Traditional Pavement Materials

1.
Traditional pavement materials

1.1 Bitumen
Bitumen was used as a bonding and water-proofing agent thousands of years ago.
However, the use of bitumen for road-making picked up only in the nineteenth century.
As the quest for fuels like petroleum to run automobiles grew and the distillation of
crude oil emerged as a major refining industry, the residues known as bitumen and tar
found increasing use in constructing bituminous surfaces, which provided superior
riding surface. “Bitumen is a hydrocarbon material of natural or pyrogenous origin,
which is in a gaseous, liquid, semi-solid, or solid state, and which is completely soluble
in carbon disulphide (CS2).
Bitumen occurring in nature as rock intrusions invariably contains inert inorganic
materials or minerals; in such a case it is called asphalt. It is also found in lakes (as in
Trinidad), in which case it is called lake asphalt. However, in American terminology,
bitumen itself is termed asphalt, irrespective of whether it contains inorganic/mineral
matter or not. In India, the British terminology is used for the terms bitumen and
asphalt.
1.2 Stone Aggregates
Stone aggregate, or mineral aggregate, as it is called, is the most important component

of the materials used in the construction of roads. These aggregates are derived from
rocks, which are formed by the cementation of minerals by the forces of nature.
Stone aggregates are invariably derived by breaking the naturally occurring rocks to the
required sizes. They are used for granular bases, sub-bases, as part of bituminous mixes
and cement concrete; they are also the primary component of a relatively cheaper road,
called water-bound macadam.
A study of the types of aggregates, their properties, and the tests to determine their
suitability for a specific purpose is of utmost importance to a highway engineer.
Properties such as strength and durability of aggregates are generally influenced by
their origin of occurrence, mineral constituents and the nature of the bond between the
constituents.
The following properties are desirable in soil aggregates used the construction of
roads.
i. Strength
ii. Hardness
iii. Toughness
iv. Durability
v. Shape
vi. Texture
1.3 Tar
Residues from the destructive distillation of organic substances such as coal, wood, or
petroleum. normally odorous, less resistance to weathering and more susceptible to
temperature. used as binding materials in highway construction not used extensively as
binders for highway pavements now a day due to toxic in nature.
1.4 Lime
Lime is a material comprising any physical and chemical forms under which calcium
and/or magnesium oxide (CaO and MgO) and/or hydroxide (Ca(OH)2 and Mg(OH)2)
can appear. Lime plays an important role as a construction material. The main uses of
lime are as follows:
• In soil treatment and stabilization to provide a platform for heavy construction

such as roads, earthen dams, airfields, and building foundations.
• As an additive in asphalt, lime improves the cohesion of asphalt, reduces
stripping, and retards the aging process.
Hydrated lime can be used as an additive to hot mix asphalt used for road surfacing.
The addition of lime increases the resistance of the asphalt to water stripping, allowing
it to maintain strength and provide good resistance to heavy stress i.e. for road surfaces
prone to regular traffic or congestion. Lime also acts as a mineral filler which increases
the viscosity of the binder, increasing the stiffness, tensile strength, compressive
strength and resistance to water stripping. Asphalt is currently used for the majority of
road networks throughout the world. Infrastructure is often dependent on the quality of
road surfaces, and without its superior materialistic properties, roads would be more
hazardous and all types of vehicles would be prone to damages and accidents.
1.5 Cement concrete
Cement concrete pavement is the most superior highway construction primarily from
the point of view of strength and durability. The ingredients of the concrete mix, viz.,
the coarse aggregate (broken stone) and fine aggregate (sand) have to be selected
carefully to satisfy the desirable properties for concrete-making. Potable water is
generally considered satisfactory making cement concrete. Cement is used also as an
additive to soil to produce soil-cement used as the primarily material in the construction
of low-cost roads.
2. Non-traditional Pavement Materials
2.1 Fly ash
Geotechnical properties of fly ash specially high angle of internal friction, low bulk
density, wide Workshop on Non-Conventional Materials/ Technologies 3 range of
OMC, ease of compaction and practically full compaction in the initial stages (no
subsequent settlements) etc. make it a preferred choice for the builders. The pozzolanic
property makes it suitable for use in concrete pavements as a part substitution of cement
up to 35% in conventional concretes & up to 66% in roller compacted concretes. It is
also a proven material for construction of sub-base layers as well as all season
motorable rural roads by stabilization of fly ash by about 2-4% lime.
2.2 Quarry waste
Quarry waste consists mainly of the fines from stone washing, crushing, and screening
at quarries, as well as some wet silty clay material from the washing of sand and gravel.
These materials are not sized to meet specification requirements and are usually placed
in ponds or stockpiled in a saturated condition. Consequently, these materials must be
reclaimed and dewatered prior to use. Quarry waste fines may be useful as fill or borrow
material, as filler in concrete and flowable fills, in base or subbase stabilization, or as
cement-stabilized base material for parking lots or low-volume roads.
2.3 Blast furnace slag
Blast furnace slag is an industrial by-product obtained in the manufacture of pigiron in

a blast furnace and consists mainly of silicates and alumino-silicates of lime and other
bases. Blast furnace cement provides equal or improved performance over conventional
Portland cement concrete. It has a low heat of hydration, good long-term strength gain,
and high chemical resistance. When air-cooled slag is crushed and screened, the
physical properties of slag make it particularly suitable as an aggregate. It breaks to
give a consistent cubical shape and has a rough surface texture which gives better
frictional properties and adhesion to bituminous and cement binder. It is thus widely
used in civil engineering construction as a substitute for naturally occurring aggregates
and also in all levels of road pavement structure.
2.4 Steel slag

Steel slag, a by-product of the steel making process, contains considerable amounts of
iron and its compressed void structure results in a very dense, hard material. Steel slag,
on the other hand, could become unstable because of its free lime (CaO) and free
magnesia (MgO) with the consequent risk of expansion. Thus its use is severely limited
in road construction and is virtually excluded from use as fill under structures. Steel
slag, as construction aggregate, is recommended only in those situations where
expansion is unlikely, as in the case of dense bitumen macadam, or in the places where
expansion does not cause a serious problem. Their main use therefore is in the upper
bituminous layers of the road structure or in surface course.
2.5 Reclaimed asphalt pavement (RAP)
Reclaimed asphalt pavement (RAP) is defined as removed pavement materials
containing asphalt and aggregates. These materials are generated when asphalt
pavements are removed for reconstruction, resurfacing, or to obtain access to buried
utilities. When properly crushed and screened, RAP consists of high-quality, well-
graded aggregates coated by asphalt cement. Asphalt pavement has been America's
most recycled material for a long time. Using RAP material has well-recognized
financial and environmental benefits. Although most of the produced RAP is recycled,
a large portion of it is wasted or down- graded when used in landfills, embankment or
base layers.
2.6 Crumb rubber
Crumb rubber is recycled rubber produced from automotive and truck scrap tires.
During the recycling process, steel and tire cord (fluff) are removed, leaving tire rubber
with a granular consistency. Continued processing with a granulator or cracker mill,
possibly with the aid of cryogenics or by mechanical means, reduces the size of
the particles further. The particles are sized and classified based on various criteria
including color (black only or black and white). The granulate is sized by passing
through a screen, the size based on a dimension (1/4 inch) or mesh (holes per inch : 10,
20, etc.). Crumb rubber is often used in artificial turf as cushioning.
3. References
1. List of Materials Used in Reinforced Cement Concrete (R.C.C.) | Cement | Engineering
2. Concrete Roads: PQC, Methods of Construction and How it is Made
3. How to Stabilise Soil for Road Construction? (With Methods) | Engineering
4. Highway Pavement: Layers, Functions, Types, Defects, Rigid and Flexible Pavements
5. H.U. BahiaEffect of crumb rubber modifiers (CRM) on performance related properties
of asphalt BindersJ. Assoc. Asphalt Paving Technol., 63 (1994), pp. 414-449

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1.

Traditional pavement materials

Stone aggregate, or mineral aggregate, as it is called, is the most important component

• In soil treatment and stabilization to provide a platform for heavy construction

1.5 Cement concrete

Blast furnace slag is an industrial by-product obtained in the manufacture of pigiron in

2.4 Steel slag

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