and peripheral equipment needed and used for full
operation; or to a group of computers that are linked and function
together, such as a computer network or computer cluster.

Advantages of Computer:

 It is a versatile machine and can do number of different jobs at the same time
 It can perform tasks in Nano/Pico seconds, which saves times of the user

Disadvantages of Computer:

 They depend on electricity to run, hence there’s a danger of electric shock

 It has made human being heavily dependent on machine

CHARACTERISTIC of COMPUTER
1. Speed
Executing mathematical calculation, a computer works faster and more accurately than human.
Computers have the ability to process so many millions (1,000,000) of instructions per second.
Computer operations are performed in micro and Nano seconds. A computer is a time saving
device. It performs several calculations and tasks in few seconds that we take hours to solve.
The speed of a computer is measure in terms of Gigahertz and Megahertz.
2. Diligence
A human cannot work for several hours without resting, yet a computer never tires. A
computer can conduct millions of calculations per second with complete precision without
stopping. A computer can consistently and accurately do millions of jobs or calculations. There
is no weariness or lack of concentration. Its memory ability also places it ahead of humans.
3. Reliability
A computer is reliable. The output results never differ unless the input varies. The output is
totally depend on the input. When an input is the same the output will also be the same. A
computer produces consistent results for similar sets of data, if we provide the same set of
input at any time we will get the same result.
4. Automation
The world is quickly moving toward AI (Artificial Intelligence)-based technology. A computer
may conduct tasks automatically after instructions are programmed. By executing jobs
automatically, this computer feature replaces thousands of workers. Automation in computing
is often achieved by the use of a program, a script, or batch processing.
5. Versatility
Versatility refers to a capacity of computer. Computer perform different types of tasks with the
same accuracy and efficiency. A computer can perform multiple tasks at the same time this is
known as versatility. For example, while listening to music, we may develop our project
using PowerPoint and WordPad, or we can design a website.
6. Memory
A computer can store millions of records. These records may be accessed with complete
precision. Computer memory storage capacity is measured in Bytes, Kilobytes (KB),
Megabytes (MB), Gigabytes (GB), and Terabytes (TB). A computer has built-in memory
known as primary memory.

Applications area of Computer

 Science
Today computer is the
primary work tool in
the field of science. It is
the best-suited machine
for collecting,
analyzing, classifying,
and storing data. It
becomes the most
essential medium to
spread knowledge
internally and
internationally. It allows scientists from different locations to
work together and share ideas on the same project.

 Defense System
 A computer performs a vital
to control defense system.
Computers are used to track
airplanes, missiles, tanks, and
different kinds of weapons.
Once the radar system tracks
a missile and artificial
intelligence is programmed
to target a missile and
destroy it before it comes on
the surface. It also used
for GPS tracking, controlling
defense vehicles, records of all members of the military.

 Medical

The computer plays a

very important role in
medical science such
as record patients’
information monitoring
heart rate, oxygen
level, and blood
pressure. To conduct
various surgeries
junior doctors get the
help of another
professional doctor by
web conferencing. Research is also spread with the help of
computers in the health sector .

 Education
 Today learning becomes
easy because of
computers. Anyone
employed or student can
learn any stage of life
with the help of a
computer. Computers
are very crucial for
online classes, download
study material on
the internet. Computers
are also used to track
student attendance and learning strategies. Coaching and institutes
increased their areas by audio-visual aids using computers.

 Banking

A computer performs a crucial role

in banking sectors, by storing
several account holder details on a
bank server. All transactions such
as deposits and withdrawals
perform by a computer. A banking
company can easily monitor all
ATMs and passbook printing
machines.

 Government Sectors

Government can easily monitor

government sectors such as road
services, railway, development, and
other rising funds. The information of every citizen is stored on the
server through the computer.

 Entertainment
Today most people are so busy
and they do not easily get time
to fresh their mind. We can play
various interesting video games
using a computer. We can watch
movies, TV shows, and reality
shows on the computer. A
computer is also used to create
sarcastic memes and make us
happy.

HISTOR
Y and
GENERA
TIONS
First of (1941-1956)
Generation
COMPUT
 These computers were designed using vacuum tubes.
ER
 Programming in these computers was done using
machine languages
 The main memory of the 1st generation computer
consisted of magnetic tapes and magnetic drums
 Paper tapes and punched cards were used as
input/output devices in these computers
  These computers were very huge but worked slowly
 For example: ENIAC, UNIVAC.
Second Generation (1957 – 1963)
 The second generation computers used the
technology of transistors
 Machine language and Assembly language were used
 Magnetic core and Magnetic tape/disk were used for
memory storage
 The second generation computers were smaller in
sized ,consumed less power and generated less heat
than the first generation computers
 Magnetic tape and Punched cards were used as
input/output devices.
 For example: IBM1400 series, UNIVAC1107 etc.

Third Generation (1964 -1970)

 These computers were built using Integrated

Circuit(ICs)
 High level programming languages were used for
programming on these computers.
 Large magnetic core and magnetic tape/disk were
used for memory
  Magnetic tape, monitor, keyboard, printer etc. were
used as input/output devices
 Examples are: IBM360, IBM379 etc.

Fourth Generation (1971-till date)

 The fourth generation computers have been
developed using the technologies of very large scale
integration (VLSI) and the microprocessor (VLSI has
thousands of transistors on a single microchip)
 Semi-conductor memory such as RAM, ROM etc.
was used for memory storage
 Input/output device such as pointing devices, optical
scanning, keyboard, monitor, printer etc. were
introduced.
 Much increase in the speed of operation
 Less power consumption and high performance
 Lower cost and very compact
 Cache memory and virtual memory were applied in
better way
 LAN and WAN were developed (where desktop
work station inter connected)
 Introduced C-language, Unix OS and Graphical User
Interface.
 Examples are: IBM, PC
 Fifth Generation (upcoming generation)

 Computers are based on artificial intelligence

 ;rage main memory and disc storage are available
 Development of Internet of Things
 Computers are portable, cheap ,reliable and fast
 Portable note book Computers are introduced
 Object oriented language like Java suitable internet
programming has been developed

SECOND GENERATION COMPUTER

FIRST GENERATION COMPUTER

FOURTH GENERATION COMPUTER

THIRD GENERATION COMPUTER
 FIFTH GENERATION COMPUTER

DIFFER
ENT
TYPES
What are Basic Logic Gates
Imagine a world where there are no computers, smartphones, or the internet. It

OF
might be tough to imagine, huh? Well, these amazing gadgets that are a big part of
our daily lives rely on small but super important parts called logic gates. In this
lesson, we are going to dive into the secrets of these basic pieces of digital

LOGIC
electronics. We will look at the different kinds of logic gates, what they do, and
how they're used. And don't worry, we'll explain everything in a simple and
interesting way, so even the trickier ideas will become really easy to understand.

GATES
A Logic gate is a kind of the basic building block of a digital circuit having two
inputs and one output. The input and output relationship is based on a certain logic.
These gates are implemented using electronic switches such as diodes, transistors.
But, in practice, the basic logic gates are built using CMOS technology,
MOSFET(Metal Oxide Semiconductor FET), FETS. Logic gates are used in
microcontrollers, microprocessors, electronic and electrical project circuits, and
embedded system applications. The basic logic gates are categorized into seven
types as AND, OR, XOR, NAND, NOR, XNOR, and NOT.

These are the important digital devices, mainly based on the Boolean function.
Logic gates are used to carry out the logical operations on single or multiple binary
inputs and result in one binary output. In simple words, logic gates are the
electronic circuits in a digital system.

Types of Basic Logic Gates

There are various basic logic gates used to perform operations in digital systems.
The common ones are given below.
 OR Gate
 AND Gate
 NOT Gate
 XOR Gate

Also, these gates can be found in a combination of one or two. Therefore we get
other gates like NAND, NOR, EXOR, and EXNOR Gates.

OR Gate:
The OR gate output attains the state 1 if either one or more inputs attain the state 1.

Boolean expression of OR gate can be given by, Y = A + B, which reads as Y

equals A ‘OR’ B. The truth table of the two-input OR basic Gate can be given as
follows.
A B Output
0 0 0
0 1 1
1 0 1
1 1 1

OR Gate Motto: "Welcome, as long as at least one of you is here."

Output: 1 if any input is 1
AND Gate:
In an AND gate, the output attains state 1 if and only if all the inputs are in state 1.
Boolean expression of AND Gate can be given by, Y = A. B.
The truth table of the two-input AND basic Gate can be given as follows.
A B Output
1 1 1
1 0 0
0 1 0
0 0 0
AND Gate Motto: "Only if everyone agrees, I'll let you pass."
Output: 1 only if all inputs are 1
NOT Gate:
The output in a NOT Gate attains state 1 if and only if the input does not attain
state 1.

The Boolean expression is

Y= A¯
The truth table of NOT gate is given below:

A Y
0 1
1 0

NOT Gate Motto: "I'm here to disagree and flip things around."

Output: The opposite of the input.

NAND Gate:
It's a digital circuit with two or more inputs that creates an output that's the logical
AND of all those inputs inverted. The NAND function, like the AND function, can
have any number of independent inputs, and commercially available NAND Gate
ICs come in typical 2, 3, or 4 input configurations. If more inputs are needed, the
typical NAND gates can be cascaded to produce more.
Truth Table-
OUTPUT
A B
 0 0 1
0 1 1
1 0 1
1 1 0

NAND Gate Motto: "I'm like AND, but I love to say no."

Output: 0 only if all inputs are 1

NOR Gate:
It's a digital circuit with two or more inputs that creates an output that's the logical
OR of all those inputs inverted. The NOR function, like the OR function, can have
any number of separate inputs, and commercially available NOR Gate ICs come in
2, 3, or 4 input configurations. If more inputs are needed, the typical NOR gates
can be cascaded to produce more.
Truth Table-

A B A+B (bar)
0 0 1
0 1 0
1 0 0
1 1 0

NOR Gate Motto: "Sorry, I only accept none or all."

Output: 1 only if all inputs are 0

XOR Gate:
The Exclusive-OR gate is known as the XOR gate. This gate is a unique sort of gate that can be
found in a variety of computational circuits. ese gates aren't basic gates in and of themselves;
they're made up of other logic gates. Their Boolean output function is powerful enough to be
termed a full logic gate. The hybrid gates are the XOR and XNOR gates.
Truth Table-

A B Y
0 0 0
0 1 1
1 0 1
1 1 0

XOR Gate Motto: "I'll let you pass only if you're unique."

Output: 1 only if the inputs are different

XNOR Gate:
The Exclusive-NOR gate is known as the XNOR gate. It is a digital logic gate that
outputs TRUE (1) only when both its inputs are the same, either both TRUE and both
FALSE. Otherwise, it outputs FALSE (0). The XNOR gate is essentially the opposite of
the XOR gate. The XOR gate outputs TRUE only when its inputs are different, whereas
the XNOR gate outputs TRUE only when its inputs are the same.

Truth Table-

A B C
0 0 1
0 1 0
1 0 0
1 1 1

XNOR Gate Motto: "I'm here to celebrate perfect agreement."

Output: 1 only if the inputs are the same

Laws of Boolean algebra
The basic Laws of Boolean Algebra can be stated as follows:

o Commutative Law states that the interchanging of the order of

operands in a Boolean equation does not change its result. For
example:

o OR operator → A + B = B + A
o AND operator → A * B = B * A
o Associative Law of multiplication states that the AND operation
are done on two or more than two variables. For example:
A * (B * C) = (A * B) * C
o Distributive Law states that the multiplication of two variables and
adding the result with a variable will result in the same value as
multiplication of addition of the variable with individual variables.
For example:
A + BC = (A + B) (A + C).
o Annulment law:
A.0 = 0
A+1=1
o Identity law:
A.1 = A
A+0=A
o Idempotent law:
A + A = A
A.A = A
o Complement law:
A + A' = 1
A.A'= 0
o Double negation law:
((A)')' = A
o Absorption law:
A.(A+B) = A
A + AB = A
De Morgan's Law is also known as De Morgan's theorem, works
depending on the concept of Duality. Duality states that interchanging
the operators and variables in a function, such as replacing 0 with 1 and
1 with 0, AND operator with OR operator and OR operator with AND
operator.

De Morgan stated 2 theorems, which will help us in solving the

algebraic problems in digital electronics. The De Morgan's statements
are:

1. "The negation of a conjunction is the disjunction of the negations",

which means that the complement of the product of 2 variables is
equal to the sum of the compliments of individual variables. For
example, (A.B)' = A' + B'.
2. "The negation of disjunction is the conjunction of the negations",
which means that complement of the sum of two variables is equal
to the product of the complement of each variable. For example,
(A + B)' = A'B'.

SUMMARY

This project involves topic like, introduction to computer, its application

and history and generation of it and about logic gates its types and laws.

Computer is a basic need of every individuals in today’s world. As it has

many benefits such as speed, accuracy and diligence, people have started
depending on it more which is one of its drawbacks.
Furthermore, it has a wide range of applications due to its
characteristics, such as accuracy and speed. For instance, in science,
medicine, entertainment, etc.

However, previously computers weren’t this simple to use. It has

occasionally evolved. The first generation of computers were big and
difficult to operate. Periodically, it became easier, starting with the
computer and continuing to this day.

The subject of logic gates is covered next, followed by laws of Boolean

algebra

The basic types of logic gates are: AND gate: Outputs a high (1) only if
both inputs are high. OR gate: Outputs a high if at least one input is
high. NOT gate (Inverter): Inverts the input, producing a low output for
a high input and vice versa.

Boolean Algebra, there are two identity laws, both of which involve a
single variable. One states that taking the OR operation of a variable and
FALSE results in the truth value of the variable. The other law states
that taking the AND operation of a variable and TRUE results in the
truth value of the variable.

References
 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer
 https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/characteristics-of-
computer-system/
 https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/basic-applications-of-
computers/
 https://opentextbc.ca/computerstudies/chapter/
classification-of-generations-of-computers/
 https://www.vedantu.com/jee-main/physics-basic-logic-
gates
 https://www.javatpoint.com/simplification-using-boolean-
algebra

T
H