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GENCHEM1 Q2 Lesson 1 3

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GENCHEM1 Q2 Lesson 1 3

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yamadacodm
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LESSON 1

Quantum Numbers
QUANTUM
Review of History of Atomic Model
At the end of the period the learners are
expected to
• Explain the four types of quantum numbers
and the role in determining the position and
energy of an electron in an atom;
• Demonstrate an appreciation for the role of
quantum numbers in understanding atomic
structures; and
• Accurately illustrate the spatial orientation of
orbitals.
Quantum Number
The set of numbers used to describe the position and energy of the electron in an atom

There are four quantum numbers, namely, principal quantum numbers, angular
momentum quantum number, magnetic quantum number, and spin quantum
number.

Orbital - three-dimensional region


surrounding the nucleus and represents the
probable location of the electrons

Shell - composed of a set of orbitals that have


the same principal number.
Quantum Number
Principal Quantum Number (n)

• It describes the size and energy


of the orbital and relative
distance from the nucleus.
• The possible values of n are
positive integers (1, 2, 3, 4 and
so on).
• The smaller the value of n, the
lower the energy, and the closer
to the orbital is to the nucleus.
Quantum Number
Angular Momentum Quantum Number (l)

• It that describe the shape of the orbitals.


• Its value is related to the principle quantum number and has
allowed value of 0 to (n-1).
• Things to remember:
(a) If l = 0, then the orbital is called an s-orbital and has a
spherical shape.
(b) If l = 1, then the orbital is called a p-orbital with two lobes of
high electron
density like an hourglass or dumbbell shape.
(c) If l = 2, then the orbital is a d-orbital with a variety of shapes.
(d) If l = 3, then the orbital is an f-orbital with more complex
shapes.
Quantum Number
Magnetic Quantum Number (ml)

• It describes the orientation of the orbital


sound around the nucleus.
• The possible values of ml depend upon the
value of the l quantum number.
• The allowed values for ml are -l though 0 to
+l.
• For example, for l = 3, the possible values of
ml would be -3, -2, -1, 0, +1, +2, +3. This is
why, for example if l = 1 (a p-orbital), there
are three p-orbitals (sublevels)
corresponding to ml values of -1, 0, +1.
Quantum Number
Spin Quantum Number (ms)

It indicates the direction the electron is


spinning. There are only two possible
values for ms: +1/2 and -1/2. When two
electrons are to occupy the same orbital,
then one must have an ms = +1/2 and the
other electron must have an ms = -1/2.
These are spin paired electrons.
Quantum Number
Quantum Number
Question 1: If n = 7, what are the possible values of l ?
Answer: Since l can be zero or a positive integer less than (n-1), it can have a value of
0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6.

Question 2: If n = 3 and l = 2, then what are the possible values of ?


Answer: Since ml must range from -l to +l , then ml can be: -2, -1, 0, 1, 2.

Question 3: List all the possible combinations of all four quantum numbers when n =
2, l = 1, and ml = 0.
Answer: The fourth quantum number is independent of the first three, allowing the
first three quantum numbers of two electrons to be the same. Since the spin can be
+1/2 or =-1/2, there are two combinations:
n = 2, l = 1, ml = 0, ms = +1/2 and
n = 2, l = 1, ml = 0 ms = -1/2
LESSON 2
Electron Configuration, Orbital
Diagrams and Magnetic Properties
Electron Configuration
Electron Configuration
It shows the distribution of electrons of an atom or a molecule.
Electron Configuration
Three Rules in Writing Electron
Configuration

1.The Aufbau principle


2.Hund’s rule of maximum
multiplicity
3.Pauli’s exclusion principle
Electron Configuration
The Aufbau principle: electrons fill
orbitals starting at the lowest available
energy state before filling higher states
(e.g., 1s before 2s).

Fluorine
9 electrons

1s22s22p5 ↑↓ ↑↓ ↑↓ ↑↓ ↑
Electron Configuration
Hund’s rule of maximum multiplicity: states that when
electrons occupy degenerate orbitals (i.e. same n and l quantum
numbers), they must first occupy the empty orbitals before double
occupying them.

Carbon
6 electrons

1s22s22p2
Electron Configuration
Pauli’s exclusion principle: states that, in an atom or
molecule, no two electrons can have the same four electronic
quantum numbers. As an orbital can contain a maximum of only
two electrons, the two electrons must have opposing spins. This
means if one is assigned an up-spin (+1/2), the other must be
down-spin (-1/2).
Electron Configuration
Abreviation = Noble gases + valence electron

• Noble gases - elements in group 18


• Valence electron - The electrons ccupying the outermost shell
orbital(s) (highest value of n)

Example: Sodium (Na)


Electron Configuration

Paramagnetism and Magnetism

Paramagnetism - slightly attracted to a


magnet
Diamagnetism – non – attraction/slight
repulsion to a magnet
Electron Configuration

Paramagnetism and Magnetism

How to tell if a Substance is Paramagnetic or


Diamagnetic?

unpaired electrons = paramagnetic


electrons are paired = diamagnetic
Electron Configuration
Electron Configuration
Electron Configuration

Write the electron configuration of…

K+ ↑↓ ↑↓ ↑↓ ↑↓ ↑↓ ↑↓ ↑↓ ↑↓ ↑↓ ↑

1s 2s 2p 3s 3p 4s

Loss of electron

↑↓ ↑↓ ↑↓ ↑↓ ↑↓ ↑↓ ↑↓ ↑↓ ↑↓

1s 2s 2p 3s 3p 4s
Electron Configuration

Write the electron configuration of…

Cl- ↑↓ ↑↓ ↑↓ ↑↓ ↑↓ ↑↓ ↑↓ ↑↓ ↑

1s 2s 2p 3s 3p

Gain of electron

↑↓ ↑↓ ↑↓ ↑↓ ↑↓ ↑↓ ↑↓ ↑↓ ↑↓

1s 2s 2p 3s 3p
LESSON 3
Lewis Dot Structure and Octet
Rule
Lewis Dot Structure
What is a Lewis Dot Structure?

• Introduced by Gilbert Newton Lewis in


1916
• Visual representation of valence electrons
and bonds
• Important for understanding bonding
patterns in atoms
Lewis Dot Structure
To write an element’s Lewis dot symbol, we
place dots representing its valence electrons,
one at a time, around the element’s chemical
symbol.

[Ne]3s23p4
Lewis Dot Structure
Lewis Dot Structure

Draw the Lewis Dot Structure of the


following elements:

Carbon
Magnesium
Sodium
Lewis Dot Structure

Lewis Structures for Ions


Lewis Dot Structure

Covalent Bonding

Atoms share electrons to form covalent


bonds
Lewis Dot Structure

What is the Octet Rule?

Atoms are most stable when they have 8


electrons in their valence shell (except
hydrogen)
Lewis Dot Structure

Types of Covalent Bonds

Single bond: One shared electron pair


Double bond: Two shared electron pairs
Triple bond: Three shared electron pairs
Lewis Dot Structure

Exceptions to the Octet Rule

Some molecules do not follow the octet


rule:
Odd number of electrons
Too few or too many valence electrons​
Lewis Dot Structure

Exceptions to the Octet Rule

Odd number of electrons – NO


Lewis Dot Structure

Exceptions to the Octet Rule

Too few or too many valence electrons

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