2 Part 1 For questions 18, read the text below and decide which answer (A, B, C or D) best fits each gap. There is an example at the beginning (0). Bat watching Bats are often viewed as mysterious creatures, possibly because they are nocturnal, and | (0) ...find them fascinating. So when | had the opportunity to go bat watching, | decided to (1) . myself up to speed. | learned about the conditions which (2) ... . bats to a particular place. In some areas no fertilisers are used, and the result is a great (3) sno OF insects, Which (4) suonsnenean a8 2 food source for bats. Bats hunt and find their way by echo-location, (5) run a stream of sounds too high-pitched for human ears, and measuring the returning echoes as they (6) .. back off objects. The echo-location is so precise that the bat can identify an insect even if itis sitting motionless on a leaf. | was not expecting much action on a damp evening, but then suddenly bats started streaking by in pairs, with the juveniles following their mothers in (7) .. formation. This fee .. continued, unabated, for several hours. oO Auniquely B independently Cindividually (njeomeay ie Aput Btake Cbring Dpull 2 Adraw Beall Curge D persuade 3 Aescalation B proliferation C multiplication D expansion 4 Apresent B maintain C provide D serve 5 Aexhaling Bemitting Cejecting D exuding 6 Arebound Bjump Cbounce Drecoil 7 Asolid Bnear Cdose D thick 8 A madness B frenzy Ccraze D folly3 Part2 For questions 9 ~ 16, read the text below and think of the word which best fits each gap. Use only ‘one word in each gap. There is an example at the beginning (0). Write your answers IN CAPITAL LETTERS. Daylight saving In countries near the equator, day and night are roughly the (0) SAME., length throughout the year. However, in countries further from the equator, there is more daylight in summer than in winter, For this (9) sane ., Many countries have adopted what is known as daylight saving, In 1907, William Willett, a London builder, realized that in summer the sun rose before most people were (10) ... and about and set before they went to bed. He proposed putting the clock forward in summer and back in winter (11) .. as to allow people to take advantage of the sunlight and to cut (12) on the use of electricity. Willett spent a fortune trying to (13) idea accepted but it (14) .. . with ridicule and opposition. Time and (15) Parliament rejected the idea. Eventually, though, it was adopted as an economy measure in 1916. Willett did not live to see his idea become law since he died in the previous year. Now, about seventy countries worldwide have adopted (16) wa... form or other of daylight saving.4 Part3 For questions 17 ~ 24, read the text below. Use the word given in capitals at the end of some of the lines to form a word that fits in the gap in the same line. There is an example at the beginning (0). Write your answers IN CAPITAL LETTERS. A feat of engineering San Francisco's Golden Gate Bridge, one of the (0) ARCHITECTURAL marvels of the twentieth century and (17) .... .. one of the world’s most beautiful bridges, is the result of the (18) .. efforts of Joseph Baermann Strauss (1870-1938), a distinguished engineer, who had always dreamed of raising a bridge across the stretch of sea known as the Golden Gate Waters. It was a worthwhile venture, despite the problems it would entail, since it would mean making the counties to the north more (19) Strauss put much effort into the (20) .. of his dream. It is true that he had to live with the (21) of his peers, many of whom considered that the bridge would be impossible to build because of the (22) . weather and the (23) ...... strong winds which whipped through the bay below. But, despite these (24) elements, Strauss held fast to his vision and, even though he died only a year after the opening of the bridge, he did live to bring it to completion. ARCHITECT ARGUE TENACITY ACCESS REAL SCEPTIC PREDICT, AMAZE FAVOUR5 Part 4 For questions 25 - 30, complete the second sentence so that it has a similar meaning to the first sentence, using the word given. Do not change the word given. You must use between three and eight words, including the word given. Here is an example (0). Example: Example: [0] [have any objection to my watching 0. Do you mind if watch you while you paint? objection Do you. you while you paint? Write only the missing word. 25. — When | was younger, | got excited just thinking about travelling abroad. thought When | was younger, the .. for me. 26. They said that John got the job because no one else applied. result ‘They said that John got the job only applicant. 27. The value of Lea’s advice will become apparent to you one day. 28. or You'll later. As well as being a teacher, Ali is a member of the local council. only Not a member of the local council.29. 30. think you should decide who we invite to the meeting. up rh.. who we invite to the meeting. ‘The committee felt that there should be an investigation into the whole procedure. looking According7 Part 5 You are going to read a newspaper article about a young celebrity. For questions 31 ~ 36, choose the answer (A, B, C or D) which you think fits best according to the text. Small Screen Goddess Susie Short interviewed Alexa Chung, when the TV presenter and former model was very much girl of the moment. ‘Alexa Chung talks and thinks very fast. She's full of stories and takes the mickey out of herself with a nice combination of feigned puzzlement and sarcasm. When the paparazzi chase her around, she sometimes stymies them by standing very, very still, ike a human statue, so they get the same picture over and over again. She says she still wonders what its they are taking pictures of: ‘Like, Alexa Chung, television presenter and It girI? | mean, there’s not much to being an ‘It git’. It’s really quite a depressing title to hold, ifit were a job, what would it involve ~ going to bad parties and having a boyfriend in a band?” Alexa's star has been in the ascendant since she started presenting some of Channel Four’s youth programming. She now has plenty of television offers, a magazine column, and is a must-have for any self- respecting fashionable party. People adore her style, and a lot of girls standing in front of their wardrobes ‘must frame the mental question: ‘What would Alexa choose?’ For the last six months, she’s been going out with the lead singer in a high-profile band —a fairly big step from your average lanky bloke in jeans ~ and in a short space of time, she’s therefore captured a chunk of the hip young zeitgeist for herself. ‘You're not going to talk about him, are you? she says, her voice flattening. ‘It’s sad to think girls are known just for their boyfriends. | don’t want to be one of those. Going out with him is just like going out with anyone else, except that a lot of people pester me to get on guest lists.’ | first met Alexa, the friend of a friend, three years ago when she was a model. She was brought up in Hampshire, England, by her English mother, Gill, and first-generation immigrant Chinese father, Phil. It was a nice middle-class upbringing and she left school with good grades. At the time we hung out she was already self-assured and amusing, if plagued by an all too familiar tendency to describe herself as fat. Looking back she reflects: ‘Modelling gave me a distorted body image. As soon as | stopped, | realised how ridiculous it all was. | went on about it because | was really fed up with modelling ~ it’s like | was saying negative things to reinforce in my mind that | had to get out. | never say or think those things now ~I'd rather have a big brain than small bones.’ Stil, it ate into her soul a bit, the job of modelling, there’s no doubt about that: ‘Modelling erodes your self-esteem.” Then she was unexpectedly summoned to audition for a TV show. She quickly found her feet. ‘At first, when people asked me what | thought of a script or something, I was like, “What me?” But before long, | was saying, “Yup, that’s wrong, let’s rethink it”.” | suspect what makes Chung likeable to women in her segment of the viewing public is that she’s not trading solely on her looks. She’s a tomboy who genuinely loves music, resists any inclination to use clothes as a status symbol and is not one of those ‘I'll look better than every ‘other woman in the room’ types. “The other night someone said | looked like a mum at the school gates and | was, like, “Thank you"? Alexa says she can, however, be confrontational and argumentative with men in authority and, wary of seeing herself being sidelined, sometimes goes on the attack too much. She will ikely become an interesting handful for producers and directors with weak ideas, because she reads, is informed and doesn’t shy away from voicing strong opinions. When we talk about things, she can certainly formulate a solid argument. | doubt she'll be a TV presenter forever; she envisages doing English literature at university in her late twenties, then becoming a photographer. Even though she is very much a girl of the moment, she has absolutely no sense of herself as special. ‘You cannot be a TV presenter and cool at the same time. You're really a conduit, asking people questions. You're always the one extracting information about other people’s awesome lives.” And 0, with another piece of self-deprecation, she picks herself up to do shopping.31. 32. 33. 34. 35. 36. In the first paragraph, the writer implies that Alexa A doesn’t take being a celebrity too seriously. 8 is amused when she is described as an ‘It girl’. C respects the work of the paparazzi photographers. D is flattered that people pay her so much attention. What is suggested about Alexa’s boyfriend? A Hes sorry their relationship has put increased pressure on her. B — Heis keen that their privacy should not be compromised. C Heis less concerned with appearing stylish than she is. D__Heis even more in demand asa celebrity than she is. The writer says that when she was a model, Alexa A was lacking in the necessary self-confidence. B was predictably anxious about her physical appearance. C worried about whether she was wasting her educational achievements. D tended to exaggerate the extent to which she was discontented in the job. When Alexa first got TV work, she was A disappointed that it wasn’t an acting role. B unable to interpret aspects of the script correctly. C unprepared for the fact that her views would be sought. D__ inclined to respond rather defensively to unexpected requests. What does the writer predict about Alexa’s career in television? A She will soon gain a reputation for unacceptable behaviour. B She will become involved in more serious sorts of programmes. C_ She will develop new skills through taking part in logical debate. D_ She will come to challenge the views of less competent colleagues. When quoted in the fifth paragraph, Alexa is A giving her view of what the TV presenter’s role entails. B suggesting how the role of the TV presenter needs to change. c D explaining why she is unlikely to remain in the TV presenter’s role. expressing her frustration at the limitations of the TV presenter's role.Part 6 You are going to read an article about a mountain in California. Seven paragraphs have been removed from the article. Choose from the paragraph A—H the one which fits each gap (27 - 43). There i one extra paragraph which you do not need to use. A Summer Snowstorm On California’s magnificent Mount Shasta, Rob Penn is thwarted in his attempt to emulate a 19"-century explorer and conservationist. Our guide turned to face us through the billowing mass of snow. The storm was strengthening, visibility was getting worse and the avalanche risk had increased. Logan had chosen his moment and | knew what he was going to say. ‘Guys, I'm afraid we're going to turn around and descend. We're not going to make the summit today.’ The disappointment was intense. James and | yearned to stand on the top of Mount Shasta, the magnificent, 4,316-metre, dormant volcano that towers over northern California. Clearly | hadn't succeeded in this respect. The trip had been months in the planning ~ we'd got fit, bought and hired equipment, flown across a continent and hired 2 guide — only to be thwarted at the last minute, Logan knew we had to be Philosophical about it: ‘The mountain will always be here,’ he said, peering up the ridge into the beckoning greyness. 38 This came as no surprise, for Mount Shasta is a classic cloud-catcher, renowned for the pancake- like formations that often cap it. In winter, itis a popular skiing and mountaineering destination, There are plenty of glacier crossings, crevasses and ice walls to challenge experienced climbers. In June though, when the weather is usually stable, Shasta becomes a playground for aspiring mountaineers, like lames and me. But, by the time we set off on the trail following an easy path leading into a forest of stout red firs, the heavy rain was changing to snow. 39 As for us, we had been almost one hundred miles away when we got our initial glimpse of its pearl- grey cone rising up out of the haze at the end of the interstate, With a base-to-summit rise of more than 3,350 metres (among the world’s lergest), Shast looks like a hanging apparition from afar. ‘Lonely as a god and white as a winter moon’ is how Joaquin Miller, gold miner and ‘poet of the Sierras’, described it. Fr Having dug our pitches and set up tents near this, structure, we scrunched through the snow as far a the toe of Casaval Ridge. ‘Welcome to snow school,’ Logan said at the bottom of a steep rise above the tree line. The first lesson was ‘walking in balance’: learning to keep two points (one foot, and your ice axe) firmly placed in the snow. Then we moved on to the ‘duck step’ (when zigzagging up a 30° -plus slope}, and ‘punch stepping’ downhill ai | Like many stand-alone mountains, Mount Shasta has long dominated the psychic as well as the visual landscape of northern California, so there wes much to draw upon. In features, for instance, in the many strange myths of the Klamath Indians who formerly inhabited the region. When Logan woke us at 2 a.m. — the appointed time to start our assault on the summit - it was bitterly cold and the sky was clear. Our luck, | thought, had changed. Logan didn’t look so sure. —— By 3 am,, it was snowing hard again and it began to look as though we might share this awful predicament if we weren’t careful, At first light, we moved slowly up on to Casaval Ridge. The storm was gathering strength, and though the magical lure still burned brightly within, our prospects had been well and truly extinguished. Logan was merely choosing his moment to break the news.A 10 Greg, a computer engineer from Palo Alto, recounted his own tale of mystery, telling us his alarm at seeing a strange flashing light through the storm that day. Logan’s explanation, that it was probably no more than a snowflake caught inside Greg's ted sunglasses, brought us back down to earth. The ordinary sensations of cold give only a faint conception of what it’s like after such a hard climb without food and sleep. To quote Muir: ‘Life is then seen to be a fire that now smoulders, now brightens, and may be easily quenched.’ We'd been warned about this. When we had come to this solitary white cone at the southern end of the Cascade Range for an initiation in mountaineering, we'd been told that overcoming the irresistible magical lure of the mountain top is one of the fundamental problems for any climber. The beginners’ route that we were planning to follow is named after John Muir, the founding father of wilderness conservation in the USA, who made the first recorded ascent of Shasta in 1854. He later wrote: ‘When | first caught sight of it, all my blood turned to wine and | have not been weary since.’ E. It wasn’t until | was back home a week later that | understood why. | read that on one of Muir’s many ascents of Shasta, a storm hit as he reached the summit. He was forced to spend seventeen hours struggling to stay alive in the mud around the sputtering fumaroles (Shasta last erupted 200 years ago) below the aptly named Misery Hill. Logan refused to be discouraged by the worsening weather. In fact, he was keen to press on and use the conditions to our advantage. ‘I'll teach you some killer techniques for walking in the white stuff,’ he enthused as we approached Horse Camp, where an Alpine hut owned by the Sierra Club, the venerable American environmental organisation, stands in a forest clearing And in truth, he’d made it clear that our chances of reaching the summit were poor from the start. When we met him ‘twenty-four hours earlier in a car park at the base of the mountain, a storm was already moving in off the Pacific Ocean. ‘As we checked our equipment — boots, tents, sleeping bags, layered clothing, food, ice axes, harnesses, helmets, crampons ~ the light drizzle that pattered on our coats thickened to a downpour. The temperature had plunged below freezing and snow was still falling when we got back to the camp after these exertions. We had dinner inside the hut with a dozen other climbers who were looking unsettled by the confining weather. Over pasta and chocolate brownies, the conversation drifted from carabiners and crampons to cosmic force,11 Part 7 You are going to read an article about four people’s post-musical careers. For questions 44 — 53, choose from the people (A—D). The people may be chosen more than once. Which person says that his pioneering music helped others to become successful? there can be a difficulty in reconciling his involvement in music and his job? he felt he didn’t really fit in with the other people in the band? he didn’t set out with any plan for how to become successful? he was aware that he needed to retrain when the band got less popular? he thought that it would not be appropriate if fellow trainees knew about his past? he didn’t enjoy the environment he was part of when he was famous? he now realises that his songs were breaking down boundaries? his present job derives from an interest he had when he was a pop star? he was reluctant to take up his current career? | | 7] 2 E12 From pop star to chiropractor: what musicians did next A Terry Chimes Asa kid, | preferred a microscope to a football for Christmas, but I got distracted by music and the option of joining The Clash seemed more fun than medical school, The punk scene opened the door for a lot of new bands, but it was also quite dissolute and | saw people deteriorating before my eyes, plus I got fed up with the whole set up. Anyway, one day I was touring and we went ten-pin bowling, but after three hours my shoulder locked up, so they said they would find a chiropractor. This guy came in, cracked all my joints and | could move my arm again — | was impressed. I'd always known | wanted to heal people, so | enrolled on 2 chiropractic course. | didn’t tell anyone there who I was at first - it didn’t seem right somehow ~ but shortly after | started they re-released one of the Clash’s biggest hits, which went to number one for three weeks, and of course, | was in the video, so the cat was out of the bag. B Mike Edwards | decided early on that being fit would prevent me losing my voice onstage, so | got into cycling, which became a good method of transport when we were famous because you could get where you wanted in New York without people bothering you. Cycling became such an obsession that | started racing. But as the band’s career went down the tubes, | remembered that Mick Jagger had once said that apart from music he was unemployable, so when I came across an advert asking ‘Have you ever fancied a career in fitness?’ | enrolled. The band thought | was nuts, but | was always the least rock’n’roll in the group. | use music a lot in classes but | never use stuff that | sang on—that was a separate life. But having been a pop star helped. When | was first qualifying, the people around me were absolutely terrified, but after playing to thousands of people at rock festivals, doing exercises in front of 10 people was nothing. C Doug Fletcher | was never that career-minded, in music or anything else. | basically carried on studying law at university so | could keep playing in bands, and by the end | was hugely overqualified. At that point | didn’t think that | wanted to be a lawyer, but the qualifications | had pretty much meant | had to become one, and | don’t think any of us quite believed in the band enough to give up our jobs and go for it. When I got 2 job at the government's Office of Fair Trading, | tried at first to keep my background quiet because | thought it might compromise my gravitas. Now | play part-time in another band, and we were up for the ‘6Music votes-based playlist’. | bit the bullet and emailed people at work and asked them to vote for us. Whenever the OFT gets involved in music — such as the planned merger between two of the main online ticket sellers — | have to withdraw because there might be a conflict of interest, which is funny, because it’s the one subject | might know something about. D Manny David My hit singles Police Officer and Cockney Translation were based on true stories ~ | was a black man talking like a Londoner about life in London, so | was integrating cultures, even though | wasn't aware of it at the time. Although | paved the way for famous people like The Streets and Dizzee Rascal, | left the business because | wasn’t making enough. I first became aware of the possibilities for mining after visiting Grenada, where my mother comes from. Cockney Translation had endeared me to a lot of businessmen in the East End of London, and because I'd been on the music scene I'd met a lot of other influential people who all helped me get investment. Now I’ve got gold and diamond mine concessions all over Africa, and I'm even promoting a record for the government of one of the countries. Recently, | bought an expensive car in cash, which resulted in a visit by the police — it was like Police Officer all over again.