A Field Project Report

on

WATER TREATMENT, STP AND CONSTRUCTED

WETLANDS
by
BY B. KOUSHIK 231FA03007, AUSTIN 231FA03015, YOUNES

231FA03022, ZAHUR 231FA03011, KYATHI 241LA03004, DHANUSH

241LA03002, A.MATUMIKA231FA03019, FARIRAI 231FA03017

submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for

the award of the degree in
Bachelor of Technology
in
Civil Engineering
Under the esteemed guidance of

Mr. Anirudh

And

Dr. M. V. Raju

Designation of the guide

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

VIGNAN’S FOUNDATION FOR SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY &

RESEARCH

i
 (DEEMED TO BE UNIVERSITY)

VADLAMUDI, GUNTUR - 522213. AP.

INDIA

NOVEMBER 2024

CERTIFICATE

A certificated that this is a Bonafide record of the dissertation work entitled

“WATER TREATMENT ,STP AND CONSTRUCTED

WETLANDS” done by B. Koushik 231fa03007, Austin 231fa03015, Younes

231fa03022, Zahur 231fa03011, Kyathi 241la03004, Dhanush 241la03002,

A.Matumika231fa03019, Farirai 231fa03017

Signature of the Supervisior Signature of the HEAD

Name. Prof. M. Karthikeyan M.Tech., Ph.D.
Designation, Professor,
Department of Civil, Engineering, Department of Civil Engineering,
VFSTR, Vadlamudi VFSTR, Vadlamudi

Signature of Internal Examiner Signature of External Examiner

submitted to the faculty of Civil Engineering in partial fulfillment of the
requirements for the Degree of Bachelor of Technology with from Vignan’s
Foundation for Science, Technology and Research (Deemed to be University),
Vadlamudi.

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 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

We would like to extend our sincere appreciation and gratitude to all those
who have played a pivotal role in the successful completion of this project of this
project on Hydro Power Generation in Household.
First and foremost, we express our deepest gratitude to the Chairman of
Vignan’s Foundation for Science, Technology and Research (Deemed to be
University), Dr. M. V. Raju, for his visionary leadership and continuous support.
We would also like to extend our heartfelt thanks to the Vice-chancellor of
Vignan’s Foundation for Science, Technology and Research (Deemed to be
University. We would like express our thanks and gratitude towards Registrar,
Prof. M. S. Raghunathan, Vignan’s University.
We want to express our sincere gratitude to Deans of Vignan’s university
Prof. P. M. V. Rao, Dean Academics, Assessment and Awards,
Prof. M. Ramakrishna, Dean IQAC., Prof. D. Vijaya Ramu, Dean Promotion,
Collaborations & Faculty Affairs, Prof. G. Srinivasa Rao,Dean Research &
Development, Prof. M. S. S. Rukmini, Dean Students Affairs,
Prof. K. V. Krishna Kishore, Dean, Admissions, for encouraging.
Our sincere appreciation goes to Prof. M. Karthikeyan, Head of the
Department of Civil Engineering of Vignan’s Foundation for Science, Technology
and Research (Deemed to be University), for his valuable guidance and mentor
ship. We would like express our thanks and gratitude towards faculty guide Name
of Guide and Designation of Department of Civil Engineering of Vignan’s
Foundation for Science, Technology and Research (Deemed to be University), for
his valuable insights, suggestions and expertise.
We want to say thank you to Project coordinators Mr. Anirudh Maddi,
Assistant Professor and Dr. P. Rakesh, Assistant Professor for their guidance.
We would like to thank you to Phanindra kumar & Anil kumar , lab
technicians, of Civil Department for supporting project success. And all the Co-
batchmate.

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 DECLARATION

I hereby declare that the Inter Departmental Project entitled “TITLE OF THE
PROJECT” is being submitted to Vignan’s Foundation for Science, Technology
and Research (Deemed to be University) in partial fulfillment for the award of II
YEAR 1st SEMESTER B. Tech Degree in Civil Engineering. The work was
originally designed and executed by us under the guidance of Name of guide
supervisior from the Department of Civil Engineering.

Signature of the Students

Name of student
Reg No.

Vikash Kumar
Reg No. 221LA03005

Ankur Singh
Reg No. 221LA03012

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Table of Contents

1. Abstract

2. Chapter 1: Introduction
1.1 Background
1.2 Significance of Constructed Wetlands
1.3 Background Information
1.4 Objectives
1.5 Scope
1.6 Significance
1.7 Key Definitions

3. Chapter 2: Literature Survey

2.1 Global Context of Constructed Wetlands
2.2 Performance and Advantages of Constructed Wetlands
2.3 Key Design and Operational Factors
2.4 Case Studies and Applications
2.5 Challenges and Limitations

4. Chapter 3: Methodology
3.1 System Design and Components
3.2 Process Flow and Operational Parameters
3.3 Performance Monitoring and Data Collection
3.4 Pollutant Removal Efficiency Analysis
3.5 Data Analysis and Interpretation

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5. Chapter 4: Results and Discussion
4.1 Performance Metrics
4.2 Comparative Analysis
4.3 Key Observations
6. Chapter 5: Conclusion
5.1 Summary of Findings
5.2 Future Scope and Recommendations

7. References

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Abstract

Constructed wetlands (CWs) are a transformative approach to wastewater

management, offering a sustainable and eco-friendly alternative to conventional
wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs). These systems mimic the natural
processes of wetlands, using plants, microorganisms, and substrates to remove
pollutants through sedimentation, biological uptake, and adsorption. Their
simplicity, adaptability, and cost-effectiveness make them particularly suitable for
decentralized wastewater management in rural and peri-urban areas.

This report examines the design, operation, and performance of a 700 KLD
capacity constructed wetland system implemented at Vignan’s Foundation for
Science, Technology, and Research (VFSTR), Andhra Pradesh, India. Built for
₹99 lakhs, this system treats domestic sewage generated on campus, integrating
natural and engineered processes across three stages: primary, secondary, and
tertiary treatment. The wetland cells, planted with species such as Canna indica
and Cyperus alternifolius, facilitate pollutant removal through phytoremediation
and microbial activity, achieving pollutant reductions of over 90% for BOD and
COD, and 85% for ammonia.

Beyond pollutant removal, the VFSTR system emphasizes water recycling,

supplying treated water for gardening and non-potable applications, thus reducing
dependency on groundwater. It aligns with sustainability principles, minimizing
environmental impact while conserving resources.

This report explores the significance of constructed wetlands in addressing global

wastewater challenges, comparing their advantages with conventional systems. It
highlights their potential to reduce costs, energy consumption, and sludge
generation while supporting biodiversity and public health. By leveraging insights
from real-world implementations, including the VFSTR system, this project
underscores the role of constructed wetlands in advancing the United Nations’
Sustainable Development Goal 6 (Clean Water and Sanitation). The findings
advocate for the broader adoption of CWs to promote water sustainability,
particularly in resource-constrained settings.

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 CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION

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1.1 Background

Wastewater management is a pressing challenge globally, exacerbated by rapid

urbanization, population growth, and industrial expansion. Conventional WWTPs,
while effective, often involve high costs, energy consumption, and sludge
generation, making them less viable for rural or decentralized contexts.

Constructed wetlands provide a sustainable alternative, replicating natural

processes to treat wastewater efficiently. They utilize wetland plants, substrates,
and microbial communities to remove pollutants through sedimentation,
adsorption, and biological uptake. By doing so, CWs address issues like water
pollution, resource depletion, and ecological imbalance while aligning with
sustainability goals.

The VFSTR constructed wetland system exemplifies this approach. Designed to

treat 700 KLD of sewage, it integrates primary, secondary, and tertiary treatment
stages using locally sourced plants and substrates. This system not only addresses
wastewater treatment but also promotes water reuse for gardening and other non-

ix
potable purposes, showcasing its alignment with the principles of reduce, reuse,
and recycle (3Rs).

1.2 Significance of Constructed Wetlands

 Constructed wetlands (CWs) play a crucial role in contemporary wastewater

management, offering numerous environmental, economic, and social benefits.
Their significance can be understood through the following detailed points:
 Decentralized Wastewater Treatment:
 Adaptability to Remote Areas: Constructed wetlands are particularly
beneficial in regions that lack centralized wastewater treatment facilities.
Rural and peri-urban areas often do not have the infrastructure to support
large-scale, conventional wastewater treatment plants. CWs provide a viable
solution by offering an effective and sustainable method for treating
wastewater on-site. This adaptability helps in managing wastewater locally,
reducing the need for extensive sewage networks.
 Scalability: CWs can be designed for various scales, from small community-
based systems to larger installations serving entire towns. This flexibility
makes them ideal for diverse applications, ranging from individual homes to
large institutions.
 Eco-Friendly Operation:
 Natural Processes: Constructed wetlands utilize natural processes for the
treatment of wastewater, involving wetland plants, microbial communities,
and substrates. These natural systems operate without the need for harsh
chemicals or significant energy inputs, making them an environmentally
friendly alternative to conventional wastewater treatment methods.
 Biodiversity Enhancement: The establishment of CWs can enhance local
biodiversity. Wetland plants and the associated habitats support various forms
of wildlife, including birds, insects, and aquatic organisms. This contributes to
the overall health of the ecosystem.
 Cost-Effectiveness:
 Lower Capital Costs: The initial setup costs for constructed wetlands are
generally lower than those for conventional wastewater treatment plants. This

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 is particularly beneficial for developing regions or communities with limited
financial resources.
 Reduced Operational Costs: CWs have minimal operational costs compared
to traditional treatment systems. They do not require extensive energy inputs
or expensive chemical additives, leading to significant cost savings over time.
 Low Maintenance: The maintenance of CWs is relatively simple and does not
require highly specialized skills. Routine maintenance activities include
monitoring plant health, ensuring the proper flow of water, and occasionally
removing accumulated solids.
 Sustainability:
 Resource Conservation: By treating wastewater and facilitating its reuse,
constructed wetlands help conserve valuable freshwater resources. Treated
water can be reused for various non-potable purposes, such as irrigation,
landscape watering, and industrial applications, reducing the demand on
freshwater supplies.
 Reduction in Pollution: Constructed wetlands effectively reduce pollutant
loads in treated water, including organic matter, nutrients, and pathogens. This
reduces the environmental impact of wastewater discharge and protects
downstream water bodies from contamination.
 Energy Efficiency: CWs operate with minimal energy requirements, relying
primarily on natural processes. This energy efficiency contributes to lower
greenhouse gas emissions compared to energy-intensive conventional
treatment methods.
 Flexibility and Versatility:
 Adaptability to Various Wastewater Types: Constructed wetlands can treat a
wide range of wastewater types, including domestic sewage, agricultural
runoff, and industrial effluents. This versatility makes them suitable for
different applications and industries.
 Customizable Design: The design of CWs can be customized to meet specific
site conditions and treatment requirements. Variables such as plant species,
substrate materials, and hydraulic loading rates can be adjusted to optimize
performance.

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 Community and Social Benefits:
 Educational Opportunities: Constructed wetlands can serve as educational
tools, demonstrating sustainable wastewater management practices to students,
community members, and visitors. They offer a practical example of how
ecological principles can be applied to address environmental challenges.
 Aesthetic and Recreational Value: CWs often enhance the aesthetic appeal
of an area, creating green spaces that can be enjoyed by the community. These
green spaces can also provide recreational opportunities, such as walking trails
and bird-watching spots, fostering a connection between people and nature.
 Public Health Improvements: By reducing pollutants and pathogens in
treated water, CWs contribute to improved public health. Clean water reduces
the risk of waterborne diseases and enhances the overall quality of life for the
community.
 Support for Global Sustainability Goals:
 Alignment with SDGs: Constructed wetlands align with the United Nations’
Sustainable Development Goal 6 (Clean Water and Sanitation). They
contribute to achieving targets related to water quality, resource efficiency, and
sustainable management of water resources.
 Climate Resilience: CWs enhance climate resilience by providing a
sustainable solution for wastewater management that can adapt to changing
environmental conditions. They help mitigate the effects of extreme weather
events by managing stormwater and reducing the risk of flooding.

1.1 Background Information

The VFSTR (Vignan’s Foundation for Science, Technology, and Research)

constructed wetland system serves as a comprehensive model for decentralized
wastewater management, integrating both natural and engineered processes to
effectively treat domestic sewage. Located in Andhra Pradesh, India, this system
was designed to address the wastewater treatment needs of the VFSTR campus,
while also promoting water reuse and environmental sustainability.

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PROJECT GENESIS:

The initiative to establish the constructed wetland system at VFSTR emerged

from a confluence of environmental concerns, educational objectives, and a
commitment to sustainable development. The VFSTR campus, with its vibrant
academic community and growing infrastructure, was grappling with the
challenge of managing the increasing volume of sewage generated by students,
faculty, and staff. Conventional wastewater treatment options were considered;
however, they presented significant drawbacks, including high capital and
operational costs, substantial energy consumption, and complex maintenance
requirements. These factors prompted the search for a more viable, sustainable,
and eco-friendly solution.

Environmental Concerns:

The VFSTR campus is located in a region that is highly dependent on

groundwater resources. With the increasing water demands of a growing
population and the adverse impacts of climate change, there has been a mounting
pressure on local water supplies. In addition to the scarcity of freshwater,
improper disposal of untreated or partially treated wastewater posed a significant
risk to the local ecosystem. Contaminants such as nutrients, pathogens, and
organic matter from sewage were potentially polluting water bodies and degrading
soil quality. These environmental concerns underscored the need for a holistic
approach to wastewater management that could simultaneously treat sewage and
mitigate environmental impacts.

Educational Objectives:

VFSTR, being an institution dedicated to science, technology, and research,

recognized the educational value of implementing a constructed wetland system
on its campus. Such a system would not only address the practical need for
wastewater treatment but also serve as a living laboratory for students and

xiii
researchers. It would provide hands-on learning opportunities in environmental
engineering, biology, and sustainability sciences. By integrating the constructed
wetland into the campus infrastructure, VFSTR aimed to foster a deeper
understanding of ecological processes and sustainable practices among its
students, thereby cultivating future leaders in environmental stewardship.

Sustainability Commitment:

The decision to adopt a constructed wetland system was also aligned with
VFSTR’s broader commitment to sustainability. The institution has been proactive
in incorporating sustainable practices into its operations, from energy
conservation initiatives to waste management programs. The constructed wetland
project was envisioned as a flagship initiative that would exemplify VFSTR’s
dedication to reducing its environmental footprint and promoting resource
efficiency. By investing in a nature-based solution for wastewater treatment, the
institution sought to demonstrate its leadership in sustainability and inspire similar
efforts in other educational and community settings.

Community Engagement:

The project also aimed to engage the local community in sustainable development
practices. VFSTR planned to use the constructed wetland system as a platform for
raising awareness about the importance of sustainable wastewater management.
Workshops, tours, and educational programs were envisaged to involve not only
students and faculty but also local residents, schools, and environmental
organizations. By sharing knowledge and best practices, VFSTR hoped to
contribute to the broader adoption of environmentally responsible behaviors and
technologies in the region.

Planning and Design:

The planning and design phase of the constructed wetland system involved a

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multidisciplinary team of engineers, environmental scientists, and landscape
architects. The team conducted a thorough assessment of the site conditions,
including soil properties, hydrology, and existing vegetation. This assessment
informed the design parameters, such as the size and configuration of the wetland
cells, the selection of plant species, and the layout of the treatment stages. The
design process emphasized the integration of natural and engineered elements to
create a system that would be both efficient and aesthetically pleasing.

Implementation and Construction:

The construction of the VFSTR constructed wetland system was carried out in
phases, starting with the excavation and preparation of the wetland cells. Locally
sourced materials were used wherever possible to minimize the environmental
impact and support the local economy. The selection of wetland plants, such as
Canna indica and Cyperus alternifolius , was based on their suitability for the
local climate and their ability to thrive in the constructed wetland environment.
The construction process also involved the installation of settling tanks, gravel
substrates, and the ozonation system for tertiary treatment.

Challenges and Solutions:

The implementation of the constructed wetland system was not without

challenges. One of the key challenges was ensuring the proper hydraulic flow
through the wetland cells to prevent stagnation and ensure uniform treatment. This
was addressed by carefully designing the inlet and outlet structures and regularly
monitoring the flow patterns. Another challenge was maintaining the health of the
wetland plants, especially during the initial establishment phase. This required
close collaboration with botanists and horticulturists to develop appropriate
planting and maintenance protocols.

Commissioning and Operationalization:

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Upon completion of the construction, the system underwent a commissioning
phase, during which its performance was closely monitored and fine-tuned.
Parameters such as flow rates, pollutant concentrations, and plant health were
regularly assessed to ensure that the system was operating as intended.
Adjustments were made as necessary to optimize the treatment efficiency and
ensure compliance with regulatory standards.

In conclusion, the genesis of the VFSTR constructed wetland system is a

testament to the institution’s innovative approach to addressing wastewater
management challenges. By leveraging the synergistic benefits of natural and
engineered processes, the system exemplifies a sustainable and cost-effective
solution that can be replicated in various contexts. The project’s success is
attributed to the collaborative efforts of the VFSTR community and its
commitment to environmental stewardship, education, and sustainability. This
initiative not only meets the wastewater treatment needs of the campus but also
serves as an inspiring model for other institutions and communities.

Primary Treatment

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 Primary Treatment:
The primary treatment stage serves as the critical first step in the wastewater
treatment process, focusing on the removal of large particulate matter and debris
to reduce the burden on subsequent treatment stages.

Settling Tanks:
- Design: Settling tanks are designed to provide sufficient retention time for
particles to settle. Features such as baffles and weirs control the flow and promote
sedimentation.
- Sedimentation: During sedimentation, heavier solids settle at the bottom,
forming sludge, while lighter materials float to the surface and can be skimmed
off.
- Pre-Treatment Impact: This initial step removes up to 60% of suspended
solids and reduces Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD) by 30%, preventing
clogging and enhancing the efficiency of the secondary treatment.

Sludge Management:
- Routine Sludge Removal: Regular desludging is essential to maintain the
tank's capacity and effectiveness.
- Sludge Disposal: The sludge collected is treated and disposed of safely,
often used as fertilizer or in composting, ensuring an eco-friendly approach to
waste management.

Maintenance and Monitoring:

- Regular Inspections: Continuous monitoring and maintenance are required
to check for blockages, maintain flow rates, and ensure efficient operation.
- Instrumentation: Use of flow meters and level sensors helps in monitoring
and optimizing the sedimentation process.
- Water Quality Testing: Regular testing of influent and effluent water
quality ensures that the primary treatment is effectively reducing pollutants and
preparing the water for the next stage.

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 Secondary Treatment

Secondary Treatment:
The secondary treatment stage is the heart of the VFSTR constructed wetland
system, where the bulk of pollutant removal occurs through biological processes.

Wetland Cells:

- Structure: Composed of gravel and other substrates that support plant roots
and microbial communities.
- Hydraulic Flow: Carefully managed to ensure uniform distribution of
wastewater and avoid short-circuiting, promoting effective treatment across the
entire cell.
- Retention Time: Designed to provide ample contact time between
wastewater and treatment media, enhancing pollutant removal.

Phytoremediation:
- Plant Selection: Species like Canna indica and Cyperus alternifolius are
chosen for their pollutant uptake ability and resilience.
- Root Zone Activity: Roots provide surfaces for microbial attachment and
oxygenate the rhizosphere, facilitating aerobic degradation of organic pollutants.
- Pollutant Uptake: Plants absorb nutrients such as nitrogen and phosphorus,
reducing eutrophication potential when discharged.

Microbial Communities:
- Biofilm Formation: Microorganisms form biofilms on the substrate,

xviii
enhancing the breakdown of organic matter.
- Nutrient Cycling: Microbes play a vital role in nutrient cycling, converting
harmful compounds into less toxic forms.
- Diversity: A diverse microbial population ensures robust treatment under
varying environmental conditions.

Performance Metrics:
- BOD and COD Reduction: Achieves over 90% reduction in BOD and
COD, significantly improving water quality.
- Nutrient Removal: Efficiently removes ammonia, nitrates, and phosphates,
preventing nutrient pollution.

Methods of Monitoring:
- Water Quality Testing: Regular testing of water for BOD, COD, nutrient
levels, and microbial content.
- Flow Monitoring: Ensuring consistent hydraulic loading rates and retention
times.
- Plant Health: Monitoring the health and growth of wetland plants as
indicators of system performance.

Tertiary Treatment:
The tertiary treatment stage provides the final polish, ensuring the treated water
meets stringent quality standards for reuse.

Ozonation:
- Ozone Generation: On-site ozone generators convert oxygen to ozone,
which is then injected into the treated water.
- Oxidation Process: Ozone is a powerful oxidant, reacting with and
destroying pathogens, viruses, and complex organic molecules.
- Advantages: Unlike chlorine, ozone does not leave harmful residues,
making it a safer disinfection method.

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 Disinfection:
- Pathogen Removal: Effectively eliminates bacteria, viruses, and other
pathogens, ensuring the water is safe for non-potable reuse.
- Water Clarity: Enhances the aesthetic quality of water, removing color,
taste, and Odor issues.

Water Quality Enhancement:

- Polishing: Removes any remaining suspended particles and dissolved
organic matter, producing high-quality effluent.
- Reuse Applications: The treated water is suitable for gardening,
landscaping, and other non-potable uses, contributing to water conservation
efforts.
- Advanced Treatment: Ensures compliance with stringent water quality
standards for various reuse applications, including irrigation and industrial
processes.

Monitoring and Control:

- Instrumentation: Continuous monitoring of ozone levels and water quality
parameters ensures the process remains effective and safe.
- Automation: Automated control systems optimize ozone dosing, reducing
operational costs and improving reliability.
- Water Quality Testing: Regular testing for residual ozone, microbial
content, and other water quality parameters to ensure safety and efficacy.

In conclusion, each stage of the VFSTR constructed wetland system is

meticulously designed and monitored to ensure effective and sustainable
wastewater management. The primary treatment focuses on physical removal of
solids, the secondary treatment leverages biological processes for pollutant
degradation, and the tertiary treatment employs advanced disinfection methods to
produce high-quality effluent. This integrated approach not only addresses the
immediate wastewater treatment needs but also contributes to broader
environmental conservation and resource management goals.

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Operational Efficiency: The VFSTR constructed wetland system is designed for
optimal operational efficiency, with careful attention to factors such as hydraulic
loading rates, retention times, and plant selection. The integration of natural and
engineered processes ensures that the system can handle fluctuations in
wastewater volume and composition while maintaining high treatment efficiency.

Pollutant Removal Performance: The VFSTR system has demonstrated impressive

pollutant removal efficiencies, with reductions of over 90% for Biochemical
Oxygen Demand (BOD) and Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD), and 85% for
ammonia. These results highlight the effectiveness of constructed wetlands in
removing a wide range of pollutants, making them a viable alternative to
conventional treatment methods.

Water Recycling and Reuse: A key feature of the VFSTR constructed wetland
system is its emphasis on water recycling. The treated water is reused for
gardening, landscaping, and other non-potable purposes within the campus. This
approach not only reduces the demand on freshwater resources but also
exemplifies the principles of reduce, reuse, and recycle (3Rs). By recycling water,
the system contributes to water conservation and sustainable resource
management.

Environmental and Social Impact: The implementation of the constructed wetland

system at VFSTR has had a positive environmental and social impact. The system
supports biodiversity by providing a habitat for various plant and animal species.
Additionally, it raises awareness about sustainable wastewater management
practices among students, faculty, and visitors to the campus.

Future Prospects: The success of the VFSTR constructed wetland system paves
the way for similar projects in other institutional, rural, and urban settings. By
demonstrating the feasibility and benefits of constructed wetlands, the VFSTR
system serves as a model for sustainable wastewater management, inspiring other

xxi
communities to adopt this eco-friendly approach.

Capacit Tertiary Treatment

70KLD Holding

Locally available gravel and Local wetland Ozonization for Disinfection at

Wetlands 1 Phytoremediation technique to remove

Inorganic Impurities

xxii
xxiii
1.5 Scope
1. Understanding the fundamental principles and mechanisms underlying
constructed wetlands.
2. Analysing performance data from the VFSTR constructed wetland system
to assess its effectiveness.
3. Exploring potential applications for the treated water in non-potable
contexts, such as irrigation and landscaping.
4. Recommending strategies for scaling constructed wetlands to other regions
and contexts, emphasizing their adaptability and sustainability.

1.6 Significance
1.2 Significance of Constructed Wetlands

Constructed wetlands (CWs) are a transformative solution to wastewater

management that offer numerous environmental, economic, and social benefits.
Their significance is multifaceted, addressing various challenges associated with
traditional wastewater treatment methods and contributing to sustainable
development.

Decentralized Wastewater Treatment:

- Accessibility in Remote Areas: Constructed wetlands are particularly
advantageous in rural and peri-urban areas where centralized wastewater
treatment facilities are not feasible. Their decentralized nature allows for local
treatment of wastewater, reducing the need for extensive sewage infrastructure
and associated costs.
- Scalability and Flexibility: CWs can be designed to accommodate a wide
range of treatment capacities, from small-scale systems for individual households
to large-scale systems for communities and institutions. This scalability ensures
that they can be tailored to the specific needs and resources of different settings.

Eco-Friendly Operation:

xxiv
- Utilization of Natural Processes: CWs replicate natural wetland processes,
using plants, microorganisms, and substrates to treat wastewater. This approach
eliminates the need for chemical additives and extensive energy inputs, making
CWs a sustainable alternative to conventional wastewater treatment plants
(WWTPs).
- Biodiversity Enhancement: Constructed wetlands create habitats for a
variety of plant and animal species, contributing to the conservation of local
biodiversity. The presence of these ecosystems supports wildlife, including birds,
insects, and aquatic organisms, thereby promoting ecological health.

Cost-Effectiveness:
- Lower Capital Investment: The initial construction cost of CWs is generally
lower than that of conventional WWTPs. This makes them an attractive option for
communities and institutions with limited financial resources.
- Reduced Operational Expenses: CWs have minimal operational costs since
they do not rely on energy-intensive processes or expensive chemicals. The
primary expenses are related to routine maintenance, which is relatively low-cost
and does not require specialized skills.

Sustainability:
- Conservation of Water Resources: CWs treat wastewater to a high standard,
making it suitable for reuse in non-potable applications such as irrigation,
landscaping, and industrial processes. This reduces the demand on freshwater
resources and supports water conservation efforts.
- Reduction in Pollution: By effectively removing pollutants from
wastewater, CWs help to protect water bodies from contamination. This is crucial
for maintaining the health of aquatic ecosystems and ensuring the availability of
clean water for future generations.
- Energy Efficiency: The reliance on natural processes for wastewater
treatment means that CWs consume significantly less energy than conventional
WWTPs. This contributes to lower greenhouse gas emissions and a reduced
carbon footprint.

xxv
 Flexibility and Versatility:
- Adaptability to Various Wastewater Types: CWs can treat a wide range of
wastewater, including domestic sewage, agricultural runoff, and industrial
effluents. This versatility makes them suitable for diverse applications and
industries.
- Customizable Design: The design of CWs can be tailored to the specific site
conditions, including climate, soil type, and available plant species. This
customization ensures optimal performance and resilience under varying
environmental conditions.

Community and Social Benefits:

- Educational Opportunities: Constructed wetlands serve as living
laboratories for education and research. They provide practical learning
experiences for students and researchers in fields such as environmental science,
biology, and engineering.
- Aesthetic and Recreational Value: CWs enhance the aesthetic appeal of an
area by creating green spaces that can be enjoyed by the community. These areas
can be designed to include walking trails, seating areas, and observation points,
fostering a connection between people and nature.
- Public Health Improvements: By improving the quality of treated
wastewater and reducing pollutants, CWs contribute to better public health
outcomes. Clean water reduces the risk of waterborne diseases and enhances the
overall well-being of the community.

Support for Global Sustainability Goals:

- Alignment with SDGs: Constructed wetlands support the United Nations’
Sustainable Development Goal 6 (Clean Water and Sanitation) by providing a
sustainable solution for wastewater treatment and water reuse. They help achieve
targets related to water quality, resource efficiency, and sustainable management
of water resources.
- Climate Resilience: CWs enhance climate resilience by providing a

xxvi
sustainable and adaptable solution for wastewater management. They can help
mitigate the effects of climate change by managing stormwater, reducing the risk
of flooding, and improving water security.

Innovative Approaches:
- Hybrid Systems: Recent advancements in CW technology include the
development of hybrid systems that combine horizontal and vertical flow designs.
These innovations improve the efficiency and compactness of CWs, making them
suitable for urban and high-density areas.
- Integration with Urban Planning: CWs can be integrated into urban
planning and development projects, contributing to the creation of sustainable
cities. They can be incorporated into parks, green corridors, and urban landscapes,
providing multifunctional spaces that enhance the quality of urban life.

In summary, constructed wetlands offer a holistic and sustainable approach to

wastewater management. Their ecological, economic, and social benefits make
them an attractive alternative to conventional treatment methods. By leveraging
natural processes, CWs provide effective wastewater treatment while promoting
environmental conservation, community engagement, and resource efficiency. The
adoption of CWs can contribute to the achievement of global sustainability goals
and support the creation of resilient and sustainable communities.

1.7 Key Definitions

Constructed Wetland: An engineered system designed to mimic the natural
processes of wetlands for the purpose of treating wastewater.

Phytoremediation: The use of plants to absorb, accumulate, or break down

pollutants from water, soil, or air.

BOD (Biochemical Oxygen Demand): A measure of the amount of oxygen

required by microorganisms to decompose organic matter in water.

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COD (Chemical Oxygen Demand): A measure of the total amount of oxygen
required to chemically oxidize both organic and inorganic substances in water.

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Chapter 2: Literature Survey
2.1 Global Context
Constructed wetlands (CWs) have gained recognition globally as an effective and
sustainable method for wastewater treatment. Research and implementation have
spanned across continents, showcasing the versatility and adaptability of these
systems in various environmental and socio-economic settings.

Europe:

Pioneering Research and Adoption: Europe has been at the forefront of

constructed wetland research and implementation. Countries like Germany,
Denmark, and the Netherlands have extensively adopted CWs for municipal and
industrial wastewater treatment. Early research in these countries laid the
foundation for understanding the mechanisms of pollutant removal and optimizing
system designs.

Regulatory Support: The European Union has established stringent water quality
regulations, which have spurred the adoption of CWs. The Water Framework

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Directive, for instance, promotes the use of natural treatment systems to achieve
good water status for all water bodies.

Case Studies: Numerous case studies, such as the Harnaschpolder CW in the

Netherlands and the Reinberg CW in Germany, have demonstrated the
effectiveness of CWs in treating municipal wastewater and enhancing
biodiversity.

Asia:
Large-Scale Applications: In countries like China and India, CWs have been
implemented on a large scale to treat agricultural runoff and domestic wastewater.
These systems have been particularly valuable in rural areas, where centralized
treatment facilities are often unavailable.

Innovative Designs: Asian countries have developed innovative CW designs to

address specific local challenges. For example, China has implemented hybrid
CWs to optimize the treatment of heavily polluted water bodies, while India has
focused on integrating CWs with other green infrastructure projects.

Research and Development: Ongoing research in Asia focuses on enhancing the

efficiency of CWs under varying climatic conditions and wastewater
compositions. Studies have explored the use of indigenous plant species and
locally available substrates to improve treatment performance.

Africa:
Decentralized Solutions: CWs are particularly relevant in African countries, where
access to centralized wastewater treatment is limited. These systems provide a
cost-effective and sustainable solution for managing wastewater in both urban and
rural communities.

Community-Based Approaches: Many CW projects in Africa are community-

driven, involving local stakeholders in the design, implementation, and

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maintenance of the systems. This approach ensures the sustainability and
acceptance of CWs.

Performance Evaluation: Studies in countries like Kenya and South Africa have
evaluated the performance of CWs in reducing pollutants such as BOD, COD, and
pathogens. These evaluations highlight the potential of CWs to improve water
quality and public health.

2.2 Insights from Case Studies

Case studies from different regions provide valuable insights into the design,
implementation, and performance of constructed wetlands. These studies highlight
the adaptability and effectiveness of CWs in diverse environmental and socio-
economic contexts.

Municipal Wastewater Treatment:

Example: Harnaschpolder CW, Netherlands: This system treats municipal

wastewater from the city of Delft, achieving high removal efficiencies for BOD,
COD, and nutrients. The system integrates horizontal and vertical flow designs to
optimize treatment performance and enhance biodiversity.

Example: Reinberg CW, Germany: Designed to treat wastewater from a small

community, this CW system incorporates reed beds and gravel filters. It has
demonstrated high pollutant removal efficiencies and contributes to the local
ecosystem by providing habitat for birds and aquatic organisms.

Industrial Wastewater Treatment:

Example: Petrochemical CW, China: A constructed wetland system was

implemented to treat wastewater from a petrochemical plant. The system
effectively reduces organic pollutants and heavy metals, showcasing the potential
of CWs for industrial applications.

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Example: Textile Industry CW, India: This system treats effluents from a textile
manufacturing facility, removing dyes, chemicals, and organic matter. The use of
specific wetland plants that can tolerate high levels of pollutants is a key feature
of this system.

Agricultural Runoff Management:

Example: Nitrate Removal CW, Denmark: A CW system was designed to manage
agricultural runoff, focusing on nitrate removal. The system utilizes a combination
of plant uptake and microbial denitrification processes to achieve significant
reductions in nitrate levels.

Example: Integrated Farming System CW, Kenya: In this case study, a CW was
integrated into a farming system to treat livestock waste and agricultural runoff.
The treated water is reused for irrigation, enhancing water efficiency and reducing
pollution.

2.3 Pollutant Removal Mechanisms

Research has extensively explored the mechanisms through which constructed
wetlands remove pollutants from wastewater. These mechanisms include:

Physical Processes:
Sedimentation: Heavier particles settle at the bottom of the wetland cells due to
gravity, contributing to the removal of suspended solids.
Filtration: The substrate material in CWs, such as gravel and sand, acts as a filter,
trapping particulate matter as water flows through the system.

Chemical Processes:
Adsorption: Pollutants adhere to the surfaces of substrate materials and organic
matter within the wetland cells. This process is particularly effective for removing
heavy metals and organic compounds.
Precipitation: Chemical reactions within the wetland can lead to the formation of

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insoluble compounds that precipitate out of the water, removing contaminants
such as phosphates.

Biological Processes:
Phytoremediation: Wetland plants absorb and assimilate nutrients and
contaminants through their roots, stems, and leaves. This process reduces
concentrations of nitrogen, phosphorus, and certain organic pollutants.

Microbial Degradation: Microorganisms in the rhizosphere break down organic

matter and transform nutrients through processes such as nitrification,
denitrification, and ammonification.

2.4 Advantages and Limitations

Constructed wetlands offer several advantages over conventional wastewater
treatment methods, as well as some limitations:

Advantages:

1. Cost-Effectiveness: Lower construction and operational costs compared

to conventional WWTPs.
2. Environmental Benefits: Enhancement of local biodiversity and creation
of wildlife habitats.
3. Energy Efficiency: Minimal energy requirements due to reliance on
natural processes.
4. Flexibility: Adaptable to various wastewater types and scalable to
different capacities.

Limitations:

Land Requirement: CWs typically require more land area than conventional
treatment systems.

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Seasonal Variability: Treatment performance can be affected by seasonal
changes in temperature and plant growth.
Maintenance Needs: Regular monitoring and maintenance are necessary to
ensure optimal performance and prevent clogging.

2.5 Future Research Directions

The future of constructed wetlands research involves several key areas:

Innovative Design Improvements:

Hybrid Systems: Further optimization of hybrid CW designs to enhance treatment
efficiency and reduce land footprint. Advanced Substrate Materials: Development
and testing of new substrate materials that improve pollutant removal and support
microbial communities.

Automation and Monitoring Technologies:

Remote Sensing: Integration of remote sensing and IoT technologies to monitor

CW performance in real-time and optimize operational parameters. Automated
Control Systems: Implementation of automated control systems to manage flow
rates, water levels, and other critical parameters.

Climate Resilience:

Adaptation Strategies: Research on how CWs can be designed and managed to

withstand extreme weather events and climate variability. Carbon Sequestration:
Quantifying the carbon sequestration potential of CWs and exploring strategies to
enhance their role in climate change mitigation.

Policy and Governance:

Regulatory Frameworks: Development of policies that support the adoption of

CWs, including incentives for implementation and guidelines for design and

xxxiv
operation. Public Engagement: Strategies to involve communities in the planning,
implementation, and maintenance of CW projects to ensure long-term
sustainability and acceptance.

In conclusion, the literature survey on constructed wetlands highlights their global

significance, versatile applications, and the ongoing research efforts to enhance
their performance. By leveraging natural processes, CWs provide an effective and
sustainable solution for wastewater management, contributing to environmental
conservation, public health, and resource efficiency. Continued research and
innovation will further advance the field, supporting the broader adoption of
constructed wetlands as a key component of sustainable water management
strategies

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Chapter 3: Methodology

Chapter 3: Methodology

The methodology for this project is designed to evaluate the design, operation,
and performance of the constructed wetland system at Vignan’s Foundation for
Science, Technology, and Research (VFSTR). This system treats 700 KLD of
domestic sewage, and the methodology follows a systematic approach to assess
the system’s components, operational efficiency, and pollutant removal
performance.

The methodology is divided into the following key steps:

1. System Design and Components

2. Process Flow and Operational Parameters
3. Performance Monitoring and Data Collection
4. Pollutant Removal Efficiency Analysis
5. Data Analysis and Interpretation

3.1 System Design and Components

The VFSTR constructed wetland system is a multi-stage treatment process

designed to handle 700 KLD of domestic wastewater. The system is divided into
three major treatment stages: primary, secondary, and tertiary, each with specific
components and processes to ensure effective pollutant removal.

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1. Primary Treatment:

Settling Tanks: The first stage involves settling tanks that allow large particles,
oils, and grease to float to the surface or settle at the bottom. The primary
treatment aims to remove heavy solids and reduce the organic load on the
subsequent treatment stages.

Screens and Grit Removal: Screening mechanisms are used to remove larger
debris and objects that could clog the system, ensuring smoother flow through the
wetland cells.

2. Secondary Treatment:

Constructed Wetland Cells: The core of the system is the constructed wetland
cells, which consist of gravel and sand substrates. These cells are planted with
wetland vegetation, such as Canna indica and Cyperus alternifolius, which
facilitate the removal of pollutants through phytoremediation and microbial
action. The plants provide a surface for microbial biofilms to grow, breaking down
organic pollutants.

Flow Configuration: The wetland cells are designed in a horizontal flow

configuration, meaning the water flows horizontally through the gravel and plant
roots, maximizing contact time between the wastewater and the plants and
microorganisms. This ensures more effective treatment of organic matter,
nutrients, and pathogens.

3. Tertiary Treatment:

Ozonation Unit: After passing through the wetland cells, the effluent undergoes
final polishing in an ozonation unit. Ozone is used to disinfect the treated

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wastewater by killing any remaining pathogens, including coliforms, and further
reducing organic matter. This step is critical for ensuring that the treated water is
safe for reuse.

3.2 Process Flow and Operational Parameters

The process flow of the VFSTR constructed wetland system follows a sequential
treatment approach, with each stage designed to handle specific pollutants. The
operational parameters that influence the performance of the system include:

1. Hydraulic Loading Rate (HLR): The HLR refers to the volume of wastewater
entering the system per unit area of wetland per day. This is a critical parameter in
CW design, as it determines the treatment capacity and efficiency. The VFSTR
system operates with an HLR of 250 L/h, which is optimized for the plant species
and substrate used.

2. Hydraulic Retention Time (HRT): HRT is the amount of time wastewater

remains in the treatment system. It is crucial for ensuring effective pollutant
removal, as longer retention times allow more time for biological processes. The
VFSTR system is designed to achieve an HRT of 48 hours in the wetland cells,
ensuring sufficient contact time for biological processes to occur.

3. Water Flow Rate: The flow rate through the wetland cells is controlled to
maintain optimal conditions for plant growth and microbial activity. The water
flow is monitored continuously to ensure it does not exceed the system’s capacity,
which could lead to underperformance.

4. Plant Growth and Maintenance: The growth of wetland plants plays a key role

xxxviii
in the system’s efficiency. Regular monitoring ensures that the plants remain
healthy and free from diseases, and any dead or overgrown plants are replaced as
necessary to maintain treatment capacity.

5. Substrate Composition: The substrates used in the wetland cells (gravel, sand,
and soil) are designed to support plant growth and provide surface area for
microbial attachment. The choice of substrate material also affects water retention
and nutrient removal efficiency. Regular checks on substrate health and
replacement ensure the longevity of the system.

3.3 Performance Monitoring and Data Collection

To assess the system’s performance, continuous monitoring is conducted on both

the influent (raw sewage) and effluent (treated wastewater). Key parameters
measured include:

1. Temperature: Temperature affects microbial activity, and fluctuations in

temperature can influence the rate of treatment. Temperature is monitored at
regular intervals to ensure optimal conditions for the treatment processes.

2. pH: pH is an important indicator of the chemical environment in the system,

affecting the solubility and availability of nutrients for plant and microbial uptake.
Regular pH monitoring helps to identify any imbalances that may need to be
corrected.

3. Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD): BOD is a measure of the organic load in

the wastewater. It is an important indicator of treatment efficiency, as CWs are
particularly effective at removing organic pollutants. BOD is measured at regular

xxxix
intervals to assess the reduction in organic matter.

4. Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD): COD represents the total quantity of

oxygen required to oxidize both organic and inorganic matter. It is an important
parameter for assessing the overall treatment effectiveness of the system.

5. Total Suspended Solids (TSS): TSS represents the particulate matter in

wastewater that is suspended in the water. High levels of TSS indicate that the
system is not adequately removing solid particles.

6. Nutrient Levels (Nitrate and Phosphate): Nitrogen and phosphorus are major
contributors to water pollution, often leading to eutrophication in receiving water
bodies. The VFSTR system is designed to remove these nutrients, and their levels
are carefully monitored.

7. Pathogen Levels: The presence of pathogens, such as total coliforms and E.

coli, is measured to ensure the effluent meets safety standards for reuse. This is
particularly important for systems that recycle treated wastewater.

Samples from both influent and effluent are collected twice a week, and the
parameters are analyzed using standard laboratory techniques, including
spectrophotometry, turbidity measurement, and microbiological analysis. Data is
recorded, and any deviations from expected treatment levels are addressed
promptly.

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3.4 Pollutant Removal Efficiency Analysis

The performance of the constructed wetland system is assessed by comparing

pollutant concentrations in the influent and effluent. Removal efficiency is
calculated for each parameter using the following formula:

C¿ −C out
Removal Efficiency(%)=( ) *100%
C¿

Where:

C ¿ = Concentration of the pollutant in the influent (before treatment)

C out = Concentration of the pollutant in the effluent (after treatment)

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The removal efficiency is calculated for key parameters like BOD, COD, TSS,
nitrogen (nitrate and ammonium), phosphorus, and pathogens. These efficiency
values provide a clear picture of how well the system is performing in terms of
pollutant removal.

3.5 Data Analysis and Interpretation

Once the data is collected, statistical analysis is performed to identify trends and
patterns. Graphs and tables are created to visualize pollutant removal efficiencies
across different treatment stages and seasonal variations. Data is also compared
against regulatory standards for treated wastewater to ensure compliance with
safety norms for reuse.

Statistical tools such as correlation analysis and regression modeling may be used
to assess the relationship between treatment efficiency and variables like HLR,
HRT, and plant health. This analysis helps to identify areas for system
optimization and guides decision-making for potential improvements in future
implementations of CW systems.

Conclusion of Methodology

The methodology outlined for assessing the constructed wetland system at

VFSTR follows a comprehensive approach that includes system design analysis,
operational parameter monitoring, performance evaluation, and detailed data
collection. This robust methodology ensures accurate assessment of the system’s
efficiency and provides insights into optimizing constructed wetlands for broader
applications. The use of continuous monitoring and regular sampling allows for
timely adjustments and improvements, ensuring that the wetland system continues
to operate efficiently while meeting regulatory standards for wastewater treatment
and reuse.

xlii
Chapter 5: Conclusion

Constructed wetlands represent a paradigm shift in sustainable wastewater

management by merging ecological principles with engineered systems to address
critical water challenges. The VFSTR constructed wetland system serves as a
compelling example of the potential of CWs, achieving high pollutant removal
efficiencies and enabling water recycling for non-potable uses. This system not
only meets the wastewater treatment needs of the campus but also contributes to
environmental conservation by reducing groundwater dependency and supporting
biodiversity.

Compared to conventional wastewater treatment plants, constructed wetlands

stand out for their cost-effectiveness, minimal energy requirements, and
ecological benefits. The VFSTR system was constructed at less than half the cost
of a

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