Dr.

Matiullah Shah

1
MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING

What is Material ?
• Basic substance that have mass and occupy space
• It can be natural or human made
• There are now about 300,000 different known materials

What is Materials Science?

• Materials science involve investigating the relationships that
exist between the structure and properties of materials

What is Materials Engineering?

• Materials engineering involve, on the basis of these structure
property correlation, design/engineer the structure of a
material to produce a predetermined set of properties

2
 MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING

Who is Materials Scientist?

• To develop/synthesize new materials

Who is Materials Engineer?

• To create new product/systems using existing materials
• To develop new techniques for processing materials

3
 Materials Science
structure • arrangement of internal components
• subatomic
• atomic
• microscopic
• macroscopic (bulk)

characterization
processing properties
• material characteristic
• method of preparing
• response to external
material
stimulus
• mechanical, electrical,
performance thermal, magnetic,
• behavior in a optical, deteriorative
particular application

4
 Chemical Properties
How a material interacts with another material

 Examples:
 burning
 reaction with acid
 reaction with water
 corrosion/rusting/oxidation
 others????
 Physical Properties
 characteristics it possesses by itself

 color  luster
 size  density
 texture  magnetism
 melting point  odor
 boiling point  viscosity
 solubility  crystalline structure
 Physical Properties
 Electrical properties
 conductor or insulator

 Optical properties – response to light

 index of refraction – bending of light
 Transparent – light passes through
 Translucent – some light passes through but no
distinct image
 Opaque – no light passes through
 Physical Properties
 Thermal properties – response to heat

 conductivity

 specific heat – how much energy it takes to

change temperature

 thermal expansion – example: iron wire

demo
 Mechanical Properties
 subgroup of physical
 response to force or stress
 force – a push or pull

 stress – force causing a deformation or

distortion (force per unit area)
 Mechanical Properties
Examples
 workability
 malleability – can be flattened
 ductility – can be drawn into wire
(stretched), bent, or extruded
 Mechanical Properties
Examples
 brittleness
 breaks instead of deforming when stress is
applied

 hardness
 resistance to denting or scratching
 Mechanical Properties
Examples
 elasticity
 ability to return to original shape after
being deformed by stress
 rubber ball or piece of elastic
 plasticity
 retains new shape after being deformed by
stress
 wet clay ball or piece of food wrap
 Index of Refraction
Question. What two materials here have a similar index of refraction?
(the three materials are glass, HDPE, and mineral oil)

Electrical conductivity
What materials here are non-conductive electrically?
(the materials are brass, copper coated steel, wax, glass and carbon fiber)

Hardness
Which material here is the hardest?
(Pine and Melamine)
WHY STUDY MATERIALS SCIENCE?

New materials have been among the greatest

achievements of every age and they have been central
to the growth, prosperity, security, and quality of life of
humans since the beginning of history. It is always new
materials that open the door to new technologies,
whether they are in civil, chemical, construction,
nuclear, aeronautical, agricultural, mechanical,
biomedical or electrical engineering.

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CLASSIFICATION of ENGINEERING MATERIALS

1. Metals
2. Ceramics
3. Polymer
4. Composites

Venn diagram showing three basic material types plus composites

16
CLASSIFICATION of MATERIAL

1. Metals
• Most Utilized Engineering Materials
• Have properties that satisfy a wide range of
design requirements
• General Properties:
• Strength & Stiffness 
• Toughness & Formability 
• Electrical & Thermal Conductivity 
• Usually used in Alloys (mixed of 2 or more
metals
• Examples: Steel, Aluminium, Magnesium,
zinc, cast iron, gold, titanium, copper,
nickel, etc.
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2. Metals

(a) (b)

(c) (d)

Fig.2. Metals (a. Steel; b. Aluminium; c. Copper; d. Titanium) 18

CLASSIFICATION of ENGINEERING MATERIALS

2. Ceramics
• A Compound containing metallic & non-metallic
elements formed by the action of heat
• General Properties:
• Hard & Brittle
• Compressive Strength  tensile strength
• Resistant chemical action and weathering
• Thermal Insulator (Thermal Conductivity )
• Examples: sand, brick, glass, graphite, tile, pottery,
etc.

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~ CLASSIFICATION of ENGINEERING MATERIALS ~

2. Ceramics

(a) (b)

(d) (c)
Fig.2. Ceramics (a. tile; b. pottery; c. sand; d. glass)

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CLASSIFICATION of ENGINEERING MATERIALS

3. Polymers
• Organic Compounds, formed by repeating
structural unit (Mers), where the atoms share
electron to form very large molecules

• General Properties:
• Light Weight
• Low Thermal & Electrical Conductivity
• Moderate Resistance on Inorganic Acids,
Bases & Salts
• Examples: PVC, polyethylene, polypropylene,
rubber, nylon, Teflon, 21
CLASSIFICATION of ENGINEERING MATERIALS

3. Polymers

(a) (b)

(d) (c)
Polymers: a. polyethylene; b. PVC; c. rubber; d. melamine

22
CLASSIFICATION of ENGINEERING MATERIALS

4. Composites

• Combination of Two or More Different Materials

• Combination of the Best Characteristics of Each
Components Materials
• Better properties than any individuals component
• Examples: fiberglass, textiles, vehicle tyres, wood
papers, etc

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CLASSIFICATION of ENGINEERING MATERIALS

4. Composites

(a) (b)

(d) (c)

Fig.4. Polymers (a. carbon fibres; b. fiberglass; c. wood; d. textile)

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 Classification of Materials
Metals Ceramics & Glasses Polymers
• good conductors of • thermally and • very large molecules
electricity and heat electrically insulating • low density, low weight
• lustrous appearance • resistant to high • maybe extremely
• susceptible to temperatures and flexible
corrosion harsh environments
• strong, but • hard, but brittle
deformable

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Classification of Materials: A Few Additional Categories

Biomaterials Semiconductors Composites

• implanted in human • electrical properties • consist of more than
body between conductors one material type
• compatible with and insulators • designed to display
body tissues • electrical properties a combination of
can be precisely properties of each
controlled component

Intel Pentium 4 fiberglass surfboards

hip replacement
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 The Materials Science terminology:

The properties of a material depend upon

its composition and microstructure

The microstructure of a material depends

upon its composition and the processing
that it undergoes

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 Solid Materials Classification

Materials Classification

Metals & Alloy Polymers

Ferrous Non-ferrous Thermoplastics Thermosets Elastomers

Steel Aluminum Acrylic Phenolic Rubber

Stainless steel Copper Nylon Polymide Polyurethane
Cast iron Zinc ABS Polyester Silicone
Titanium Polyethylene
Tungsten Polycarbonate
PVC
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 Materials

Ceramics
Metals Non Metals Glass Composites

Carbides Reinforced
plastics
Nitrides
Metal-Matrix
Oxides
Ceramic-Matrix
Graphite
Laminates
Diamond
Glasses
Glass ceramics

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 States of Matter
 Solid:
 Definite Shape
 Definite Volume
 Incompressible
 Liquid:
 Indefinite Shape
 Definite Volume
 Not Easily Compressed
 Gas:
 Indefinite Shape
 Indefinite Volume • Plasma
 Easily compressed • Ionic form
• Indefinite shape
• Indefinite volume
• High Temperature

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Crystalline Materials
In a crystalline materials, particles which may be (atoms, molecules or ions) are
surrounded by like neighbors according to a definite geometrical repetitive pattern.

 Regular geometric shape

Constituent (atoms, molecules, ions) arranged in completely regular fashion.
Morphology is also regular
Atom, molecule or ion has its own fixed position in the lattice.

Posses:
 sharp melting point
 Characteristic value of latent heat of fusion.
 property of incompressibility.
 Definite arrangement of the constituent particles
 When broken, splits on definite planes
Examples:
 Iron, gold, silver, NaCl, sugar etc.
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Amorphous Materials
 Irregular geometric shape
 Constituent (atoms, molecules, ions) are in irregular fashion.
 Atom, molecule or ion has NO fixed position.
 No sharp melting point
 When broken, DO NOT splits in definite planes

Examples:
 glass, fussed silica, rubber

32
 Crystal
In a crystalline materials, particles which may be (atoms,
molecules or ions) are surrounded by like neighbors according
to a definite geometrical repetitive pattern.

 “ An infinite repetition of identical structural units in space

construct an ideal crystal”.
“ Regular arrangement of identical structural units in space.
(U cell)”

 Regular polyhedron bounded by smooth surfaces formed due

to inter-atomic forces of atoms (molecules or ions) when
passing under suitable conditions from the liquid (or gas) to
that of solids.
33
 Lattice
 Collection of infinite number of points arranged in space.
 Arrangement around any point is same as arrangement around
any other point
 Periodic arrangement.

An array of points all having

 identical surrounding
 Indistinguishable from on another.
 Perfectly order up to infinity.

34
 The crystal lattice

lattice + Basis = Crystal

A point lattice is made up of regular, repeating

points in space. An atom or group of atoms (basis)
are tied to each lattice point in crystals

35
 Lattice
 The point themselves in the lattice  Lattice site
 The distance between neighboring site  Lattice constant
 When we assign direction to the lattice constants  Lattice vectors
 Two dimensional Lattice vector
  
T  n1a  n2b
 In three dimension
   
b

T  n1a  n2b  n3c

a

36
Primitive Lattice Vector
Lattice vector directed to the nearest neighboring lattice site

37
Ideal Crystal
 An ideal crystal is a periodic array of structural
units, such as atoms or molecules.
 It can be constructed by the infinite repetition of
these identical structural units in space.
 Structure can be described in terms of a lattice,
with a group of atoms attached to each lattice
point. The group of atoms is the basis.

38
Periodic Arrangement (other then Crystals solids)

39
Bravais Lattice
 Different point lattices, called Bravais lattices,
make up the crystal system. The lengths of the
sides and the angles between them can vary for
a particular unit cell.

 A Bravais lattice consists of all points with position

vectors R that can be written as a linear combination
of primitive vectors.

 An infinite array of discrete points in the crystals with

an arrangement and orientation that appears exactly
the same, from any of the points the array is viewed
from.

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 2D Bravais Lattice
1. Square 2. Rectangular 3. Oblique

4. Centered rectangular 5. Hexagonal

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 Unit cell: is the smallest unit of a space
lattice which repeats itself to form the
crystal.
 In other words crystal is formed by face to
face packing of unit cells.

42
 Crystal Systems
Unit cell: smallest repetitive volume (building
blocks) which contains the complete lattice
pattern of a crystal.
7 crystal systems of varying
symmetry are known
These systems are built by
changing the lattice
parameters:
a, b, and c are the edge lengths
, , and  are inter axial angles

43
Unit Cell Configurations (Types of U.C
1. Simple Unit Cell: Lattice points are at every
corner of the cell.

2. Base Centered Unit Cell: Extra lattice points in

the center of two parallel faces.

3. Body Centered Unit Cell: An extra lattice points

in the interior.

4. Face Centered Unit Cell: Extra lattice points at the

center of each face.
44
 3D Bravais Lattices

 14 different point lattices, called

Bravais lattices, make up the crystal
system. The lengths of the sides, a, b,
and c, and the angles between them
can vary for a particular unit cell.

45
 CRYSTAL
SYSTEMS
Based on unit cell
configurations and
atomic arrangements

46
Simple Cubic Structure (SC)
o • one atom at each corner.
o Rare due to low packing density (only Po – Polonium --
has this structure)
o • Close-packed along cube edges.
o Coordination No. = 6 (# nearest neighbors) for each
atom as seen
o Packing density=1 atom per unit cell
(1/8 atoms shared at each corner x 8 corners)

47
 Body Centered Cubic Structure (BCC)
o Atoms are at each corner and also one at center of the cube.
o ex: Cr, W, Fe (), Tantalum, Molybdenum
o Atoms touch each other along cube diagonals within a unit cell.
(this means closed packed along cell diagonal.
o Packing density: 2 atoms/unit cell
 (8 corners x 1/8) + ( 1 center )
o Coordination Number = 8

--Note:
48
All atoms are identical; the center atom is shaded differently only for ease of viewing.
Face Centered Cubic Structure (FCC)
o Atoms are at corners and at each face of the cube.
o Examples: Al, Cu, Au, Pb, Ni, Pt, Ag
o Atoms touch each other along face diagonals.
o Packing Density: 4 atoms/unit cell
 (8 corners x 1/8) + ( 6 faces x 1/2 )
o Coordination No. = 12

49
--Note: All atoms are identical; the atoms are shaded differently only for ease of viewing.
50
Hexagonal Close-Packed Structure (HCP)
ex: Cd, Mg, Ti, Zn
• ABAB... Stacking Sequence
• Coordination # = 12 (nearest neighbors
• Packing density = 6 atoms/unit cell

• 3D Projection • 2D Projection

A sites
Top layer
c
B sites Middle layer
A sites
a
Bottom layer
51
52
Crystal Structure of Metals

53
Atomic Packing Factor (APF)
Volume of atoms in unit cell*
APF =
Volume of unit cell
Close packing is cube edge

where: a = 2R (Where R is the atomic radius)

volume
a atoms
4 atom
R=0.5a unit cell 1 (0.5a) 3
3
APF =
close-packed directions
a3 volume
contains (8 x 1/8) =
1 atom/unit cell unit cell

• APF for a SIMPLE CUBIC structure = 0.52 54

 Atomic Packing Factor: FCC
The maximum achievable APF!
Close-packed directions:
length = 4R = 2 a
2a (a = (4/2 )*R
Unit cell contains:
6 x 1/2 + 8 x 1/8
= 4 atoms/unit cell
a atoms
4 volume
unit cell 4 ( 2a/4) 3
3 atom
APF =
3 volume
a
unit cell
• APF for a face-centered cubic structure = 0.74 55
Atomic Packing Factor: BCC
3a
R
R a
R
H a R
2a
h Close-packed directions:
R
a length = 4R = 3 a

atoms volume
4 3
unit cell 2  ( 3a/4)
3 atom
APF =
3 volume
a
unit cell
• APF for a body-centered cubic structure = 0.68 56
 Assignment Problems Last Date :11/11/2024

Q1: A unit cell of Copper has FCC structure and its atoms have radius 1.278Ȧ.
Find its volume. (47.23Ȧ3)
Q2: A Tantalum has BCC structure and its atoms have radius 1.43Ȧ. Find its
unit cell volume in the crystal. (36.02Ȧ3)
Q3: A Simple Cubic unit cell has volume 0.035nm3. Find its atomic radius.1.635Ȧ
Q4: An BCC unit cell has volume 0.03174nm3. Find its atomic radius and predict
the element from the table. (R=0.1371nm Tungsten)
Q5: An FCC unit cell has volume 0.06785nm3. Find its atomic radius and identify
the element from the table. (R=0.1442nm Gold)
Q6: If the atomic radius of aluminum is 1.431Ȧ, calculate the volume of its
unit cell in cubic meters. (66.3Ȧ3)
Q7: Show for the body-centered cubic crystal structure that the unit cell edge
length ‘a’ and the atomic radius R are related through = 4 / 3.

Q8: Describe coordination no. for SC, FCC, BCC and HCP unit cell
Q9: Derive atomic density value for SC, FCC, BCC and HCP unit cell

Q10: Derive APF value for SC, FCC and BCC unit cell 57
Locations in Lattices : Directions
The location of some point in the lattice and Vector from
unit cell origin to that point specify the direction of that
point from the origin.
These coordinates of a points represents the projection
of that point on principal axis (X, Y and Z-axis) in the
Unit cell and represent in term of unit cell dimensions a,
b, and c
z
[111]
c

000
y
a b
x
58
Crystallographic Directions
z Algorithm
1. Vector tail must pass through the origin.
(Vector is repositioned, if necessary)
2. Read off line projections (to principal axes of
U.C.) in terms of unit cell dimensions a, b, and c
y 3. Adjust to smallest integer values
4. Enclose in square brackets, no commas

x [uvw]

ex: 1, 0, ½ => 2, 0, 1 => [ 2 0 1 ]

-1, 1, 1 => [ 111 ] where ‘overbar’ represents a
negative index
families of directions <uvw>
59
 What is this Direction ?????

x y z
a/2 b 0c
Projections:
Projections in terms of a,b and c: 1/2 1 0
Reduction: 1 2 0
Enclosure [brackets] [120]

60
 z

O’ y
O
a
b Vector tail is not passing through origin
x therefore shift the origin to O’

x y z
Projections: 1a -1b c/2
Projections in terms of a,b and c: 1 -1 1/2
Reduction: 2 -2 1

Enclosure [brackets] [2 2 1] 61
 Draw : [ 2 1 2 ] in a unit cell

x y z
Indices: 2 2
1
Reduction: 1 1/2 1
Projection 1 1/2 1

Projections in terms of a,b and c 1a b/2 1c

z

c
O b y
a

62
x
 Draw : [ 1 1 1] in a unit cell

x y z
Indices: 1 1
-1
Reuction: 1 -1 1
Projection in terms of a,b and c 1 -1 1
Projections 1a -1b 1c
z
Y-index is –ve,
therefore, shift the origin
to O’ on y-axis
c
O b O’ y
a

63
x
 z
c

y
a b

Also
Draw : [ 2 1 2 ] , [ 3 1 2 ], [ 4 1 3 ] , [ 1 2 2 ], [ 1 3 1 ] , [ 1 3 2 ], [ 4 2 2 ]

64
Determining Angles Between Crystallographic
Direction:

 
1  u1u2  v1v2  w1w2 
  Cos
 2 
  2 2
 
u1  v1  w1  u2  v2  w2 
2 2 2
 

Where ui’s , vi’s & wi’s are the “Miller Indices” of the directions in
question

– if the two lines are parallel  the angle will be 0o

65
 HCP Crystallographic Directions
 Hexagonal Crystals
4 parameter (u v t w) describe a direction in HCP.

3 principal axis (a1, a2, a3 ) in base

z
and one as z-axis

 All other process are SAME as we

did for directions in cubic or rectangular a2
unit cells in previous lecture.
a3

a1
66
 HCP Crystallographic Directions
z
Algorithm
1. Vector repositioned (if necessary) to pass
through origin.
2. Read off projections in terms of unit
cell dimensions a1, a2, a3 and c
a2
3. Adjust to smallest integer values
4. Enclose in square brackets, no commas
a3 [u v t w ] a2
a1
a2 -a3
2
a3
a1
ex: ½, ½, -1, 0 => [ 1120 ] 2

a1
ex: -1, ½ , ½ , ½ => [ 2111 ] dashed red lines indicate
projections onto a1 and a2 axes
HCP Crystallographic Directions z

a2

a3
a2

a1 a3

a1

a1 a2 a3 c
Projections: a1/2 -1a2 a3/2 1c
Projections In terms of a1, a2, a3 and c: 1/2 -1 1/2 1
Reduction: 1 -2 1 2
Enclosure [brackets] [1212] 68
 To pass vector tail through origin, shift the origin to O’
a2
B A
a2
o’ o’
a2
o’
a3
a1 a3
o
a1
A. Within one unit cell
a1 a2 a3 c a1

Projections: 1a1 -a2/2 -a3/2 c/2

Projections In terms of a1, a2, a3 and c: 1 -1/2 -1/2 1/2
Reduction: 2 -1 -1 1
Enclosure [brackets] [2111]

B. Beyond the boundaries a1 a2 a3 c

Projections: 2a1 -1a2 -1a3 1c
Projections In terms of a1, a2, a3 and c: 2 -1 -1 1
Reduction: 2 -1 -1 1
Enclosure [brackets] [2111]
69
As direction is same in both cases, So as the indices
 z z

a2 a2
z

a3 a3

a1 a1

z a2 z

a3

a1
a2 a2

a3 a3

a1 a1
70
Defining Crystallographic Planes

When dealing with crystalline

materials, it often becomes necessary
to specify a particular surface within a
unit cell, a crystallographic plane of
atoms.
Three numbers or indices are used to
designate planes called Miller Indices
of the plane in the crystals.

71
 Miller Indices Crystallographic Planes
 Reciprocals of the (three) axial intercepts for a
plane, cleared of fractions & common
multiples. All parallel planes have same Miller
indices.

 Algorithm :
1. Plane must not pass through the origin, if so shift it.
2. Read off intercepts of plane with axes in terms of a, b, c
3. Take reciprocals of intercepts
4. Reduce to smallest integer values
5. Enclose in parentheses, no commas i.e. (hkl)

72
Crystallographic Planes -- families

73
Crystallographic Planes z
example a b c
1. Intercepts 1 1  c
2. Reciprocals 1/1 1/1 1/
1 1 0
3. Reduction 1 1 0 y
a b
4. Miller Indices (110)
x
z
example a b c
1. Intercepts 1/2   c
2. Reciprocals 2/1 1/ 1/
2 0 0
3. Reduction 1 0 0
y
4. Miller Indices (100) a b
x
74
Crystallographic Planes
z
example a b c
c
1. Intercepts 1/2 1 2/3 

2. Reciprocals 2/1 1/1 3/2 

 y

2 1 3/2 a b
3. Reduction 4 2 3
x
4. Miller Indices (4 2 3)

75
 Determine the Miller indices for the plane shown in the sketch

As the plane passes through the origin, we shift the origin to O’

a b c
Intercepts  -1 1/2
Reciprocals
0 -1 2
Reductions 0 -1 2
Enclosure 76
(012)
Example: Plane is inclined towards to corner Q so we shift the
origin to Q
a b c
1. Intercepts -1 -1/4 1
2. Reciprocals -1/1 -4/1 1/1
3. Reduction 1 4 -1

4. Miller Indices (141) Q

Example
We will shift the origin to corner Q
a b c Q
1. Intercepts 1 -2/4 -2/3
2. Reciprocals 1/1 -4/2 -3/2
1/1 -2/1 -3/2
3. Reduction -2 4 3
4. Miller Indices (243) 77
Example: Draw the plane (3 2 3) in a simple cubic unite cell.

a b c
4. Miller Indices 3 2 3
3. Reduction: 3 2 3

2. Reciprocals 1/3 1/2 1/3 z

1. Intercepts 1/3 1/2 1/3
c


y
 
a  b

x 78
Crystallographic Planes (HCP)
 In hexagonal unit cells the same idea is used

z
example a1 a2 a3 c
1. Intercepts 1  -1 1
2. Reciprocals 1 1/ -1 1
1 0 -1 1
3. Reduction 1 0 -1 1 a2

4. Miller-Bravais Indices (1011) a3

a1

79
 Crystallographic Planes (HCP)
 In hexagonal unit cells the same idea is used
RED Plane: a1 a2 a3 c
1. Intercepts - 1/2 1 1  z
2. Reciprocals -2 1 1 1/
-2 1 1 0
3. Reduction -2 1 1 0
4. Miller Indices: (2 1 1 0)

BLUE Plane: a1 a2 a3 c
1. Intercepts 1/2 -1 -1 
a3
2. Reciprocals 2/1 -1/1 -1/1 1/
2 -1 -1 0 a1

3. Reduction -1{ -2 1 1 0
4. Miller Indices (2 1 1 0)
For Red and Blue: Both Planes are Parallel and have similar indices. 80
ms1

For practice

Draw: (1 1 2), (3 1 3), (1 2 1 ), (3 2 1), (1 1 3) 81

Slide 81

ms1 mati shah, 11/14/2019