Q1) Attempt the following.

[5×1=5]

A) Choose the correct option:

a) ______of the operator is used to allocate memory for an object.

Answer: iii) new

b) _____ this interface handles sequences

Answer: ii) List

c) Try, catch, finally are related to _____.

Answer: iii) Exception

d) MVC stands for _____ architecture.

Answer: iv) All mentioned (Model, View, Controller)

e) ______ method is used to perform DML statement.

Answer: iii) executeUpdate()

B) Attempt the following. [5×1=5]

a) What is method overriding?

Answer: Method overriding is a feature in Java that allows a subclass to provide a specific implementation
of a method that is already defined in its superclass. This is used to define specific behavior for the subclass.

b) Enlist the types of Drivers.

Answer: The four types of JDBC drivers are:

1. Type-1: JDBC-ODBC Bridge Driver

2. Type-2: Native-API Driver
3. Type-3: Network Protocol Driver
4. Type-4: Thin Driver (Pure Java Driver)

c) What is the use of the “this” keyword?

Answer: The this keyword in Java is used to refer to the current object instance within a method or
constructor. It is commonly used to differentiate between class attributes and parameters with the same
name, as well as to call other constructors within the same class.

d) Write any three types of layout.

Answer: The three types of layout managers in Java are:

1. FlowLayout
2. BorderLayout
3. GridLayout

e) State true or false: Java supports multiple catch blocks (Justify)

Answer: True. Java supports multiple catch blocks for a try block, allowing the program to handle
different types of exceptions that may occur in the try block. Each catch block can catch a specific
exception type.

Q2) Answer the following: (Any five) [5×3=15]

a) Explain the concept of Garbage Collection

Answer:
Garbage collection in Java is a process managed by the Java Virtual Machine (JVM) that automatically
deallocates memory by removing objects that are no longer in use, freeing up memory resources for new
objects. This process helps prevent memory leaks and improves program performance.

The JVM has a garbage collector that continuously monitors for objects that are unreachable (no longer
referenced) and removes them from memory. Java does not require explicit deletion of objects, as in some
other languages like C++. Instead, once an object becomes unreachable, it becomes eligible for garbage
collection.

Example:

java
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public class GarbageCollectionExample {
public static void main(String[] args) {
String str = new String("Hello");
str = null; // The "Hello" object is now eligible for garbage collection
System.gc(); // Requesting JVM for garbage collection (not guaranteed)
}
}

b) How to define & implement interfaces?

Answer:
In Java, an interface is a reference type that defines a set of abstract methods that classes can implement.
Interfaces are used to specify a contract that implementing classes must follow, promoting multiple
inheritance and polymorphism.

To define an interface, use the interface keyword. A class that implements an interface must provide
concrete implementations for all of its methods.

Example:

java
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// Defining an interface
interface Animal {
void sound();
void eat();
}

// Implementing the interface

class Dog implements Animal {
public void sound() {
System.out.println("Woof");
}

public void eat() {

System.out.println("Dog is eating");
}
}

c) Explain MVC Architecture

Answer:
MVC (Model-View-Controller) is a design pattern used to separate an application into three main
components:
 1. Model: Manages the data and business logic of the application. It does not interact directly with the
user.
2. View: Handles the display of information (UI) to the user.
3. Controller: Acts as an intermediary between Model and View, taking input from the user (through
the View), updating the Model, and refreshing the View accordingly.

The MVC architecture promotes a clear separation of concerns, making applications easier to manage and
scale.

Example in Java Swing (Simplified):

java
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// Model
class CounterModel {
private int count = 0;

public int getCount() {

return count;
}

public void increment() {

count++;
}
}

// View
class CounterView {
public void displayCount(int count) {
System.out.println("Current count: " + count);
}
}

// Controller
class CounterController {
private CounterModel model;
private CounterView view;

public CounterController(CounterModel model, CounterView view) {

this.model = model;
this.view = view;
}

public void incrementCounter() {

model.increment();
view.displayCount(model.getCount());
}
}

d) Define:

• i) TYPE_FORWARD_ONLY
Answer: This type of result set is non-scrollable, meaning the cursor can only move forward, one
row at a time. Once moved past a row, you cannot return to it.
• ii) TYPE_SCROLL_INSENSITIVE
Answer: This result set type allows the cursor to move both forward and backward, and it is not
affected by changes made to the database while the result set is open. This means that even if the
underlying data changes, the result set data remains unchanged.
• iii) CONCUR_UPDATABLE
Answer: This concurrency type allows updates to the result set. This means that you can make
changes to the database through the result set, which will then be reflected in the database.
e) What is scripting elements? Explain any two types.

Answer:
Scripting elements in JSP (JavaServer Pages) are used to add Java code within an HTML page. They allow
dynamic content generation and are essential for implementing logic within JSP pages. There are three types
of scripting elements: declarations, scriptlets, and expressions.

1. Scriptlets (<% ... %>): Scriptlets allow you to embed Java code directly into a JSP file. This code is
executed every time the page is requested. Example:

jsp
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<%
String greeting = "Hello, World!";
out.println(greeting);
%>

2. Expressions (<%= ... %>): Expressions evaluate a Java expression and print the result to the
response stream. The result is automatically converted to a string and inserted into the output.
Example:

jsp
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<%= "Today is: " + new java.util.Date() %>

f) Differentiate between String and StringBuffer class.

Answer:

Feature String StringBuffer

Mutability Immutable (cannot be changed) Mutable (can be changed)
Performance Slower for concatenation Faster for concatenation
Memory Efficiency Creates new object for changes Changes occur in the same object
Usage Use when value is constant Use when value will change

Example:

java
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// String (immutable)
String str = "Hello";
str = str + " World"; // Creates a new String object

// StringBuffer (mutable)
StringBuffer sb = new StringBuffer("Hello");
sb.append(" World"); // Modifies the same StringBuffer object
System.out.println(sb.toString()); // Output: Hello World

Q3) Answer the following with example in brief. (Any five) [5×4=20]

a) Explain the life cycle of JSP

Answer:
The JSP (JavaServer Pages) life cycle consists of several stages, allowing the JSP to process requests and
generate dynamic content.

1. Translation: The JSP is translated into a servlet.

2. Compilation: The servlet is compiled into bytecode.
3. Initialization (jspInit()): This method is called once when the JSP is first loaded.
4. Execution (_jspService()): This method handles each client request and generates a response.
5. Destruction (jspDestroy()): This method is called when the JSP is taken out of service, releasing
any resources.

Example:

jsp
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<%@ page language="java" %>
<html>
<body>
<h1>Welcome to JSP Life Cycle</h1>
</body>
</html>

b) Write Java program to calculate the Fibonacci series.

Answer:
The Fibonacci series is a sequence of numbers where each number is the sum of the two preceding ones,
starting from 0 and 1.

Example Program:

java
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public class FibonacciSeries {
public static void main(String[] args) {
int n = 10, num1 = 0, num2 = 1;
System.out.print("Fibonacci Series: " + num1 + ", " + num2);

for (int i = 2; i < n; i++) {

int nextNum = num1 + num2;
System.out.print(", " + nextNum);
num1 = num2;
num2 = nextNum;
}
}
}

c) Explain the types of Drivers (JDBC)

Answer:
There are four types of JDBC drivers:

1. Type 1: JDBC-ODBC Bridge Driver

o Converts JDBC calls to ODBC calls.
o Suitable for local applications, but not commonly used.
2. Type 2: Native-API Driver
o Converts JDBC calls to database-specific API calls.
o Faster but requires native libraries.
 3. Type 3: Network Protocol Driver
o Uses a middleware server to convert JDBC calls to the database protocol.
o Suitable for internet applications.
4. Type 4: Thin Driver
o Pure Java driver that communicates directly with the database.
o Platform-independent and widely used.

d) How to access and create a class in a package with an example?

Answer:
To create a package, use the package keyword. Classes in the package can then be accessed using the
import statement.

Example:

1. Creating a Package and Class

java
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// File: MyPackage/MyClass.java
package MyPackage;

public class MyClass {

public void display() {
System.out.println("Hello from MyClass!");
}
}

2. Accessing the Class in Another Program

java
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import MyPackage.MyClass;

public class TestPackage {

public static void main(String[] args) {
MyClass obj = new MyClass();
obj.display();
}
}

e) Differentiate between BufferedReader and Scanner class

Answer:

Feature BufferedReader Scanner

Purpose Reads text from a character stream Parses primitive types and strings
Usage Suitable for large text files Useful for reading input from users
Input Type Reads entire lines Reads and parses tokens and types
Efficiency More efficient for reading text files Slower, more suitable for interactive input

Example:

java
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import java.io.BufferedReader;
import java.io.FileReader;
import java.io.IOException;
import java.util.Scanner;

public class BufferedReaderVsScanner {

public static void main(String[] args) throws IOException {
// Using BufferedReader
BufferedReader br = new BufferedReader(new FileReader("example.txt"));
System.out.println("BufferedReader: " + br.readLine());
br.close();

// Using Scanner
Scanner sc = new Scanner(System.in);
System.out.println("Enter a number:");
int number = sc.nextInt();
System.out.println("You entered: " + number);
sc.close();
}
}

f) Write a program to calculate factorial.

Answer:
The factorial of a number n is the product of all positive integers less than or equal to n.

Example Program:

java
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import java.util.Scanner;

public class FactorialCalculator {

public static void main(String[] args) {
Scanner sc = new Scanner(System.in);
System.out.print("Enter a number: ");
int n = sc.nextInt();
long factorial = 1;

for (int i = 1; i <= n; i++) {

factorial *= i;
}

System.out.println("Factorial of " + n + " is " + factorial);

sc.close();
}
}

g) Write Java program to create the following frame:

• Male (Radio Button)

• Female (Radio Button)
• Yes (Radio Button)
• No (Radio Button)
• Selected: True or False

Answer:
A simple Java Swing program that creates a frame with radio buttons for "Male," "Female," "Yes," and
"No," and displays the selected option.
Example Program:

java
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import javax.swing.*;
import java.awt.event.*;

public class RadioButtonExample {

public static void main(String[] args) {
JFrame frame = new JFrame("Radio Button Example");
frame.setSize(300, 200);
frame.setDefaultCloseOperation(JFrame.EXIT_ON_CLOSE);

JRadioButton male = new JRadioButton("Male");

JRadioButton female = new JRadioButton("Female");
JRadioButton yes = new JRadioButton("Yes");
JRadioButton no = new JRadioButton("No");

ButtonGroup genderGroup = new ButtonGroup();

genderGroup.add(male);
genderGroup.add(female);

ButtonGroup yesNoGroup = new ButtonGroup();

yesNoGroup.add(yes);
yesNoGroup.add(no);

JLabel label = new JLabel("Selected: True or False");

male.addActionListener(e -> label.setText("Selected: Male"));

female.addActionListener(e -> label.setText("Selected: Female"));
yes.addActionListener(e -> label.setText("Selected: Yes"));
no.addActionListener(e -> label.setText("Selected: No"));

JPanel panel = new JPanel();

panel.add(male);
panel.add(female);
panel.add(yes);
panel.add(no);
panel.add(label);

frame.add(panel);
frame.setVisible(true);
}
}

Q4) Answer the following in brief with example (Any five) [5×5=25]

a) Write a Java program that accepts a number using a command line argument and displays
whether the number is perfect or not.

A perfect number is a number that is equal to the sum of its proper divisors (excluding itself). For example,
6 is a perfect number because 1 + 2 + 3 = 6.

Example Program:

java
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public class PerfectNumber {
public static void main(String[] args) {
if (args.length > 0) {
int number = Integer.parseInt(args[0]);
int sum = 0;

for (int i = 1; i <= number / 2; i++) {

 if (number % i == 0) {
sum += i;
}
}

if (sum == number) {
System.out.println(number + " is a perfect number.");
} else {
System.out.println(number + " is not a perfect number.");
}
} else {
System.out.println("Please enter a number as a command line argument.");
}
}
}

Usage: Run the program with a command line argument, e.g., java PerfectNumber 6

b) Explain Access Specifiers in detail

Answer:
Java provides four access specifiers to control the visibility and accessibility of classes, methods, and
variables.

1. Public: Accessible from any class.

java
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public class PublicExample {
public void display() {
System.out.println("This is a public method.");
}
}

2. Protected: Accessible within the same package and subclasses.

java
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class ProtectedExample {
protected void display() {
System.out.println("This is a protected method.");
}
}

3. Default (Package-private): Accessible only within the same package.

java
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class DefaultExample {
void display() {
System.out.println("This is a default method.");
}
}

4. Private: Accessible only within the same class.

java
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class PrivateExample {
private void display() {
 System.out.println("This is a private method.");
}
}

c) What is Overriding? Explain runtime polymorphism with example

Answer:
Method overriding is when a subclass provides a specific implementation of a method already defined in its
superclass. Runtime polymorphism is achieved through method overriding, where the overridden method
that is called is determined at runtime.

Example:

java
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class Animal {
void sound() {
System.out.println("Animal makes a sound");
}
}

class Dog extends Animal {

void sound() {
System.out.println("Dog barks");
}
}

public class Main {

public static void main(String[] args) {
Animal animal = new Dog(); // Upcasting
animal.sound(); // Runtime polymorphism: Output will be "Dog barks"
}
}

In this example, the sound method of Dog class is called at runtime due to polymorphism.

d) Define:

1. TreeSet: A sorted set that stores elements in ascending order, unique and without duplicates.

java
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TreeSet<String> treeSet = new TreeSet<>();
treeSet.add("Apple");
treeSet.add("Banana");

2. HashMap: A collection that stores key-value pairs, does not maintain order, and allows null values.

java
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HashMap<Integer, String> map = new HashMap<>();
map.put(1, "One");
map.put(2, "Two");

3. TreeMap: A map that stores key-value pairs in sorted order of keys.

java
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TreeMap<Integer, String> treeMap = new TreeMap<>();
 treeMap.put(2, "Two");
treeMap.put(1, "One");

4. ArrayList: A resizable array that allows duplicate elements and maintains insertion order.

java
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ArrayList<String> arrayList = new ArrayList<>();
arrayList.add("One");
arrayList.add("Two");

5. LinkedList: A doubly-linked list that can store duplicate elements and maintains insertion order.

java
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LinkedList<String> linkedList = new LinkedList<>();
linkedList.add("One");
linkedList.add("Two");

e) Explain Wrapper Class with Example

Answer:
Wrapper classes in Java are used to convert primitive data types into objects. They are part of the
java.lang package and include classes like Integer, Double, Character, etc. Wrapper classes are useful
when objects are required instead of primitive types.

Example:

java
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public class WrapperExample {
public static void main(String[] args) {
int primitive = 5;
Integer wrapper = Integer.valueOf(primitive); // Autoboxing

int unboxed = wrapper.intValue(); // Unboxing

System.out.println("Wrapper class value: " + wrapper);
System.out.println("Unboxed primitive value: " + unboxed);
}
}

f) What is Inheritance? Explain types of Inheritance

Answer:
Inheritance is an object-oriented concept where one class (child or subclass) inherits properties and
behaviors (fields and methods) from another class (parent or superclass). It allows code reuse and establishes
a parent-child relationship between classes.

Types of Inheritance:

1. Single Inheritance: A class inherits from one superclass.

java
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class Parent {}
class Child extends Parent {}

2. Multilevel Inheritance: A class inherits from a class that already inherits from another class.
 java
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class GrandParent {}
class Parent extends GrandParent {}
class Child extends Parent {}

3. Hierarchical Inheritance: Multiple classes inherit from a single superclass.

java
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class Parent {}
class Child1 extends Parent {}
class Child2 extends Parent {}

Note: Java does not support multiple inheritance (one class inheriting from multiple classes) to avoid
complexity.

g) Explain Cookies and HttpSession

Answer:

• Cookies: Small pieces of data stored on the client’s browser to keep track of user information across
sessions. Cookies can store user preferences, session identifiers, etc., and are sent with every request
to the server.

Example of Setting a Cookie:

java
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Cookie userCookie = new Cookie("username", "John");
response.addCookie(userCookie);

• HttpSession: A session management mechanism that stores information about a user’s session on
the server side. The server creates an HttpSession object for each user, which persists throughout
the session. It’s more secure than cookies for sensitive data.

Example of Using HttpSession:

java
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HttpSession session = request.getSession();
session.setAttribute("username", "John");
String username = (String) session.getAttribute("username");
Q1) Attempt the following. [5×1=5]

A) Choose the correct options

a) _______of these operators is used to allocate memory for an object.

• Answer: (ii) new

• Explanation: The new operator in Java is used to allocate memory for new objects.

b) ______is a collection of classes and interfaces.

• Answer: (i) Package

• Explanation: A package in Java is a collection of related classes and interfaces grouped together for easier
access and namespace management.

c) _____of this interface is not a part of Java’s collection framework.

• Answer: (iii) Sorted List

• Explanation: Sorted List is not an interface in Java's collection framework. The main collection interfaces
include Set, List, and SortedMap.

d) _____is the base class for all Swing UI components.

• Answer: (ii) JComponent

• Explanation: JComponent is the superclass for all Swing components except top-level containers.

e) _____method is used to perform DML statements in JDBC.

• Answer: (iii) executeUpdate()

• Explanation: The executeUpdate() method in JDBC is used for executing Data Manipulation Language
(DML) statements like INSERT, UPDATE, and DELETE.

B) Attempt the following. [5×1=5]

a) Why is Java called portable?

• Answer: Java is called portable because Java programs can run on any platform with a compatible Java
Virtual Machine (JVM). The bytecode generated by Java is platform-independent, allowing the program to be
run on different operating systems without modification.

b) What is a superclass?

• Answer: A superclass is a class from which other classes inherit properties and methods. Inheritance in Java
allows one class (subclass) to inherit features from another class (superclass), promoting code reuse and a
hierarchical classification.

c) Short note on Collection Interface

• Answer: The Collection interface in Java is the root interface of the collection framework. It provides the
standard functionality for all collections in Java, such as adding, removing, and checking the size of elements.
Common classes implementing Collection include List, Set, and Queue.

d) List types of layout managers

 • Answer: The main types of layout managers in Java are:
o BorderLayout
o FlowLayout
o GridLayout
o CardLayout
o GridBagLayout

e) Define ResultSet

• Answer: ResultSet is a Java interface used to store the results of a database query executed using JDBC. It
provides methods to navigate and retrieve the data returned by the query, typically through methods like
next(), getString(), getInt(), etc. The ResultSet is usually generated by executing a SELECT
statement.

Q2) Answer the following in brief with examples (Any five) [5×3=15]

a) Explain static Fields and methods

• Answer:
Static fields and methods belong to the class rather than instances of the class. They are shared
among all instances and can be accessed without creating an instance of the class.
• Static Field Example:

java
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class Example {
static int count = 0; // static field

public Example() {
count++; // increments count every time an instance is created
}
}

public class Main {

public static void main(String[] args) {
new Example();
new Example();
System.out.println(Example.count); // Output: 2
}
}

• Static Method Example:

java
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class MathUtil {
static int square(int number) {
return number * number; // static method
}
}

public class Main {

public static void main(String[] args) {
System.out.println(MathUtil.square(5)); // Output: 25
}
}

b) Explain final keyword with suitable examples

 • Answer:
The final keyword in Java is used to declare constants, prevent method overriding, and prevent
inheritance.
o Final Variable: Once assigned, a final variable cannot be changed.

java
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final int MAX_VALUE = 100;

o Final Method: A final method cannot be overridden by subclasses.

java
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class Parent {
final void display() {
System.out.println("This is a final method.");
}
}

o Final Class: A final class cannot be extended.

java
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final class Utility {
// Class code
}

c) Write a note on exception handling

• Answer:
Exception handling in Java is a mechanism to handle runtime errors so the normal flow of the
program is not disrupted. Java provides try, catch, finally, throw, and throws keywords to
handle exceptions.
• Example:

java
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public class ExceptionExample {
public static void main(String[] args) {
try {
int result = 10 / 0;
} catch (ArithmeticException e) {
System.out.println("Cannot divide by zero.");
} finally {
System.out.println("Execution completed.");
}
}
}

o Output:

csharp
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Cannot divide by zero.
Execution completed.

d) Explain keyboard events with the help of a program

• Answer:
Keyboard events in Java are used to capture and respond to key presses. KeyListener interface
provides methods to handle events like key presses, key releases, and key typing.
 • Example:

java
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import java.awt.event.*;
import javax.swing.*;

public class KeyboardEventExample extends JFrame implements KeyListener {

public KeyboardEventExample() {
addKeyListener(this);
setSize(200, 200);
setVisible(true);
}

public void keyPressed(KeyEvent e) {

System.out.println("Key Pressed: " + e.getKeyChar());
}

public void keyReleased(KeyEvent e) {

System.out.println("Key Released: " + e.getKeyChar());
}

public void keyTyped(KeyEvent e) {

System.out.println("Key Typed: " + e.getKeyChar());
}

public static void main(String[] args) {

new KeyboardEventExample();
}
}

o Output (Example if 'A' is typed):

mathematica
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Key Pressed: A
Key Typed: A
Key Released: A

e) Differentiate between Connection and Statement

• Answer:
In Java Database Connectivity (JDBC), Connection and Statement are used to interact with
databases, but they serve different purposes.
o Connection: This object represents a connection to the database. It is used to establish a link
with the database and manage transactions.

java
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Connection connection = DriverManager.getConnection("url", "user",
"password");

o Statement: This object is used to execute SQL queries and return results. It is created from a
Connection object.

java
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Statement statement = connection.createStatement();
ResultSet resultSet = statement.executeQuery("SELECT * FROM table_name");

o Key Difference:
 ▪ Connection is responsible for establishing and managing database links, while
Statement is used for executing SQL queries on the database.

f) Explain session tracking in detail

• Answer:
Session tracking is a way to maintain state across multiple requests in a web application. Common
session tracking techniques in Java are cookies, URL rewriting, hidden form fields, and
HttpSession.
o Cookies: Small pieces of data stored on the client side, sent with each request to maintain
session information.
o URL Rewriting: Appends session ID to the URL to identify the client.
o Hidden Form Fields: Hidden fields in forms to store session data.
o HttpSession: Server-side storage of session information.
• Example using HttpSession:

java
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// Setting a session attribute
HttpSession session = request.getSession();
session.setAttribute("username", "JohnDoe");

// Retrieving a session attribute

String username = (String) session.getAttribute("username");

o Explanation: The HttpSession object stores session data for a user across multiple requests.
When a user logs in, session attributes can be set, and these can be retrieved in future
requests.

Q3) Answer the following in brief (more detailed) with examples (Any five) [5×4=20]

a) What is Servlet? Explain the types of Servlet in detail.

• Answer:
A Servlet is a Java class used to handle requests and generate dynamic web content on a server.
Servlets are server-side programs that operate within a web server and handle client requests, such as
form submissions or database interactions.
• Types of Servlets:
o Generic Servlet: This is an abstract class provided by Java, which can be used to create any
type of servlet by extending it and implementing its service() method. It does not have
HTTP-specific methods.

java
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import javax.servlet.*;
import java.io.*;

public class MyGenericServlet extends GenericServlet {

public void service(ServletRequest req, ServletResponse res) throws
IOException, ServletException {
PrintWriter out = res.getWriter();
out.println("This is a generic servlet response.");
}
}
 o HttpServlet: This is the most commonly used servlet class that extends GenericServlet. It
provides HTTP-specific methods like doGet(), doPost(), doPut(), etc., which handle
requests based on HTTP methods.

java
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import javax.servlet.http.*;
import java.io.*;

public class MyHttpServlet extends HttpServlet {

protected void doGet(HttpServletRequest req, HttpServletResponse res)
throws IOException {
PrintWriter out = res.getWriter();
out.println("This is an HTTP servlet response.");
}
}

b) Explain types of JDBC in detail

• Answer:
JDBC (Java Database Connectivity) drivers are used to connect Java applications with a database.
There are four types of JDBC drivers:
o Type-1: JDBC-ODBC Bridge Driver
It translates JDBC calls to ODBC calls. This driver depends on the native ODBC driver and
is generally slower.

java
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Connection conn = DriverManager.getConnection("jdbc:odbc:DatabaseName",
"username", "password");

o Type-2: Native-API Driver

Uses native database client libraries. It converts JDBC calls to database-specific calls, making
it platform-dependent.
o Type-3: Network Protocol Driver
It uses a middleware server to translate JDBC calls into the database-specific protocol. It
provides better performance for web-based applications.
o Type-4: Thin Driver
It directly converts JDBC calls into the database’s native protocol. This driver is entirely
written in Java and is platform-independent.

c) Write a Java program to display a menu using JPopupMenu.

• Answer:

java
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import javax.swing.*;
import java.awt.event.*;

public class PopupMenuExample {

public static void main(String[] args) {
JFrame frame = new JFrame("JPopupMenu Example");
frame.setSize(400, 300);
frame.setDefaultCloseOperation(JFrame.EXIT_ON_CLOSE);

JPopupMenu popupMenu = new JPopupMenu();

 JMenuItem item1 = new JMenuItem("Item 1");
JMenuItem item2 = new JMenuItem("Item 2");
JMenuItem item3 = new JMenuItem("Item 3");
popupMenu.add(item1);
popupMenu.add(item2);
popupMenu.add(item3);

frame.addMouseListener(new MouseAdapter() {
public void mouseClicked(MouseEvent e) {
if (e.isPopupTrigger()) {
popupMenu.show(frame, e.getX(), e.getY());
}
}
});

frame.setVisible(true);
}
}

d) Write a Java program to create an abstract class Student with two derived classes Marks and
Result. Use proper methods to accept and display the data.

• Answer:

java
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abstract class Student {
String name;
int rollNumber;

abstract void getDetails();

abstract void displayDetails();
}

class Marks extends Student {

int marks;

void getDetails() {
// Here, assume we get data from the user
name = "John";
rollNumber = 101;
marks = 85;
}

void displayDetails() {
System.out.println("Name: " + name);
System.out.println("Roll Number: " + rollNumber);
System.out.println("Marks: " + marks);
}
}

class Result extends Marks {

String result;

void calculateResult() {
result = (marks >= 40) ? "Pass" : "Fail";
}

void displayDetails() {
super.displayDetails();
System.out.println("Result: " + result);
}
}
 public class Main {
public static void main(String[] args) {
Result student = new Result();
student.getDetails();
student.calculateResult();
student.displayDetails();
}
}

e) Explain various types of access modifiers in detail

• Answer:
o Public: Accessible from any class.
o Protected: Accessible within the same package and subclasses.
o Default (No Modifier): Accessible only within the same package.
o Private: Accessible only within the same class.

Example:

java
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public class Example {
public int publicVar = 10;
protected int protectedVar = 20;
int defaultVar = 30;
private int privateVar = 40;
}

f) Differentiate between checked and unchecked exceptions

• Answer:
o Checked Exceptions: These exceptions are checked at compile-time and must be handled
with try-catch or declared with throws. Examples include IOException, SQLException.
o Unchecked Exceptions: These are not checked at compile-time and can occur during
program execution. Examples include NullPointerException, ArithmeticException.

Example:

java
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// Checked Exception example
try {
FileInputStream file = new FileInputStream("test.txt");
} catch (FileNotFoundException e) {
System.out.println("File not found.");
}

// Unchecked Exception example

int num = 10 / 0; // Causes ArithmeticException

g) Explain JSP directives in detail

• Answer:
JSP directives are special instructions to the JSP engine that control the processing of the JSP page.
The three main types of directives are:
o Page Directive (<%@ page ... %>): Defines attributes related to the entire JSP page, such as
language, contentType, and import.
 jsp
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<%@ page language="java" contentType="text/html" %>

o Include Directive (<%@ include ... %>): Inserts the contents of another file into the
current JSP file.

jsp
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<%@ include file="header.jsp" %>

o Taglib Directive (<%@ taglib ... %>): Declares a custom tag library to be used in the JSP.

jsp
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<%@ taglib uri="http://java.sun.com/jsp/jstl/core" prefix="c" %>

Q4) Answer the following (Any five) [5×5=25]

a) What is Constructor? Explain types of constructors in detail.

• Answer:
A constructor in Java is a special method used to initialize objects. It has the same name as the class
and does not have a return type. Constructors are invoked automatically when an object of a class is
created.
• Types of Constructors:
o Default Constructor: A constructor with no parameters. If no constructor is defined, Java
provides a default constructor.

java
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class Example {
Example() { // Default constructor
System.out.println("Default constructor called");
}
}

o Parameterized Constructor: A constructor that takes parameters, allowing the initialization

of variables with specific values.

java
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class Example {
int x;
Example(int value) { // Parameterized constructor
x = value;
}
}

b) What is Inheritance? Explain any two types of inheritance with suitable examples.

• Answer:
Inheritance is a feature in object-oriented programming that allows a class to inherit fields and
methods from another class. It promotes code reuse and establishes a relationship between classes.
• Types of Inheritance:
 o Single Inheritance: In this type, a class (subclass) inherits from only one superclass.

java
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class Animal {
void eat() { System.out.println("Eating..."); }
}

class Dog extends Animal {

void bark() { System.out.println("Barking..."); }
}

o Multilevel Inheritance: In this type, a class is derived from another derived class.

java
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class Animal {
void eat() { System.out.println("Eating..."); }
}

class Dog extends Animal {

void bark() { System.out.println("Barking..."); }
}

class Puppy extends Dog {

void weep() { System.out.println("Weeping..."); }
}

c) Explain any four methods of String class with the help of an example.

• Answer:
The String class in Java has many useful methods for string manipulation.
o length(): Returns the length of the string.

java
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String str = "Hello";
System.out.println(str.length()); // Output: 5

o charAt(int index): Returns the character at the specified index.

java
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String str = "Hello";
System.out.println(str.charAt(1)); // Output: e

o substring(int beginIndex, int endIndex): Returns a substring from the specified

range.

java
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String str = "Hello";
System.out.println(str.substring(1, 3)); // Output: el

o toUpperCase(): Converts the string to uppercase.

java
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String str = "hello";
System.out.println(str.toUpperCase()); // Output: HELLO
d) Create a table of Teacher with fields (Tid, Tname, Taddress) and write a JDBC program to insert
and display all teacher details.

• Answer:

java
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import java.sql.*;

public class TeacherDatabase {

public static void main(String[] args) {
String url = "jdbc:mysql://localhost:3306/school";
String user = "root";
String password = "password";

try {
Connection conn = DriverManager.getConnection(url, user, password);

// Insert a new record

String insertSQL = "INSERT INTO Teacher (Tid, Tname, Taddress) VALUES
(?, ?, ?)";
PreparedStatement pstmt = conn.prepareStatement(insertSQL);
pstmt.setInt(1, 1);
pstmt.setString(2, "John Doe");
pstmt.setString(3, "123 Elm St.");
pstmt.executeUpdate();

// Retrieve and display all records

String selectSQL = "SELECT * FROM Teacher";
Statement stmt = conn.createStatement();
ResultSet rs = stmt.executeQuery(selectSQL);

while (rs.next()) {
System.out.println("Tid: " + rs.getInt("Tid"));
System.out.println("Tname: " + rs.getString("Tname"));
System.out.println("Taddress: " + rs.getString("Taddress"));
}

conn.close();
} catch (SQLException e) {
e.printStackTrace();
}
}
}

e) Write a Servlet program that counts how many times a user has visited a web page (use session).

• Answer:

java
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import javax.servlet.*;
import javax.servlet.http.*;
import java.io.*;

public class VisitCounterServlet extends HttpServlet {

protected void doGet(HttpServletRequest request, HttpServletResponse
response) throws ServletException, IOException {
HttpSession session = request.getSession();
Integer visitCount = (Integer) session.getAttribute("visitCount");

if (visitCount == null) {
visitCount = 1;
} else {
 visitCount++;
}

session.setAttribute("visitCount", visitCount);

response.setContentType("text/html");
PrintWriter out = response.getWriter();
out.println("<h1>Number of visits: " + visitCount + "</h1>");
}
}

f) How to create an interface? Explain with an example.

• Answer:
An interface in Java is a reference type, similar to a class, that can contain only constants, method
signatures, default methods, and static methods. Interfaces provide a way to achieve abstraction and
multiple inheritance in Java.
• Example:

java
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interface Drawable {
void draw(); // Abstract method
}

class Circle implements Drawable {

public void draw() {
System.out.println("Drawing a circle");
}
}

public class Main {

public static void main(String[] args) {
Drawable d = new Circle();
d.draw(); // Output: Drawing a circle
}
}

g) Write a Java program to accept numbers in a vector and display the sum of all elements.

• Answer:

java
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import java.util.*;

public class VectorSum {

public static void main(String[] args) {
Vector<Integer> numbers = new Vector<>();
Scanner scanner = new Scanner(System.in);

System.out.println("Enter numbers (type 'done' to stop):");

while (scanner.hasNextInt()) {
numbers.add(scanner.nextInt());
}

int sum = 0;
for (int num : numbers) {
sum += num;
}

System.out.println("Sum of all elements: " + sum);

 }
}

o Explanation: The program accepts numbers and stores them in a Vector. After all entries
are made, it calculates the sum of all elements and displays it.

Q1) Attempt the following [5 × 1 = 5]

A) Choose the correct options:

i) __________ of these operators is used to allocate memory for an object.

• Answer: c) new

Explanation: The new operator in Java is used to allocate memory for objects.

ii) __________ of these keywords must be used to inherit a class.

• Answer: d) extends

Explanation: In Java, extends is the keyword used to inherit (extend) a class.

iii) When an error occurs, then if checked, the exception type is in the _______ block.

• Answer: b) catch

Explanation: In Java, exceptions are handled in the catch block, where the type of exception is identified
and managed.

iv) To create a menu, a user needs to use the _________ class.

• Answer: b) JMenu

Explanation: The JMenu class in Swing is used to create menus in a Java GUI application.

v) __________ interface is used to store the result of a query?

• Answer: c) ResultSet

Explanation: In JDBC, ResultSet is an interface used to store and manage the result of a database query.

B) Attempt the following [5 × 1 = 5]

a) What is J2EE?

• Answer:
J2EE (Java 2 Platform, Enterprise Edition) is a platform-independent, Java-centric environment
developed by Sun Microsystems for building, developing, and deploying web-based enterprise
applications. It provides APIs and runtime environments for scripting and running Java applications,
including networking, web services, and more.

b) What is meant by JDBC Driver?

• Answer:
A JDBC Driver is a software component that enables Java applications to interact with a database. It
translates Java SQL queries into database-specific calls, allowing Java programs to perform database
operations. Examples include the JDBC-ODBC bridge driver and MySQL JDBC driver.

c) Which Swing classes are used to create a menu?

• Answer:
The Swing classes used to create menus in Java include:
o JMenu: Represents a menu.
o JMenuBar: Represents a menu bar to hold menus.
o JMenuItem: Represents an individual menu item.
o JCheckBoxMenuItem and JRadioButtonMenuItem: Specialized menu items.

d) "Vector is growable or changeable size" - Justify true or false.

• Answer:
True. The Vector class in Java is dynamically resizable, meaning it can grow or shrink as elements
are added or removed.

e) List types of layout managers.

• Answer:
Common layout managers in Java Swing include:
o BorderLayout
o FlowLayout
o GridLayout
o CardLayout
o GridBagLayout

Q2) Attempt the following with example (Any Five) [5 × 3 = 15]

a) Explain different types of comments with examples.

 • Answer:
Java supports three types of comments:
o Single-line Comment: Begins with // and continues to the end of the line.

java
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// This is a single-line comment
int x = 10;

o Multi-line Comment: Starts with /* and ends with */. Used for block comments.

java
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/* This is a multi-line comment.
It spans multiple lines. */
int y = 20;

o Documentation Comment: Begins with /** and ends with */. Used to create documentation
for classes, methods, and fields. Processed by Javadoc.

java
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/**
* This method adds two numbers.
* @param a First number
* @param b Second number
* @return Sum of a and b
*/
public int add(int a, int b) {
return a + b;
}

b) What is polymorphism? With help of example explain runtime polymorphism.

• Answer:
Polymorphism is the ability of an object to take on many forms. In Java, it allows methods to do
different things based on the object that it is acting upon. Runtime polymorphism (or dynamic
method dispatch) occurs when a method call to an overridden method is resolved at runtime, not at
compile time.
• Example of Runtime Polymorphism:

java
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class Animal {
void sound() {
System.out.println("Animal makes a sound");
}
}

class Dog extends Animal {

@Override
void sound() {
System.out.println("Dog barks");
}
}

class Cat extends Animal {

@Override
void sound() {
System.out.println("Cat meows");
}
 }

public class Main {

public static void main(String[] args) {
Animal myAnimal = new Dog(); // Runtime polymorphism
myAnimal.sound(); // Output: Dog barks

myAnimal = new Cat();

myAnimal.sound(); // Output: Cat meows
}
}

c) What is Map? Explain any two types of Map classes.

• Answer:
A Map is a part of Java’s Collection Framework and is used to store key-value pairs. Unlike lists, a
Map does not allow duplicate keys.
o HashMap: A HashMap stores key-value pairs in a hash table. It does not maintain any order
of elements.

java
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Map<String, Integer> ages = new HashMap<>();
ages.put("Alice", 25);
ages.put("Bob", 30);
System.out.println(ages); // Output: {Alice=25, Bob=30}

o TreeMap: A TreeMap stores key-value pairs in a sorted order based on keys. It is

implemented using a red-black tree.

java
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Map<String, Integer> scores = new TreeMap<>();
scores.put("Alice", 88);
scores.put("Bob", 95);
System.out.println(scores); // Output: {Alice=88, Bob=95}

d) Explain Dialogs with a suitable example.

• Answer:
Dialogs in Java are pop-up windows that prompt the user for input or provide a message. Swing
provides classes like JOptionPane for creating dialogs easily.
• Example: Creating an input dialog using JOptionPane

java
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import javax.swing.*;

public class DialogExample {

public static void main(String[] args) {
String name = JOptionPane.showInputDialog(null, "Enter your name:");
JOptionPane.showMessageDialog(null, "Hello, " + name);
}
}

o Explanation: showInputDialog displays a dialog box for user input, and

showMessageDialog displays a message with the user's input.
e) Define the terms: i) Statement ii) Prepared Statement iii) Callable Statement

• Answer:
o Statement: In JDBC, a Statement object is used to execute SQL queries against the
database. It is mainly used for executing simple SQL statements without parameters.

java
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Statement stmt = connection.createStatement();
ResultSet rs = stmt.executeQuery("SELECT * FROM Students");

o PreparedStatement: A PreparedStatement is a precompiled SQL statement that can accept

input parameters. It is used to execute queries more efficiently, especially for repetitive
executions.

java
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PreparedStatement pstmt = connection.prepareStatement("SELECT * FROM
Students WHERE id = ?");
pstmt.setInt(1, 1); // sets the id parameter
ResultSet rs = pstmt.executeQuery();

o CallableStatement: A CallableStatement is used to call stored procedures in the database.

It allows you to execute database functions that may contain IN, OUT, or INOUT parameters.

java
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CallableStatement cstmt = connection.prepareCall("{call getStudent(?)}");
cstmt.setInt(1, 1); // set the parameter for stored procedure
ResultSet rs = cstmt.executeQuery();

f) What are different types of scripting elements?

• Answer:
In JavaServer Pages (JSP), scripting elements allow Java code to be embedded in HTML pages.
The main types are:
o Declaration (<%! ... %>): Declares variables or methods that can be used in the JSP page.

jsp
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<%! int counter = 0; %>

o Scriptlet (<% ... %>): Contains Java code that is executed every time the page is requested.
It can contain expressions and statements.

jsp
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<% counter++; %>

o Expression (<%= ... %>): Used to output Java expressions to the client, directly embedded
in HTML.

jsp
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<h1>Counter Value: <%= counter %></h1>
Q3) Attempt the following with example (Any Five) [5 × 4 = 20]

a) Explain BufferedReader and Scanner Class with example.

• Answer:
Both BufferedReader and Scanner classes are used to read input in Java, but they have different
characteristics.
o BufferedReader: This class reads text from an input stream efficiently using a buffer, which
can improve performance when reading a large amount of data. It reads input line by line and
is often used with InputStreamReader to read console input.

java
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import java.io.*;

public class BufferedReaderExample {

public static void main(String[] args) throws IOException {
BufferedReader reader = new BufferedReader(new
InputStreamReader(System.in));
System.out.print("Enter your name: ");
String name = reader.readLine();
System.out.println("Hello, " + name);
}
}

o Scanner: The Scanner class provides more flexible input parsing and supports tokenizing. It
can read different data types (e.g., int, float, String) and is generally more user-friendly
for basic input tasks.

java
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import java.util.Scanner;

public class ScannerExample {

public static void main(String[] args) {
Scanner scanner = new Scanner(System.in);
System.out.print("Enter your name: ");
String name = scanner.nextLine();
System.out.println("Hello, " + name);
}
}

b) What are the primitive data types in Java? Write about type conversion.

• Answer: Java has eight primitive data types:

o byte (1 byte), short (2 bytes), int (4 bytes), long (8 bytes)
o float (4 bytes), double (8 bytes)
o char (2 bytes), boolean (1 bit)

Type Conversion:

o Implicit (Automatic) Conversion: Java automatically converts smaller data types to larger
ones. For example, int to long.

java
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int num = 100;
 long bigNum = num; // Implicit conversion from int to long

o Explicit (Manual) Conversion: Requires casting to convert a larger type to a smaller one.
For example, double to int.

java
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double decimalNum = 9.7;
int intNum = (int) decimalNum; // Explicit conversion from double to int

c) Write a Java program to check if age is greater than 18. Give appropriate message (using exception
handling).

• Answer:

java
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import java.util.Scanner;

class AgeException extends Exception {

public AgeException(String message) {
super(message);
}
}

public class AgeCheck {

public static void main(String[] args) {
Scanner scanner = new Scanner(System.in);
System.out.print("Enter your age: ");
int age = scanner.nextInt();
try {
if (age < 18) {
throw new AgeException("Age must be greater than 18");
} else {
System.out.println("You are eligible.");
}
} catch (AgeException e) {
System.out.println(e.getMessage());
}
}
}

o Explanation: This program defines a custom exception, AgeException, which is thrown if

the age is less than 18. If age is valid, a message is printed.

d) With the help of a diagram, explain MVC Architecture.

• Answer: MVC (Model-View-Controller) is a design pattern that separates the application into three
main components:
o Model: Represents the data and business logic of the application. The model notifies the view
when the data changes.
o View: Displays the data from the model to the user and sends user actions to the controller.
o Controller: Processes user input, interacts with the model, and updates the view.
o Diagram:
 sql
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+-----------+ +----------+
| | <------> | |
| Model | | View |
| | <------> | |
+-----------+ +----------+
^ ^
| |
+---------------------+
|
Controller

o Explanation: In Java, this pattern is often seen in frameworks where the controller handles
user actions, updates the model, and then refreshes the view based on the model's new state.

e) Explain the life cycle of a JSP.

• Answer: The JSP life cycle involves several stages:

1. Translation: The JSP file is translated into a servlet.
2. Compilation: The translated servlet code is compiled into bytecode.
3. Initialization: The jspInit() method is called to initialize resources.
4. Execution: Each time a request is made, the service() method handles it. This is the main
stage where the servlet processes the request and generates a response.
5. Destruction: The jspDestroy() method is called to release resources when the JSP is no
longer needed.

Example:

jsp
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<%-- JSP code starts --%>
<%@ page language="java" %>
<html>
<body>
<h1>Welcome to the JSP Life Cycle Example</h1>
<p>The current time is: <%= new java.util.Date() %></p>
</body>
</html>

f) What is the 'super' keyword? Explain with example.

• Answer: The super keyword in Java is used to refer to the immediate parent class object. It can be
used for:
o Calling the parent class constructor.
o Accessing a parent class method or variable that has been overridden.

Example:

java
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class Animal {
void sound() {
System.out.println("Animal sound");
}
}

class Dog extends Animal {

 void sound() {
super.sound(); // Calls the parent class method
System.out.println("Dog barks");
}
}

public class Main {

public static void main(String[] args) {
Dog dog = new Dog();
dog.sound();
}
}

o Output:

Copy code
Animal sound
Dog barks

g) How to create & access a package.

• Answer: In Java, a package is a way to group related classes and interfaces. To create a package,
use the package keyword, and then access it by importing the package.
o Creating a Package:

java
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// File: MyPackage/Example.java
package MyPackage;

public class Example {

public void show() {
System.out.println("This is an example in a package.");
}
}

o Accessing a Package:

java
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import MyPackage.Example;

public class Main {

public static void main(String[] args) {
Example example = new Example();
example.show();
}
}

o Explanation: The Example class is part of the MyPackage package. To use it in Main, we
import it with import MyPackage.Example.

Q4) Attempt the following in detail (Any Five) [5 × 5 = 25]

a) With the help of a diagram explain servlet life cycle.

• Answer:
The Servlet life cycle defines how a servlet is loaded, initialized, and destroyed in a web server
 environment. The three main phases of a servlet’s life cycle are initialization, service, and
destruction.
o 1. Loading and Instantiation: When a servlet is requested for the first time, it is loaded and
instantiated by the servlet container.
o 2. Initialization (init method): The init() method is called once, allowing the servlet to
perform setup activities (e.g., initializing resources).
o 3. Service (service method): This method handles client requests and provides responses.
The service() method is called for each request.
o 4. Destruction (destroy method): When the servlet is no longer needed, the destroy()
method is called to release resources.
o Diagram:

lua
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+---------------------+
| Client |
+---------------------+
|
v
+---------------------+
| Servlet Request |
+---------------------+
|
v
+---------------------+
| init() |
+---------------------+
|
v
+---------------------+
| service() |
+---------------------+
|
v
+---------------------+
| destroy() |
+---------------------+

b) Write a Java program to check whether a number is an Armstrong number.

• Answer: An Armstrong number is a number that is equal to the sum of its digits raised to the
power of the number of digits. For example, 153 is an Armstrong number because
13+53+33=1531^3 + 5^3 + 3^3 = 15313+53+33=153.

java
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import java.util.Scanner;

public class ArmstrongNumber {

public static void main(String[] args) {
Scanner scanner = new Scanner(System.in);
System.out.print("Enter a number: ");
int number = scanner.nextInt();
int originalNumber = number;
int sum = 0;
int digits = String.valueOf(number).length();

while (number > 0) {

int digit = number % 10;
sum += Math.pow(digit, digits);
number /= 10;
}
 if (sum == originalNumber) {
System.out.println(originalNumber + " is an Armstrong number.");
} else {
System.out.println(originalNumber + " is not an Armstrong number.");
}
}
}

c) What is Adapter class? List the adapter classes.

• Answer:
An Adapter class in Java provides default implementations for listener interfaces that contain
multiple methods. It simplifies the code when we need to handle only a few events out of many
available in the interface. Instead of implementing all methods of an interface, we can extend an
adapter class and override only the methods we need.
o Common Adapter Classes in Java:
▪ MouseAdapter: Implements MouseListener.
▪ KeyAdapter: Implements KeyListener.
▪ WindowAdapter: Implements WindowListener.
▪ FocusAdapter: Implements FocusListener.
▪ ComponentAdapter: Implements ComponentListener.

Example:

java
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import java.awt.event.*;
import javax.swing.*;

public class AdapterExample extends MouseAdapter {

public void mouseClicked(MouseEvent e) {
System.out.println("Mouse Clicked!");
}

public static void main(String[] args) {

JFrame frame = new JFrame();
frame.addMouseListener(new AdapterExample());
frame.setSize(200, 200);
frame.setVisible(true);
}
}

d) Demonstrate constructor overloading concept.

• Answer:
Constructor Overloading is a technique in Java where a class can have multiple constructors with
different parameter lists. Overloaded constructors initialize objects in various ways.

Example:

java
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class Student {
String name;
int age;

// No-argument constructor
Student() {
 name = "Unknown";
age = 0;
}

// Constructor with one parameter

Student(String name) {
this.name = name;
this.age = 0;
}

// Constructor with two parameters

Student(String name, int age) {
this.name = name;
this.age = age;
}

void display() {
System.out.println("Name: " + name + ", Age: " + age);
}
}

public class ConstructorOverloadingExample {

public static void main(String[] args) {
Student s1 = new Student();
Student s2 = new Student("Alice");
Student s3 = new Student("Bob", 21);

s1.display();
s2.display();
s3.display();
}
}

e) Describe various components in AWT.

• Answer:
AWT (Abstract Window Toolkit) provides a set of components for building graphical user
interfaces in Java.
o Components:
▪ Button: A clickable button component.
▪ Label: A non-editable text label.
▪ TextField: A single-line text input field.
▪ TextArea: A multi-line text input area.
▪ Checkbox: A box that can be checked or unchecked.
▪ Radio Button: A group of radio buttons, allowing only one selection.
▪ List: Displays a list of items for selection.
▪ Menu: Provides drop-down options in a menu bar.

f) List any five checked exceptions & explain them with examples.

• Answer: Checked exceptions are exceptions that must be caught or declared in the method signature.
o 1. IOException: Occurs during input-output operations.

java
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try {
FileReader file = new FileReader("test.txt");
} catch (IOException e) {
e.printStackTrace();
 }

o 2. SQLException: Occurs when accessing databases using JDBC.

java
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try {
Connection conn = DriverManager.getConnection("db_url", "user",
"pass");
} catch (SQLException e) {
e.printStackTrace();
}

o 3. ClassNotFoundException: Thrown when trying to load a class that doesn’t exist.

java
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try {
Class.forName("SomeClass");
} catch (ClassNotFoundException e) {
e.printStackTrace();
}

o 4. FileNotFoundException: Thrown when an attempt to open a file denoted by a specified

pathname fails.

java
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try {
FileInputStream file = new FileInputStream("test.txt");
} catch (FileNotFoundException e) {
e.printStackTrace();
}

o 5. InterruptedException: Thrown when a thread is waiting, sleeping, or otherwise occupied,

and the thread is interrupted.

java
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try {
Thread.sleep(1000);
} catch (InterruptedException e) {
e.printStackTrace();
}

g) Write a Java program to create the following in Swing:

• Answer: This program creates a simple Swing frame with menu options.

java
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import javax.swing.*;

public class SwingMenuExample {

public static void main(String[] args) {
JFrame frame = new JFrame("Swing Menu Example");
JMenuBar menuBar = new JMenuBar();

JMenu fileMenu = new JMenu("File");

JMenuItem openItem = new JMenuItem("Open");
JMenuItem newItem = new JMenuItem("New");
 fileMenu.add(openItem);
fileMenu.add(newItem);

menuBar.add(fileMenu);
frame.setJMenuBar(menuBar);

frame.setSize(400, 300);
frame.setDefaultCloseOperation(JFrame.EXIT_ON_CLOSE);
frame.setVisible(true);
}
}

This program sets up a JFrame with a menu bar containing a “File” menu with “Open” and “New” options.

Q1) Attempt the following in proper format:

A) Choose the correct options : [5 × 1 = 5]

i) The Java ______ specifications defines an application programming interface for communication
between the web server and the application program.

• Answer: a) Servlet
The Servlet specification provides a standard API for web-based applications to interact with web servers in
Java.

ii) The JDBC - ODBC bridge is _______.

• Answer: d) Interim
The JDBC-ODBC bridge is an interim solution to allow Java applications to communicate with databases via
ODBC drivers.

iii) A _______ is a base class for all swing UI components.

• Answer: b) JComponent
JComponent is the root base class in Swing for all visual UI components.

iv) ______ class writes primitive Java data types to an output stream in a portable way.

• Answer: d) DataOutputStream
The DataOutputStream class allows primitive data types to be written to output streams in a machine-
independent format.

v) A _______ is a collection of classes and interfaces.

• Answer: b) Package
A package in Java is a namespace that groups related classes and interfaces together.

B) Answer the following : [5 × 1 = 5]

i) Why is Java a platform-neutral language?

• Answer:
Java is platform-neutral because it uses the Java Virtual Machine (JVM) to execute bytecode, which allows
Java programs to run on any operating system or hardware that has a compatible JVM.
ii) What is a final class?

• Answer:
A final class is a class that cannot be subclassed or extended. Using the final keyword before a class
prevents other classes from inheriting it, ensuring that its implementation cannot be altered through
inheritance.

iii) Name the classes that implement the List interface.

• Answer:
Some classes that implement the List interface include:
o ArrayList
o LinkedList
o Vector

iv) What is a listener?

• Answer:
A listener in Java is an object that waits for events, such as user interactions (e.g., mouse clicks or key
presses), and responds by executing specific methods when those events occur.

v) Write any two implicit objects in JSP.

• Answer:
Two implicit objects in JSP are:
o request: Represents the HTTP request sent by the client.
o response: Represents the HTTP response that the server sends back to the client.

Q2) Answer the following with example and in brief: [5 × 3 = 15]

a) Explain types of JDBC.

Answer: JDBC (Java Database Connectivity) provides four types of drivers to connect Java applications to
databases:

1. JDBC-ODBC Bridge Driver (Type 1):

This driver uses ODBC (Open Database Connectivity) to connect Java applications to databases. It
acts as a bridge between JDBC and ODBC, making it platform-dependent and slower.
Example: Not commonly used due to dependency on ODBC.
2. Native-API Driver (Type 2):
This driver converts JDBC calls into database-specific native calls using client-side libraries. It is
faster than Type 1 but still has platform dependencies.
Example: Suitable for applications running on the same system as the database.
3. Network Protocol Driver (Type 3):
This driver uses middleware that converts JDBC calls to a network protocol understood by the
database server. It is platform-independent and suitable for web applications.
Example: Commonly used in applications requiring multiple database connections.
4. Thin Driver (Type 4):
The Type 4 driver converts JDBC calls directly to the database's native protocol, making it the fastest
and most platform-independent. It is widely used in production environments.
Example: Suitable for applications directly interacting with a database.
b) Differentiate between session & cookie.

Answer:

Feature Session Cookie

Definition Server-side mechanism for storing user Client-side mechanism for storing small
data data
Storage Stored on the server Stored on the user’s browser
Location
Lifetime Ends when the session expires or user logs Can have a defined expiration date
out
Security More secure as data is not stored on the Less secure, as data is stored on the
client-side client-side
Example Use Tracking logged-in users Storing user preferences or themes for a
website

c) Explain at least any five features of Java.

Answer:

1. Platform Independence: Java programs run on the Java Virtual Machine (JVM), making them
platform-independent, or "write once, run anywhere."
2. Object-Oriented: Java is an object-oriented language, which means it follows principles like
encapsulation, inheritance, and polymorphism.
3. Simple: Java has a clean syntax that’s easy to learn for programmers familiar with languages like
C++.
4. Secure: Java provides security features such as the sandbox environment and bytecode verification,
making it suitable for networked applications.
5. Multithreaded: Java supports multithreading, allowing programs to perform multiple tasks
simultaneously, which enhances performance.

d) What is Exception? Explain try, catch, & finally block.

Answer:

An Exception is an event that disrupts the normal flow of program execution. Java handles exceptions using
try, catch, and finally blocks.

• try: The try block contains code that might throw an exception.
• catch: The catch block handles the exception if it occurs. You can specify the type of exception to
catch.
• finally: The finally block contains code that will execute regardless of whether an exception is
caught or not. It’s often used to release resources.

Example:

java
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try {
int data = 10 / 0; // May throw ArithmeticException
} catch (ArithmeticException e) {
System.out.println("Cannot divide by zero");
} finally {
 System.out.println("Execution complete");
}

e) Explain in brief the fundamental idea behind MVC architecture.

Answer: The MVC (Model-View-Controller) architecture divides an application into three components:

1. Model: Manages data and business logic. It represents the state of the application.
2. View: Displays the data and represents the user interface. The view retrieves data from the model.
3. Controller: Handles user inputs and modifies the model and view accordingly.

This separation improves code organization, making it easier to manage, test, and update. Changes to the
user interface do not affect the model, and vice versa.

f) Write a short note on built-in package and user-defined package.

Answer:

• Built-in Packages: These are standard packages provided by Java, which include various classes and
interfaces for tasks like I/O, networking, utilities, and more. Examples include java.lang,
java.util, java.io, and java.net.
• User-Defined Packages: These are custom packages created by the programmer to organize classes
by functionality, reducing code clutter and enabling reuse. To create a package, the package
keyword is used at the beginning of a file.

Example of Creating a User-Defined Package:

java
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package com.example; // Declaring package
public class MyClass {
public void display() {
System.out.println("This is a user-defined package.");
}
}

Q3) Answer the following (Any Five): [5 × 4 = 20]

a) Write a Java program to display last access and current date using session.

Answer:

This Java program demonstrates how to use session tracking to display the last access date and the current
date.

java
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import javax.servlet.*;
import javax.servlet.http.*;
import java.io.*;
import java.util.*;
public class SessionExample extends HttpServlet {
protected void doGet(HttpServletRequest request, HttpServletResponse response)
throws ServletException, IOException {
response.setContentType("text/html");

HttpSession session = request.getSession();

PrintWriter out = response.getWriter();

// Get last access time from the session, if available

Long lastAccessTime = (Long) session.getAttribute("lastAccessTime");
if (lastAccessTime != null) {
out.println("Last Access: " + new Date(lastAccessTime) + "<br>");
} else {
out.println("This is your first visit.<br>");
}

// Store current time as last access time

session.setAttribute("lastAccessTime", System.currentTimeMillis());

// Display current date

out.println("Current Date: " + new Date() + "<br>");
}
}

Explanation:

• HttpSession is used to store the timestamp of the last access.

• The session is checked for an existing "lastAccessTime" attribute, and if it exists, it is displayed;
otherwise, a message indicates that it's the first visit.
• The session then updates the lastAccessTime with the current timestamp.

b) Explain the life cycle of a servlet.

Answer:

The life cycle of a servlet consists of the following stages:

1. Loading and Instantiation:

o The servlet container loads the servlet class during startup or when the first request comes in.
o The servlet class is instantiated by the container.
2. Initialization (init() method):
o The init() method is called once when the servlet is loaded for the first time.
o It is used for one-time initialization, such as setting up resources like database connections.
3. Request Handling (service() method):
o The service() method is called for each client request. It processes the request and sends a
response.
o This method can handle different HTTP methods like doGet(), doPost(), etc., depending on
the type of request.
4. Destruction (destroy() method):
o The destroy() method is called once when the servlet is being removed from service (e.g.,
server shutdown).
o It is used to release any resources, like closing database connections.

c) Explain types of Result Sets.

Answer:

There are three types of ResultSets in JDBC:

1. TYPE_FORWARD_ONLY:
o The default type.
o The cursor can only move forward through the result set.
o Example:

java
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Statement stmt = conn.createStatement(ResultSet.TYPE_FORWARD_ONLY,
ResultSet.CONCUR_READ_ONLY);

2. TYPE_SCROLL_INSENSITIVE:
o Allows the cursor to move both forward and backward.
o The result set is not sensitive to changes made to the underlying data after the query is
executed.
o Example:

java
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Statement stmt = conn.createStatement(ResultSet.TYPE_SCROLL_INSENSITIVE,
ResultSet.CONCUR_READ_ONLY);

3. TYPE_SCROLL_SENSITIVE:
o Allows the cursor to move forward and backward, and it is sensitive to changes in the
underlying data.
o If the data changes after the query, the result set will reflect the changes.
o Example:

java
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Statement stmt = conn.createStatement(ResultSet.TYPE_SCROLL_SENSITIVE,
ResultSet.CONCUR_READ_ONLY);

d) Explain features of Swing (any 5).

Answer:

Swing is a GUI toolkit in Java that provides a rich set of features for building user interfaces.

1. Lightweight Components:
o Swing components do not rely on native GUI components of the underlying operating
system. They are written entirely in Java.
o Example: JButton, JLabel, JTextField.
2. Pluggable Look and Feel:
o Swing supports different "look and feels," allowing the user interface to resemble the style of
different operating systems (e.g., Windows, Motif, or cross-platform styles).
3. Event Handling:
o Swing provides a robust event handling mechanism for user interactions. Events like button
clicks or mouse movements can be easily captured and processed.
4. Rich Set of Components:
o Swing provides a variety of advanced GUI components, such as tables (JTable), text areas
(JTextArea), and trees (JTree).
5. Built-in Layout Managers:
 o Swing supports several layout managers (e.g., FlowLayout, BorderLayout, GridLayout,
etc.) that help in arranging components in a container.

e) Explain any four methods of the StringBuffer class with proper syntax.

Answer:

1. append(String str):
o Adds the specified string to the end of the current string buffer.

java
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StringBuffer sb = new StringBuffer("Hello");
sb.append(" World");
System.out.println(sb); // Output: Hello World

2. insert(int offset, String str):

o Inserts the specified string at the specified position in the current string buffer.

java
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StringBuffer sb = new StringBuffer("Hello");
sb.insert(5, " World");
System.out.println(sb); // Output: Hello World

3. delete(int start, int end):

o Deletes the characters from the specified start index to the end index.

java
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StringBuffer sb = new StringBuffer("Hello World");
sb.delete(5, 11);
System.out.println(sb); // Output: Hello

4. reverse():
o Reverses the contents of the string buffer.

java
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StringBuffer sb = new StringBuffer("Hello");
sb.reverse();
System.out.println(sb); // Output: olleH

f) How to implement Interface? Explain with example.

Answer:

An interface in Java is a collection of abstract methods. A class implements an interface to define the
behavior specified by the interface.

To implement an interface:

1. Define an interface with abstract methods.

2. Use the implements keyword in a class.
3. Implement the methods defined in the interface.
Example:

java
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// Interface definition
interface Animal {
void sound(); // Abstract method
}

// Class implementing the interface

class Dog implements Animal {
public void sound() {
System.out.println("Woof");
}
}

public class Main {

public static void main(String[] args) {
Dog dog = new Dog();
dog.sound(); // Output: Woof
}
}

g) What is a constructor? How many types of constructors are present in Java?

Answer:

A constructor is a special method in a class that is invoked when an object of that class is created. It
initializes the object.

Types of Constructors:

1. Default Constructor:
o A constructor that takes no arguments. It is automatically provided by Java if no constructors
are explicitly defined.
o Example:

java
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class MyClass {
MyClass() {
System.out.println("Default Constructor");
}
}

2. Parameterized Constructor:
o A constructor that takes arguments and allows initializing objects with specific values.
o Example:

java
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class MyClass {
int x;
MyClass(int value) {
x = value;
}
}

Q4) Answer the following in detailed and with example (Any Five): [5 × 5 = 25]
a) Write a Java program that accepts array elements and prints the average of all elements.

Answer:

java
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import java.util.Scanner;

public class AverageOfArray {

public static void main(String[] args) {
Scanner sc = new Scanner(System.in);

// Taking input for array size

System.out.print("Enter the number of elements: ");
int n = sc.nextInt();

// Creating an array of size n

int[] arr = new int[n];

// Inputting array elements

System.out.println("Enter the elements: ");
int sum = 0;
for (int i = 0; i < n; i++) {
arr[i] = sc.nextInt();
sum += arr[i];
}

// Calculating the average

double average = (double) sum / n;
System.out.println("The average of the elements is: " + average);
}
}

Explanation:

• The program first accepts the size of the array.

• Then, it takes input for the array elements, calculates the sum, and computes the average by dividing
the sum by the number of elements.
• Finally, the average is printed.

b) Explain any five classes of the Collection Framework?

Answer:

1. ArrayList:
o A resizable array implementation of the List interface.
o Allows dynamic resizing and provides fast random access.
o Example:

java
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ArrayList<String> list = new ArrayList<>();
list.add("Java");
list.add("Python");

2. HashSet:
o Implements the Set interface and stores unique elements.
 o Does not maintain any order.
o Example:

java
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HashSet<Integer> set = new HashSet<>();
set.add(10);
set.add(20);

3. LinkedList:
o Implements the List interface and allows inserting elements at any position.
o Provides better performance than ArrayList for operations like insertion and deletion.
o Example:

java
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LinkedList<String> linkedList = new LinkedList<>();
linkedList.add("First");
linkedList.add("Second");

4. HashMap:
o Implements the Map interface and stores key-value pairs.
o Allows quick lookup of values by key.
o Example:

java
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HashMap<String, Integer> map = new HashMap<>();
map.put("John", 25);
map.put("Emma", 30);

5. TreeSet:
o A Set implementation that stores elements in sorted order.
o Example:

java
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TreeSet<Integer> treeSet = new TreeSet<>();
treeSet.add(50);
treeSet.add(20);
treeSet.add(10);

c) What is an event? How to handle events in AWT? Explain with an example.

Answer:

• Event: An event is an action that occurs in response to user interaction, such as clicking a button,
typing a key, or moving the mouse. In AWT (Abstract Window Toolkit), events are objects that
represent user interactions.
• Event Handling in AWT:
o In AWT, events are handled by defining event listeners. These listeners implement specific
interfaces, such as ActionListener for button clicks or MouseListener for mouse events.

Example:

java
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import java.awt.*;
import java.awt.event.*;

public class ButtonClickExample {

public static void main(String[] args) {
Frame frame = new Frame("Event Handling Example");
Button button = new Button("Click Me");

// Add ActionListener to button

button.addActionListener(new ActionListener() {
public void actionPerformed(ActionEvent e) {
System.out.println("Button was clicked!");
}
});

frame.add(button);
frame.setSize(300, 200);
frame.setLayout(new FlowLayout());
frame.setVisible(true);
}
}

Explanation:

• ActionListener is used to handle the button click event.

• When the user clicks the button, the message "Button was clicked!" is printed.

d) Explain various types of JDBC. Discuss advantages and disadvantages of each.

Answer:

1. JDBC-ODBC Bridge Driver:

o The JDBC-ODBC bridge connects Java applications to databases through the ODBC driver.
o Advantages:
▪ Easy to implement.
▪ Works well with existing ODBC drivers.
o Disadvantages:
▪ Slow performance.
▪ Dependent on ODBC, which may not be available in all environments.
2. Native-API Driver (Partially Java Driver):
o Uses a database-specific API (e.g., Oracle's OCI driver) to communicate with the database.
o Advantages:
▪ Provides faster performance than the JDBC-ODBC bridge.
▪ Suitable for databases with native APIs.
o Disadvantages:
▪ Requires native libraries.
▪ Less portable as it is specific to the database.
3. Network Protocol Driver (Fully Java Driver):
o Uses a database-specific protocol to communicate with the database server.
o Advantages:
▪ Fully written in Java.
▪ Database independent.
o Disadvantages:
▪ Performance may be slower compared to native API drivers.
4. Thin Driver (Fully Java Driver):
o A type of network protocol driver that directly communicates with the database server using
Java.
o Advantages:
 ▪ Purely written in Java, making it portable.
▪ Fast and efficient.
o Disadvantages:
▪ Depends on the vendor’s specific protocol.

e) What is a servlet? Explain the types of servlets in detail.

Answer:

• Servlet: A servlet is a Java class that extends the capabilities of servers. It runs on a server and
handles requests from clients (usually web browsers). It can generate dynamic content like HTML.

Types of Servlets:

1. Generic Servlet:
o The GenericServlet class implements the Servlet interface and provides default behavior
for handling requests.
o Example:

java
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public class MyServlet extends GenericServlet {
public void service(ServletRequest req, ServletResponse res) throws
ServletException, IOException {
// Code to handle request
}
}

2. HTTP Servlet:
o A subclass of GenericServlet specifically designed for handling HTTP requests.
o Commonly used to create web applications.
o Methods like doGet(), doPost(), etc., are used to handle different HTTP methods.
o Example:

java
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public class MyHttpServlet extends HttpServlet {
protected void doGet(HttpServletRequest req, HttpServletResponse res) throws
ServletException, IOException {
// Handle GET request
}
}

f) Create a student table with fields (roll-no, name, percentage). Write a JDBC program to insert,
delete & display details.

Answer:

java
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import java.sql.*;

public class StudentJDBC {

public static void main(String[] args) {
try {
// Establish connection to the database
 Connection conn =
DriverManager.getConnection("jdbc:mysql://localhost:3306/yourdb", "root", "password");

// Create table if not exists

Statement stmt = conn.createStatement();
String createTableSQL = "CREATE TABLE IF NOT EXISTS student (roll_no INT
PRIMARY KEY, name VARCHAR(50), percentage DOUBLE)";
stmt.executeUpdate(createTableSQL);

// Insert data
String insertSQL = "INSERT INTO student (roll_no, name, percentage) VALUES
(?, ?, ?)";
PreparedStatement pstmt = conn.prepareStatement(insertSQL);
pstmt.setInt(1, 1);
pstmt.setString(2, "John");
pstmt.setDouble(3, 85.5);
pstmt.executeUpdate();

// Display data
String selectSQL = "SELECT * FROM student";
ResultSet rs = stmt.executeQuery(selectSQL);
while (rs.next()) {
System.out.println("Roll No: " + rs.getInt("roll_no") + ", Name: " +
rs.getString("name") + ", Percentage: " + rs.getDouble("percentage"));
}

// Delete data
String deleteSQL = "DELETE FROM student WHERE roll_no = ?";
pstmt = conn.prepareStatement(deleteSQL);
pstmt.setInt(1, 1);
pstmt.executeUpdate();

conn.close();
} catch (SQLException e) {
e.printStackTrace();
}
}
}

Explanation:

• The program creates a student table with columns roll_no, name, and percentage.
• It inserts a student record, displays all records, and then deletes a record.

g) Write a Java program that accepts a number from the user and displays the factorial of it (use
Swing & ActionListener).

Answer:

java
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import javax.swing.*;
import java.awt.*;
import java.awt.event.*;

public class FactorialSwing {

public static void main(String[] args) {
JFrame frame = new JFrame("Factorial Calculator");
frame.setSize(300, 200);
frame.setLayout(new FlowLayout());

JLabel label = new JLabel("Enter number:");

 JTextField textField = new JTextField(10);
JButton button = new JButton("Calculate Factorial");
JLabel resultLabel = new JLabel("Factorial: ");

button.addActionListener(new ActionListener() {
public void actionPerformed(ActionEvent e) {
int num = Integer.parseInt(textField.getText());
long factorial = 1;
for (int i = 1; i <= num; i++) {
factorial *= i;
}
resultLabel.setText("Factorial: " + factorial);
}
});

frame.add(label);
frame.add(textField);
frame.add(button);
frame.add(resultLabel);

frame.setVisible(true);
frame.setDefaultCloseOperation(JFrame.EXIT_ON_CLOSE);
}
}

Explanation:

• This program creates a simple Swing interface where the user can input a number and click a button
to calculate its factorial.
• An ActionListener is used to trigger the calculation and display the result in a label.