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Market analysis in a Restructured power system with TCSC by LMP calculation

Conference Paper · July 2020

DOI: 10.1109/CISPSSE49931.2020.9212276

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 IEEE International Conference on Computational Intelligence for Smart Power System and Sustainable Energy (CISPSSE-2020), July 29-31, 2020, Odisha, India

Market analysis in a Restructured power system with

TCSC by LMP calculation
Ashish Singh Aashish Kumar Bohre
Department of Electrical Engineering Department of Electrical Engineering
National Institute of Technology National Institute of Technology
Durgapur, India Durgapur, India
ashish.singh.nitdgp@gmail.com aashishkumar.bohre@ee.nitdgp.ac.in

Abstract—In a transmission line, congestion is caused due take year to build. In a restructured market, congestion
to overloading of the line and is significant challenges in a management is important issues. Whenever the actual flow
deregulated power system. LMP is obtained by linear in an inter-regional link or corridor more than available
programming formulation, and GSF is discussed. This paper transfer capability (ATC) and violate the security
consists of detailed electricity market analysis of a
deregulated power system during the base, N-1, N-2
constraints, then a warning notice is issued by the Regional
contingency cases, with TCSC considering N-1, N-2 is Load Dispatch Center (RLDC) and communicated to the
discussed. Also, this article discusses the optimum location of National Load Dispatch Center (NLDC) and respective
TCSC and its parameters in different contingency cases using entities. Proper measures should be taken to avoid the
particle swarm optimization (PSO). This paper the presents congestion within a certain time block, and a congestion
the TCSC optimal location problem with maximization of charge is levied. Congestion charges are decided by Central
benefits in addition to minimize the congestion cost. The Electricity Regulatory Commission (CERC) in real-time
techno-economic benefits of TCSC in the IEEE-14 bus system operation which varies time to time and levied on over-
are also analyzed and discussed. drawl and under-drawl in the importing and exporting
Keywords - Active Power flow, locational marginal pricing control area respectively. Congestion increases the overall
(LMP),Total losses ,voltage deviation . cost of energy exchange. Indian Energy Exchange has
changed the whole electricity market, and trading is done
I. INTRODUCTION on a real-time basis. According to Indian Energy Exchange
(IEX), nearly 0.20 Billion units of volume of electricity that
With the deregulation in the Electricity market, the could have been cleared and hence not scheduled because
whole market is getting a drastic transform. Nowadays a of congestion in the fiscal year 2017-18.
new player is coming in the market and contributing to the Presently in a competitive energy market there a two
market in every aspect, i.e. generation, transmission, pricing structures.
distribution, revenues etc. With the deregulated market a) Uniform Pricing methods/ market clearing price
structure, the private player is contributing to the grid (MCP)
without maintaining the power quality leads to poor power b) Non- Uniform Pricing methods/Locational marginal
quality. Still, there is a wider gap between load demand and pricing (LMP)
the generation. Some of the Indian states are surplus of In MCP, the entire generators are charged at a fixed rate
electricity supply and are trading with other states. Yet without congestion based on their marginal generator.
many traders are demanding more load than the existing In LMP, nodal price is calculated based on the marginal
capacity on the line. Congestion is the condition when there cost to supply additional increment of power within the
overloading of the line beyond its transfer capability limit security constraints. All the generator cost varies according
leading to violation of constraints, exceeds the thermal to location due to the additional cost of congestion. LMP is
limits and which occur because of overloading of the line, the amount for additional one MW at a certain node.
contingency condition etc. Congestion leads to power loss, Degree of the congested line across the link is decided by
adverse voltage profile, thermal violation these may the difference in the LMP across the buses. More the
damage the line and leads to failure of the existing system. congested line, the variation of LMP is higher. Flexible
Congestion must be relieved or avoided for the secure Alternating Current Transmission System (FACTS)
optimal power flow, enhance power quality, prevent controller helps in reducing the difference in the LMP
equipment failure and avoid further black-out [1]. across buses. FACTS help to mitigate the congestion and
Congestion must be avoided by establishing a new
transmission line but establishing a new transmission line

978-1-7281-7274-3/20/$31.00 ©2020 IEEE

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IEEE International Conference on Computational Intelligence for Smart Power System and Sustainable Energy (CISPSSE-2020), July 29-31, 2020, Odisha, India

also enhance the capability of the line. FACTS device are is used to solve the entire set of power flow equations
used for compensation of the reactive power in the system. simultaneously [5].
Due to the higher cost of Thyristor-Controlled Series min 𝑓(𝑥) (8)
Compensation (TCSC), its optimal location, setting value ℎ(𝑥) = 0 (9)
is decided in the line for minimizing the cost, reducing the 𝑔(𝑥) ≤ 0 (10)
congestion and for the secure operation of the transmission
line. TCSC was first installed in 400kV for SSR mitigation Here, f(x) is the objective function, h(x) is equality
in Sweden. In India, TCSC is first installed in the year 2004 constraints of the power balance equations, and the
at Rourkela – Raipur 400 kV line. inequality constraints g(x) are the branch flow limits.
II. LMP AND SENSITIVITY FACTOR The optimal power flow (OPF) based on the NR-
method, which minimizes total generation cost 𝐶𝑓 . The
A) GSF total generation cost defined as a second-order polynomial
GSF is a sensitivity factor that measures the line MW generation cost function. The cost function based on the
flows to an MW transfer and are employed to determine the active and reactive power generation cost is[6]:
variation of the flows in line (i to k line) due to any 𝐶(𝑃𝐺 ) = 𝑎 + 𝑏 × 𝑃𝐺 + 𝑐 × 𝑃𝐺2 (11)
transaction at a bus (bus s to bus i) [2].
∆𝑃𝑖𝑗 𝐶(𝑄𝐺 ) = 𝑎′ + 𝑏′ × 𝑄𝐺 + 𝑐′ × 𝑄𝐺2 (12)
𝐺𝑆𝐹𝐺 = (1)
∆𝑃𝐺𝑔
𝑔 (13)
B) Locational Marginal Pricing (LMP) 𝐶𝑓 = 𝑚𝑖𝑛 ∑(𝐶(𝑃𝐺 ) + 𝐶(𝑄𝐺 ))
𝑘=1
At a specific bus, LMP is the marginal cost of supplying
the next increment of electric energy considering the State Variables: The representation of state vector x and its
generation marginal cost and the physical aspects of the control variable vectors are given as:
system[3]. The LMP can be given as [4]: δ
LMP = Equivalent generation marginal cost + total 𝑉𝑚
marginal losses cost + total cost of congestion 𝑥= 𝑃 (14)
𝑔
𝐿𝑀𝑃𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑦 = 𝜆 (2)
[𝑄𝑔 ]
𝜆 = 𝐸𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑦 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑡 Objective function f(x) is the summation of the individual
For Fixed Bids polynomial cost function.
2 (3) (1) Equality constraints
𝐸𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑦 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑡 = 𝑎𝑖 + 𝑏𝑖 𝑃𝐺𝑖 + 𝑐𝑖 𝑃𝐺𝑖
The equality constraints are represented by the balanced
load flow equations:
For Linear Bids 𝑁𝐵
2 (4)
𝐸𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑦 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑡 = 𝑏𝑖 𝑃𝐺𝑖 + 𝑐𝑖 𝑃𝐺𝑖 𝑃𝐺𝑖 − 𝑃𝐷𝑖 = ∑ |𝑉𝑖 |(𝐺𝑖𝑗 cos 𝛿𝑖𝑗 + 𝐵𝑖𝑗 sin 𝛿𝑖𝑗 ) (15)
Where 𝑗=1
𝑃𝐺𝑖 = 𝑔𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑜𝑟 𝑜𝑢𝑡𝑝𝑢𝑡 𝑎𝑡 𝑏𝑢𝑠 𝑖
𝑎𝑖 , 𝑏𝑖 , 𝑐𝑖 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑡 𝑐𝑜𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑠 𝑁𝐵
Total cost reductions 𝑄𝐺𝑖 − 𝑄𝐷𝑖 = ∑ |𝑉𝑖 |(𝐺𝑖𝑗 cos 𝛿𝑖𝑗 + 𝐵𝑖𝑗 sin 𝛿𝑖𝑗 ) (16)
𝛽𝑘 = (5)
Changes of constraint′s flows 𝑗=1

𝐿𝑀𝑃𝐶𝑂𝑁𝐺𝐸𝑆𝑇𝐼𝑂𝑁 = ∑𝐺𝑆𝐹𝑖𝑘 𝛽𝑘 (6) Where, 𝑃𝐺𝑖 is generated active , 𝑄𝐺𝑖 is reactive power ,
𝐿𝑀𝑃𝐿𝑂𝑆𝑆 = (𝐷𝐹𝑖 − 1)𝐿𝑀𝑃𝑟𝑒𝑓 (7) 𝑃𝐷𝑖 is active load demand and 𝑄𝐷𝑖 is reactive load demand
at bus i. 𝐺𝑖𝑗 is conductance and 𝐵𝑖𝑗 is susceptance between
𝐷𝐹𝑖 = ith bus delivery factor with respect to reference bus bus i and bus j.
𝐺𝑆𝐹𝑖𝑘 = the generation shift factor of bus i on line k
k= set of congested lines (2) Inequality constraints
𝛽𝑘 = line 𝑘 constraint cost The inequality constraints can be classified as follows:

III. OPTIMAL POWER FLOW (OPF) a) Voltage constraints:

The bus voltage at the load bus is maintained within
Optimal power flow (OPF) is a method to solve the load limits, which is as follows:
flow problem considering security constraints. In this 𝑉𝑖,𝑚𝑖𝑛 ≤ 𝑉𝑖 ≤ 𝑉𝑖,𝑚𝑎𝑥
paper, the OPF concept is used for the contingency cases Where, i=1,...,….Nb; and Nb = number of buses
with the operation of TCSC. Minimization of total capacity 𝑉𝑖,𝑚𝑖𝑛 = bus i minimum voltage magnitude limits

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IEEE International Conference on Computational Intelligence for Smart Power System and Sustainable Energy (CISPSSE-2020), July 29-31, 2020, Odisha, India

𝑉𝑖,𝑚𝑎𝑥 = bus i maximum voltage magnitude limits TCSC is a series devices used to compensate line series
reactance in the transmission line [9]. TCSC comprise of a
b) Generators active power output capacitor in parallel with the TCR which allows smooth
𝑃𝑗,𝑚𝑖𝑛 ≤ 𝑃𝑗 ≤ 𝑃𝑗,𝑚𝑎𝑥 control wide range of fundamental frequency capacitive
Where, j=1......Ng; and Ng = number of generator) reactance. For full insulation every phase of the capacitor
c) Generators reactive power output bank is mounted on a platform with the ground. For
𝑄𝑗,𝑚𝑖𝑛 ≤ 𝑄𝑗 ≤ 𝑄𝑗,𝑚𝑎𝑥 protection of the capacitor from the overvoltage a metal
Where j=1..., Ng (Ng is the number of generators) oxide varistor (MOV) is connected across it. TCSC help in
Equality constraint is referred to equation (15) and achieving good voltage profile, mitigating the SSR in the
inequality constraints consist of transmission line thermal transmission line, damping of active power oscillation
constraint and bus voltage constraint. dynamic power flow control and improving the post
contingency stability. In an interconnected power system,
IV. Thyristor-Controlled Series Compensation(TCSC) with overloading or outage, there is power transfer from one
region to another creating congestion in a transmission line
Series Capacitor compensation is used to increases to avoid this new transmission line is to build. The building
power transfer capability of lines and also to improve the of a new transmission line takes year, so TCSC is connected
voltage profile of the line at a lower investment cost in the to avoid the congestion and connected in between two
existing transmission line. But the problem with the series regions. The TCSC is used to optimize the power flow
capacitor is the sub-synchronous resonance (SSR). SSR between areas of variable loads and different network
occurs when there is a power exchange with the generator configurations. TCSC is a series reactance, and the
turbine with more than one frequency below the reactance limit is assumed as [10]:
synchronous frequency this may lead to torsional oscillation -0.8xl< xc<0.2xl
in the turbine generator shaft system which may ultimately Where xl: reactance of branch in which TCSC is placed.
break the generator turbine shaft [7]. TCSC placed in India xc: TCSC reactance connected in a branch.
and TCSC schematically diagram is shown in Table 1 and
fig 1 respectively. V. Objective Function

TABLE I : TCSC INSTALLED IN INDIA[8] • Voltage Deviation Index (𝑉𝐷𝐼𝑛𝑑𝑒𝑥 )

Installati Places Configuratio Capacity Reason Considering the voltage constraints an objective
on Year n function is taken with reference to base voltage
2004 At Raipur of , 2 x TCSC 400 kV, System (𝑉𝑇𝐶𝑆𝐶 − 𝑉𝑟𝑒𝑓 )
Rourkela – + 394 MVaR damping 𝑉𝐷𝐼𝑛𝑑𝑒𝑥 = (17)
Raipur 400 2 x FC FC and 71 𝑉𝑟𝑒𝑓
kV D/c line; MVaR 𝑉𝑇𝐶𝑆𝐶 =Voltage after TCSC is connected
(412 km) TCSC,
Power Grid 1,550 A 𝑉𝑟𝑒𝑓 =Reference Voltage
Corporation Objective is to minimize the 𝑉𝐷𝐼𝑛𝑑𝑒𝑥
of India, Ltd • Cost Index(𝐶𝑇𝐶𝑆𝐶 ) and Generation Cost (Cf)
(PGCIL)
2006 At Gorakhpur 2 x FC 420 kV, System TCSC cost function is given as
of, + 716 MVaR damping 𝐶𝑇𝐶𝑆𝐶 = 0.0015𝑆 2 − 0.713𝑆 + 153.75 (18)
Muzaffarpur 2 x TCSC FC and 107 𝑆 = |𝑄TCSC − 𝑄𝑜𝑢𝑡𝑎𝑔𝑒 | (19)
– Gorakhpur MVaR
400 kV D/c TCSC
line, (242 km) (𝐶𝑓 + 𝐶𝑇𝐶𝑆𝐶 ) (20)
PGCIL 𝐶𝐼𝑛𝑑𝑒𝑥 =
𝐶𝑡
2006 At Purnea of 2 x FC 420 kV, System
Purnea – + 743 MVaR damping
𝑄TCSC =Reactive Power in the branch with TCSC
Muzaffarpur 2 x TCSC FC and 112 𝑄outage =Reactive Power with outage
400 kV D/c MVaR 𝐶𝑡 =Objective Cost function (Revenue) base case
line, (233 km) TCSC
Cf= total generation cost in equation (13)
PGCIL
CTCSC :TCSC investment cost in $/KVar
Objective is to minimize the 𝐶𝐼𝑛𝑑𝑒𝑥 , cost of TCSC
and total generation cost

• Power Losses (𝑆𝐿𝑜𝑠𝑠𝐼𝑛𝑑𝑒𝑥 )

𝑆𝐿𝑂𝑆𝑆𝑇𝐶𝑆𝐶
𝑆𝐿𝑜𝑠𝑠𝐼𝑛𝑑𝑒𝑥 = (21)
𝑆𝐿𝑂𝑆𝑆𝑜𝑢𝑡𝑎𝑔𝑒
Figure 1: TCSC Circuit Diagram 𝑆𝐿𝑂𝑆𝑆𝑇𝐶𝑆𝐶 =Total losses after TCSC is connected
𝑆𝐿𝑂𝑆𝑆𝐵𝑎𝑠𝑒 =Total losses after contingency case
Objective is to minimize the 𝑆𝐼𝑛𝑑𝑒𝑥

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• Multi-Objective Function 𝑤𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 0.4 (minimum weight)

A fitness function is formed by giving weighting factor 𝑖𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑒𝑛𝑡 = current iteration number.
to cost index, voltage deviation index, power losses and 𝑖𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑚𝑎𝑥 = maximum iteration number
generation cost .Summation of all the weighting factor is Greater the value of w, more is the global search ability.
equal to 1. Smaller the value of w, more is the local search ability. The
𝑓 = 0.5𝑉𝐷𝐼𝑛𝑑𝑒𝑥 +0.2𝑆𝐿𝑂𝑆𝑆𝐼𝑛𝑑𝑒𝑥 +0.3𝐶𝐼𝑛𝑑𝑒𝑥 (22) update the new particles by equation (27)
The objective is to minimize the fitness function by 𝑠𝑖𝑘+1 = 𝑠𝑖𝑘 + 𝑣𝑖𝑘+1 (25)
using PSO and correspondingly the optimal location and The proposed flowchart of PSO for optimal location of
setting value of TCSC is obtained in a branch. TCSC at a branch and its optimal location is shown in fig
2.
VI. PROPOSED METHODOLOGY

a. CONGESTION
In this paper, congestion is created arbitrarily by the
outage of the line(N-1 case by the outage of branch 9 and
N-2 cases by the outage of two branches i.e. branch 9,
branch 13) and increasing the load. With the outage, the
power transfer is through a different route and creating
overloading in the transmission line. If the overloading is
prevailing for long, this may create the thermal heating in
the transmission line, which may damage the existing
transmission line and further leading to the blackout of the
whole region.

b. PARTICLE SWARM OPTIMIZATION (PSO)

PSO is a robust stochastic optimization technique
developed by R. Eberhart and J. Kennedy in year 1995
based on the movement and intelligence of swarms. The
basic concept of social interaction is used in PSO for
problem-solving. Swarms are used as particles in PSO
which are moving in the search area to find the best
solution. Every particle moves towards the new position by
updating the velocity based on self-experience, which
termed as Pbest. The Gbest is global best value obtained so far
by any particle in that population. Each particle updates the Figure 2:Flow Chart of PSO
current position and velocity according to Pbest [11-12].
Then the best values are obtained and the particles are VII. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
updated on the basis of swarm positions and velocity. The
velocity of each particle is updated by equation (25) OPF is solved for IEEE-14 bus system taking Bus 1 as
𝑣𝑖𝑘+1 = 𝑤 × 𝑣𝑖 + 𝑐1 × 𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑑1 (23) a slack bus. Price consider in this paper calculated through
× (𝑃𝑏𝑒𝑠𝑡𝑖 − 𝑠𝑖𝑘 ) LMP ($/MWH). One dollar is consider as 73.84 Rupee as
+ 𝑐2 × 𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑑2 of March-2020.
CASE 1:BASE CASE
× (𝐺𝑏𝑒𝑠𝑡𝑖 − 𝑠𝑖𝑘 )
𝑘+1
Duration: 1.00 hours
Where, 𝑣𝑖 = particles i velocity at iteration k Detailed market analysis for base case is shown in Table
𝑤 = weight function 2.
𝑐1 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑐2 =learning factor or weight coefficient both equal
to 2 TABLE II:MARKET ANALYSIS AND GENERATOR
𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑑1 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑑2 = random number between 0 and 1 RESCHEDULING IN BASE CASE
GEN. PRICE Revenue Fixed+
𝑠𝑖𝑘 = Current position of particles i at iteration k At BUS Pg Variable
Earning
𝑃𝑏𝑒𝑠𝑡𝑖 = Local best of particles in the current iteration ($/MWH) ($) ($)
NO. cost ($)
𝐺𝑏𝑒𝑠𝑡𝑖 = global best found by the particles up till the 1 199.44 36.747 7328.78 5700.35 1628.43
current iteration 2 28 38.447 1076.51 756 320.51
Weight function formula is as in equation (26) 3 30.62 40.6 1243.21 1234.22 9
(𝑤𝑚𝑎𝑥 − 𝑤𝑚𝑖𝑛 ) 6 0 39.785 -0.02 -0.02 0
𝑤 = 𝑤𝑚𝑎𝑥 − × 𝑖𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑒𝑛𝑡 (24) 8 10.26 40.2 412.44 411.44 1
𝑖𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑚𝑎𝑥
𝑤𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 0.9 (maximum weight) TOTAL 268.32 10060.9 8101.99 1958.94

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CASE 2: N-1 Contingency Case In IEEE-14 Bus

A line outage is created arbitrarily at branch 9 (in-between

bus 4- bus 9). Dispatch period duration: 1.00 hours.
TABLE III :MARKET ANALYSIS AND GENERATOR
RESCHEDULING IN N-1 CONTINGENCY CASE
GEN PRICE Revenue Fixed+
Earning
At BUS Pg Variable
($/MWH) ($) ($)
NO. cost ($)
1 199.44 36.689 7317.29 5700.35 1616.95
2 28 38.389 1074.9 756 318.9
3 27.35 40.6 1110.24 1101.31 8.93
6 0 39.572 -0.02 -0.02 0
Figure 4:Active Power Flow in Base, N-1 and TCSC with N-1 case
8 13.58 40.2 545.9 545.03 0.87
TOTAL 268.36 10048.3 8102.66 1945.65 The congested line N-1 contingency case is branch 10
(in between bus 5-bus 6) and branch 14 (in between bus 7-
With the N-1 contingency, the LMP at generator bus is bus 8). With the placement of TCSC at a branch, its
changed. Change in the generation due to the rescheduling enhance the active power flow through that branch as
of the generators. Further, the revenue collected is shown in fig 4.
decreased. The earning decreases due to congestion.

CASE 3: TCSC with N-1 contingency

TABLE IV : MARKET ANALYSIS AND GENERATOR
RESCHEDULING IN TCSC WITH N-1 CONTINGENCY CASE
GEN PRICE Revenue Fixed+
Earning
At BUS Pg Variable
($/MWH) ($) ($)
NO. cost ($)
1 199.44 36.738 7326.95 5700.35 1626.6
2 28 38.437 1076.24 756 320.24
3 30.04 40.6 1219.55 1210.55 9
6 0 39.732 -0.02 -0.02 0 Figure 5:Reactive Power Flow in Base, N-1 and TCSC with N-1 case
8 10.84 40.2 435.77 434.78 0.99
TOTAL 268.32 10058.5 8101.66 1956.83 With the placement of TCSC at branch, it compensate
the reactive power through that branch as shown in fig 5.
With the TCSC, the LMP is changed, and the generator
is rescheduled. The revenue earned is more as compared to
the N-1 contingency, and accordingly, the profit is more.

Figure 6: Losses in Base, N-1 and TCSC with N-1 case

With the N-1 contingency, the total losses in a system
is increased . TCSC results in a reduction in total losses in
an IEEE-14 bus system as shown in fig 6.
TABLE V :BRANCH REACTANCE DETAILS IN CONTINGENCY
CASES AND TCSC VALUE
BRANCH BASE N-1 TCSC TCSC
No. Reacta Reactance With N-1 Setting
nce xl Reactance Value
Figure 3:Voltage Profile in Base,N-1 and TCSC with N-1 case
9 0.5562 OUTAGE OUTAGE
(bus 4-bus9)
There is a large violation of bus voltage with the N-1
15 xl= xl= (xl +xc)= xc= -0.077
contingency. With the placement of TCSC in a system (bus 7-bus 9 ) 0.1100 0.1100 0.0330 (In capacitive
there is greater improvement of the voltage profile as region )
shown in fig 3.

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With the TCSC, the LMP is changed and the generator

The capital cost of TCSC 152.7369($/kVar). is rescheduled. The revenue earned is more as compared to
N-1 contingency (an outage of one branch in-between the N-2 contingency and profit is more as compared to N-
bus 4 and bus 9) ,the optimal location of TCSC is obtained 2 contingency. Also, the maximum profit and revenue are
through PSO optimization technique. The optimal location collected at the base case with the contingency the income
obtained is in branch no. 15 (in between bus 7- bus 9) and and earnings is less. With the outage of more than one
the TCSC setting value is 0.077 (p.u) in the capacitive value branch the congestion is more thus the earning will be less.
through PSO as shown in Table 5. TCSC is used to relieve the congestion also with the help
of TCSC the voltage profile is improved, and the revenue
CASE 4: N-2 CONTINGENCY CASE IN IEEE-14 BUS collection is increased.
N-2 contingency means outage of two branches. Here
branch 9 (in-between bus 4-bus 9) and 13 (in-between bus
6-bus 13 ), are outage to create the congestion. With the
increase in the outage of more line, the system tends toward
instablility and violation of security constraints. Its violates
the thermal limits of a branch. With TCSC the voltage
profile is greatly improved, and the system tends toward
stability. Market analysis for N-2 contingency case is
shown in Table 6.
TABLE VI :MARKET ANALYSIS AND GENERATOR
RESCHEDULING IN N-2 CONTINGENCY CASE Figure 7: Voltage Profile in Base,N-2 and TCSC with N-2 case
GEN PRICE Revenue Fixed &
Earning With the N-2 there is voltage dip in a system, and this
At Bus Pg Variable
($/MWH) ($) ($)
No. cost ($) voltage dip is more than the N-1 contingency case. More
1 199.44 36.559 7291.26 5700.35 1590.91 the voltage variation, the thermal limit of the line will reach
to its maximum limit and its threat the security of the
2 28 38.271 1071.59 756 315.59
system. With TCSC, there is an improvement in the voltage
3 21.98 40.6 892.27 883.91 8.36 profile as shown in fig 7.
6 0 39.216 -0.02 -0.02 0

8 19.94 40.215 802.04 801.73 0.31

TOTAL 269.36 10057.1 8141.97 1915.17

With the N-2 contingency, the LMP at generator bus

and generation is changed for optimal power flow. Its
calculated that the revenue is decreased and accordingly the
profit collected is also less.

CASE 5: TCSC with N-2 contingency case

Detailed market analysis for the TCSC case is shown in Figure 8: Active Power Flow in Base,N-2 and TCSC with N-2 case
table 7.
The congested line N-2 contingency case is branch 10
TABLE VII :MARKET ANALYSIS AND GENERATOR (in-between bus 5-bus 6) and branch 12 (in-between bus 6-
RESCHEDULING IN TCSC WITH N-2 CONTINGENCY CASE bus 12). With the placement of TCSC at branch 17 (bus 9-
GEN PRICE Revenue
At
Fixed+
Earning
bus 14) the active power of the system is increased as
Pg Variable shown in fig 8.
BUS ($/MWH) ($) ($)
cost ($)
NO.
1 199.44 36.576 7294.72 5700.34 1594.38

2 28 38.287 1072.05 756 316.05

3 22.88 40.6 928.81 920.31 8.49

6 0 39.28 -0.01 -0.01 0

8 18.95 40.205 761.91 761.62 0.29

TOTAL 269.27 10057.5 8138.27 1919.21

Figure 9: Reactive Power Flow in Base,N-2 and TCSC with N-2 case

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IEEE International Conference on Computational Intelligence for Smart Power System and Sustainable Energy (CISPSSE-2020), July 29-31, 2020, Odisha, India

With the placement of TCSC at branch 17 (bus 9-bus 14) done at base case, N-1, N-2 contingency and with TCSC at
the reactive power of the system is compensated. N-1, N-2 case in IEEE-14 bus system. In this paper, PSO
based approach is used to find out the optimal location of
TCSC. The multi-objective function formed by to
minimization of the cost of TCSC, voltage deviation, losses
and generation cost in a system. Optimal location of TCSC,
its cost and the setting value in N-1, N-2 contingency cases
is obtained through PSO optimization technique. With
outage in a system the total losses is increases and with
TCSC the losses are reduced. With TCSC the active power
Figure 10: Losses in Base,N-2 and TCSC with N-2 case carrying capability of the line is increased and reactive
power compensation is done. With TCSC the voltage
With the N-2 contingency, the losses are higher even it profile in both cases N-1,N-2 outage cases is improved by
is higher than N-1 contingency case. With the TCSC the a greater margin and thus securing the whole transmission
losses are reduced as shown in fig 10. Here branch 9 and line from its thermal limits. Results of the proposed
13, are outage to create the congestion. ,methodology is obtained for the IEEE 14 bus system.
The optimal location obtained through PSO is in branch no.
17 i.e. (between bus 9 and bus 14) and the TCSC setting References
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