TVL- OAP 8

SECOND SEMESTER (Quarter 4) FINAL TERM

Module 3- Week 3
Organic Agriculture Production (OAP) 8
NUTRITION OF THE YOUNG GOAT: FROM BIRTH TO
WEANING

TVL – Grade 12

iii
Alternative Delivery Mode
Quarter 3 – Module 1: Identifying Suitable And Superior Breeds Of Goats
And Sheep.
First Edition, 2020

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Published by the DepEd Bayawan City Division

Schools Division Superintendent: Lelanie T. Cabrera

Development Team of this Module

Writer: Dorcas S. Panangganan
Josephine G. Jumawan
Zoraida V. Occeña
Editor:
Cover Illustrator:
Layout Artist:
Management Team: Salustiano T. Jimenez, EDD, JD, CESO V
Cristito A. Eco
Ma. Jesusa C. Despojo, PHD
Maurette F. Ponce
Lorenzo M. Arcon, EDD

Printed in the Philippines by ________________________

Department of Education – Region VII

Schools Division Office – Bayawan City

Office Address: __National Highway, Villareal ___

__Bayawan City, Negros Oriental ________
Telefax: __(035) 430 0529 ________________
E-mail Address: __bayawan.city@deped.gov.ph ______________
Introductory Message

iii
This Self-Learning Module (SLM) is prepared so that you, our
dear learners, can continue your studies and learn while at
home. Activities, questions, directions, exercises, and
discussions are carefully stated for you to understand each
lesson.

Each SLM is composed of different parts. Each part shall guide

you step-by-step as you discover and understand the lesson
prepared for you.

Pre-tests are provided to measure your prior knowledge on

lessons in each SLM. This will tell you if you need to proceed on
completing this module or if you need to ask your facilitator or
your teacher’s assistance for better understanding of the
lesson. At the end of each module, you need to answer the
post-test to self-check your learning. Answer keys are provided
for each activity and test. We trust that you will be honest in
using these.

In addition to the material in the main text, Notes to the

Teacher are also provided to our facilitators and parents for
strategies and reminders on how they can best help you on
your home-based learning.

Please use this module with care. Do not put unnecessary

marks on any part of this SLM. Use a separate sheet of paper in
answering the exercises and tests. And read the instructions
carefully before performing each task.

If you have any questions in using this SLM or any difficulty in

answering the tasks in this module, do not hesitate to consult
your teacher or facilitator.

Thank you.

iii
 TVL
Quarter 4 - Module 3:
NUTRITION OF THE YOUNG GOAT: FROM BIRTH
TO WEANING

iii
 What I Need to Know

Content Standard

The learner deals with the management practices for lactating breeders
and weaning of kids/ lamb.

Performance Standard

The learners independently learn to management practices for lactating

breeders and weaning of kids/ lamb based on PNS recommendations.

Learning Competency Code: AGR612303 (Week

11)

Learning Competencies:

1.2. Suitable site for small ruminants are determined based on PNS
recommendations.

This module is designed and written for you. It is here to help you enhance your
knowledge, skills and attitude required to deal with the management practices
for lactating breeders and weaning of kids/ lambs from birth according to organic
practices and kept in clean and quiet environment from established farm
procedure. The lessons are designed to follow the standard sequence of the
course. Aside from this, it can greatly help you a lot in your next journey
especially when you grow up and you will have your own families

After reading the module, you should be able to:

1. Age of kids/ lamb for weaning is determined.

2. Lambs/ kids are properly weaned.

3. Feeding management during weaning is practiced.

iii
 What I Know

Directions: Choose the correct answer from the choices. Write your
answers in your activity notebook/ paper.

1. It is called unlimited or liberal feeding.

A. restricted feeding
B. skips a day feeding
C. ad libitum feeding
D. limited feeding

2. What is the best age of weaning kids after birth?

A. 1-2 weeks
B. 1-month old
C. 2-3 weeks
D. 3 months’ old

3. Why do we separate buck kids from the kid herd?

A. to prevent doe kids from being bred too young
B. to prevent accidents of the animals
C. to minimize feed cost
D. to prevent cannibalism

4. How do we make the milking process easier for does?

A. provide the doe with dry beddings.
B. wash the hands well.
C. provide a milking stand or holder.
D. all of the above

5. What is the required crude protein for lactating does?

A. 22% CP
B. 35% CP
C. 16-20% CP
D. 14%

iii
6. It contains antibodies (immunoglobulins) to protect the newborn goat
until its own immune system begins functioning about 3 weeks of age.

A. nutritive

B. laxative

C. protective

D. colostrum

7. Aid in the excretion of the muconium lining of the digestive tract.

A. nutritive

B. laxative
C. protective
D. colostrum

8. Provides an excellent energy source for the newborn. Energy reserves

in the newborn are limited, and the high fat content of colostrum serves
that purpose well.

A. nutritive

B. laxative

C. protective

D. colostrum

9. It is the first milk receives by a newly born kid.

A. nutritive

B. laxative

C. protective

D. colostrum

iii
10. It is a device used for milk feeding in order to prevent digestive
problems and less bloating.

A. pail

B. pan

C. basin

D. bottle or kid bar

iii
 Lesson

3 NUTRITION OF THE YOUNG GOAT: FROM

BIRTH TO WEANING
BREEDING SYSTEM

What’s In

The feeding management of the herd's young goats is critical to the

overall success of the farm enterprise, regardless of the production
system (meat, milk and mohair). In all three systems, young goat kids
are raised either as replacement stock, or for slaughter. Which of these
two categories goat kids fall into, will determine how quickly you want
them to gain weight and what feeding program they are on. To make
appropriate feeding management decisions, producers have to keep in
mind the physiological changes that a young goat's digestive system
goes through with age. These changes affect the types and amounts of
feed that young goats can eat, and thereby their nutritional
requirements. They also affect how management techniques should be
carried out (specifically pre- and post-weaning management) to minimize
growth checks or setbacks during the adjustment periods.

At birth, the digestive system of the young goat is very similar to that of
the pig and human (explaining the term 'preruminant'). During these first
stages of milk feeding, the abomasum ( true stomach) and small
intestine play a relatively important role with respect to digestion and
nutrition. In young goats, and other young ruminants, the suckling reflex
triggers the oesophageal groove to close so that milk bypasses the
rumen and flows directly in to the abomasum where clotting and some
digestion occurs. Milk protein is rapidly digested in the small intestine, as
is lactose. If the oesophageal groove does not close, for whatever reason,
then milk goes into the rumen where it 'ferments', allowing digestive
upsets to become problems.

When the young goats begin to eat solid food (forages and grains), these
feeds may stay in the rumen and lead to development of the microbial
population. The rumen-reticulum and the large intestine begin to
increase more rapidly at the expense of the abomasum and small
 intestine. The change from preruminant to ruminant is a gradual process.
Fibrous feedstuffs (forages) encourage rumen development and appear
to speed up the development of the muscles of the rumen wall (Morand-
Fehr et al, 1982), which are important in rumen digestion and mixing of
rumen contents.

These changes in the digestive system have a large impact on the

feeding methods used in raising young goats and should be kept in mind
during all feeding management decisions.

To be successful, feeding programs have to be well adapted to the

nutritional chararteristics of the young goat and what the intended end
use of that goat (herd replacement or slaughter kid).

Three periods will be dealt with in this paper: the milk-feeding period,
weanling and post-weaning, including solid feed.

Milk Feeding Period

The milk-feeding period lasts from birth until the moment when the kid no
longer consumes any milk. It can last for as little as three weeks, or as
long as 5 or 6 months, depending on the production system.

The first milk a young goat should receive is colostrum. It serves three
functions:

(1) laxative - to aid in the excretion of the muconium lining of the

digestive tract.

(2) nutritive - provides an excellent energy source for the newborn.

Energy reserves in the newborn are limited, and the high fat content of
colostrum serves that purpose well.

(3) protective - it contains antibodies (immunoglobulins) to protect the

newborn goat until its own immune system begins functioning about 3
weeks of age.

It is always advisable to keep a reserve of frozen colostrum on hand to

supplement those goats whose dams did not have sufficient quantities.
Research with cattle would indicate that it is best to keep colostrum from
mature does, insuring maximum titres of antibodies and best protection
against harmful bacteria and viruses.
 Type of Milk Feeding

Several experiments have compared performance of young goats raised

on goat milk, cow milk, or milk replacer. The findings indicate that young
goats use milk substitutes very well. Meaning that they can adapt to any
of these readily with growth and health being maintained. Another
conclusion drawn from the research is kids can grow equally well on all
three milks. The key factor determined to affect growth rate is quality of
the milk (fat content and dry matter content). Kids will grow just as well
on good quality milk replacer as on goat milk. Feed efficiency appeared to
be higher (less milk for the same weight gain) with goat milk especially
during the first 30 days.

Milk should be:

 fed with a nipple devise

 available to kids 24 hrs./day*
 cool or cold (6-10°C)

*intake and gain are higher but feed efficiency is 8 - 12% less.

Kids fed with nipple devises (bottle or kid bar) have fewer digestive
problems and less bloating than those fed with a pail or pan. As well, cool
or cold milk prevents them from drinking large quantities of milk at a
time, again reducing digestive problems. Kids fed cold milk do not
diarrhea as quickly as those fed warm milk, for the same reasons. Free
choice access to milk is preferred especially with respect to health and
less digestive problems. Economics, however, often dictates just how
much, or how little, milk replacer you can afford to feed. Satisfactory
growth, and not necessarily maximum growth has to be emphasized (at
least with replacements).

Kids should be housed:

 draught free
 at 12°C (may need supplementary heat to achieve this)
 well bedded (clean, dry)

These housing conditions appear optimum for best growth rate, feed
efficiency and maintaining good health status in young growing goats.

As with other animals, there is a linear relationship between the amount

eaten and live weight gain. The amount of milk consumed by the young
goat depends on the level of solids (concentration) of the milk. The more
concentrated, the less amount consumed in terms of volume. In terms of
dry matter, the amount consumed would be the same or greater.

Studies indicate the following for suggested, reconstituted milk replacer

concentrations:

 16% for goat kids fed 2 times/day

 24% for once a day feeding programs*

*make sure water is available at all other times (preferable with nipple
access)

 Why is it that milk replacer is important for a young goat or sheep?

What’s New
Weaning

Weaning of kids depends on the system of management and operation

under which goats are raised. For dairy purpose, kids may be weaned totally
from does immediately or at least three days after kidding and then raised by
hand feeding. If milk is a secondary factor in raising goats, wean the kids at the
age of not less than three months. By this time, the kids must have experienced
consuming solid foods, particularly concentrates and roughage. At weaning,
separate the buck kids from the kid herd. This would prevent some of the doe
kids from being bred too young. Breeding them too young stunts kids’ growth.
 Weaning Method

Weaning can be achieved either gradually or suddenly. In older, heavier

kids, there is little difference between the tow methods with respect to
future performance of kids. With early weaning, however, research
indicates that stepwise weaning would be preferable (figure 3). This allows
time for kids to adapt to relying on solid feds to supply more of their
nutrients.

If only a limited amount of milk is available, it would appear that weaning

stress is less in kids that have had restricted access for a longer time,
than with kids that consumed the same amount of powder, but had free
access over a shorter time. This is due to the negative relationship
between milk intake and dry feed intake before weaning. If a larger
amount of powder is available to feed then ad libitum and short feeding
program would be preferable (Fehr, 1981).

These six tips can help you minimize stress during weaning:

1. Get goats off to a strong start in life

“Proper nutrition beginning at birth goes a long way in preparing baby goats for
the weaning process,” says Olson. “When not nursing on the doe, feeding a high-
quality milk replacer specifically formulated for goat kids ensures kids are better
prepared to tackle the rigors of weaning. A formula containing 23 percent all-milk
protein and 26 percent fat is recommended to support healthy, growing kids.”

2. Prepare a safe and clean weaning environment

Set up a weaning pen or pasture with sturdy gates and fences. Consider the use
of 4-by-4 woven wire and make sure gates are low to the ground to contain your
newly weaned kids. Kids should also have access to a clean, well-bedded area to
seek shelter from the elements.

If possible, move kids into weaning pens several weeks before the big day when
they are completely weaned. Familiarity will help reduce stress.

“It’s best to avoid making big changes simultaneously, like moving kids to a new
location while also removing milk from the diet,” advises Olson. “Give kids time
to adjust to a new environment before stopping milk or milk replacer.”

3. Offer plenty of fresh, clean water

A clean, easy-to-access water source is critical. Beyond hydration, water

influences the digestion of dry feed in the rumen. It’s also a key part of the kid’s
diet and must be readily available at all times to help weaned goats thrive.
Water troughs should be no more than 12 inches high to ensure comfortable
drinking. Keep water clean and fresh to encourage adequate consumption.
Consider feeding electrolytes during weaning to support good fluid intake and an
easy transition.

“Adding electrolytes to the water for the first couple days post-weaning gives
kids a boost during what can be a stressful period,” says Olson. “Electrolyte
supplements containing electrolytes, energy and amino acids are designed to
help replenish fluids and lost nutrients, helping kids stay hydrated.”

4. Make sure kids are eating solid feed

Introduce a 16 to 18 percent protein creep feed pellet to kids at a young age.

The sooner kids start eating dry feed the better. Earlier feed consumption allows
for more successful rumen development and a seamless transition to weaning.
To ensure a balanced diet, pellets are recommended over texturized feeds that
goats like to sort.

The earlier they begin eating dry feed will help with rumen development.

“Don’t forget the roughage,” says Olson. “It’s important for keeping kid
stomachs functioning properly. The rapidly growing kid has high energy
requirements. As such, weaned kids should munch on high-quality pasture or be
offered free-choice hay. Kids should also have access to free-choice quality
minerals or have them provided in the creep feed.”

5. Vaccinate to prevent disease

Prior to weaning, kids should receive a CD-T vaccine and booster to protect
against enterotoxemia (overeating disease) and tetanus. It’s also wise to
deworm kids and their mothers twice before weaning. Spring-born kids are
especially susceptible to picking up parasites from pasture, which can cause
serious problems for immature immune systems. Check kids for parasites and
treat as needed.

External parasites, such as lice, are another concern for goats. A rough-looking
hair coat or goats scratching themselves with their hooves are indications of lice.
Use a pour-on lice treatment solution prior to weaning and again at weaning time
to help rectify this problem.

“It’s common to use feed additives at least two weeks before and after weaning
to control coccidia, the protozoa that cause coccidiosis,” recommends Olson.
“Adding coccidia treatments to drinking water is another means for controlling
coccidiosis. Coccidia is spread through feces, so be sure to keep feed and water
troughs extra clean during weaning.”

Goat weaning management

Young kids do eat less; therefore, it should be fed more nutritious feeds. Feeds
can be prepared by mixture of flour from maize, barley, bran and continuously
fed after 4 months young till the date of mating.
Methods of daily feeding from birth to 90 days are as followings:

Table No 3
Method of daily feeding to kids (birth-90 days)
SN Age Milk (ml/Day) Creep Young soft
(Day) Feeds(gm) grass
1 1-3 Feeding 300 ml colostrum 3
times
2 4-14 Feeding 350 ml milk for 3
times
3 15-30 Feeding 350 ml milk for 3 Little Little
times
4 31-60 Feeding 400 milk for 2 times 100-150 Feed as much
as possible
5 61-90 Feeding 200 ml milk for 2 200-250 Fed as much
times as possible
Source: Central Sheep and Goat Office, Harihar Bhawan

What is It

Growth Period After Weaning

How young goats are fed after weaning will be determined by whether
they are replacement doe kids or intended for market. Weight gain will
vary according to the level of dry matter intake and particularly the level
of energy intake.

Generally, with market animals, maximum rate of gain is desirable. The

quicker an animal reaches market weight, the lower the daily cost of feed,
and hopefully the potential for a good dollar return.

With replacement animals, emphasis should be placed more on rumen

development and gut capacity, with rate of gain being secondary. As
adults, goats with greater gut capacity will have the ability to consume
more feed and thereby, meet nutrient demands for higher production.
Avoid too high a level of fattening in young replacement does as this can
have a negative impact on future performance, especially in terms of milk
production.

The protein percentage in the grain can have a marked influence on gain.
Tanabe et el. (1975) demonstrated that a 16% grain mix should be fed
after weaning. In early weaning situations, it is advisable to maintain a
higher level of protein (19%), since dry matter will be less in these smaller
kids. As growth and weight increases, the protein level can be reduced in
the grain mix.

Type of protein can affect growth rate. Fish meal gave the best results
right after weaning, followed by soybean meal and field bean meal.
Linseed meal (oilcake) was not included in the experiment. Urea can be
substitutes successfully for part of the soybean meal, as long as the
percentage of urea does not exceed 2.25% of the grain (Haryu, 1975).
Palatability problems can be experienced with urea, and it is also
important to ensure that the energy content of the grain mix is sufficient
for efficient use of the protein.

Conclusion
Although there are still large gaps in goat and especially, young goat nutrition, sufficient data
is available to enable producers to do a good job of feeding and raising young goats. As with
all young livestock, it cannot be emphasized enough, that how young goats are fed in the first
24 hours of life….; the first week of life.…; and the first month of life… has a very large
impact on how well they grow in their first year, and how well they produce (kids and/or
milk) throughout their lifetime.

Table 1. Particulars of feeding pattern in young female goats before and after weaning.

2 Days first 3 days 7 & 8th days 14-15th

before after after days
weaning weaning weaning after
weaning
Intake of dry matter
214.6 432.7 609.8 668.6
(g/d)*
Intake of DM/Kg
Metabolic wt 29.2 58.0 78.1 83.3
(g/d/KgW0.75)
Duration of Ingestion
126.2 176.2 217.6 208.7
(min/d)
Number of Meals 9.7 9.6 6.8 7.0
Avg Duration of Meals 25.0 29.4 47.5 41.8
 Rate of Ingestion (g
1.45 1.21 1.30 1.25
DM/min)
Hay 4.53 6.14 8.58 13.75
Concentrate 50.3/48.8 50.3/48.8 50.3/48.8 50.3/48.8
Ratio stems/leaves in
86.0/13.2 88.0/8.8 80.5/17.0 79.7/18.3
lucerne hay

What’s More

Directions: Select the best answer of the following questions and write the
letter of your choice in your activity notebook. (Do not write anything on the
module)

1. It is called unlimited or liberal feeding.

A. restricted feeding
B. skip a day feeding
C. ad libitum feeding
D. limited feeding

2. What is the best age of weaning kids after birth?

A. 1-2 weeks
B. 1 month old
C. 2-3 weeks
D. 3 months old

3. Why do we separate buck kids from the kid herd?

A. to prevent doe kids from being bred too young
B. to prevent accidents of the animals
C. to minimize feed cost
D. to prevent cannibalism

4. How do we make the milking process easier for does?

A. provide the doe with dry beddings.
B. wash the hands well.
C. provide a milking stand or holder.
D. all of the above

5. What is the required crude protein for lactating does?

A. 22% CP
B. 35% CP
C. 16-20% CP
D. 14% CP
ACTIVITY SHEET 2.4

Proceed to the school goatery project and identify the lactating does.
Perform the extraction of milk following the correct procedure discussed
previously. You will be rated as follows:

Suggested rating scale in milking

Criteria Rating Students

% 1 2 3 4 5

1. Performed the correct

steps in Milking

2. Completed of
necessary materials for
milking

3. Used materials
appropriately

4. Working habit

5. Speed

TOTAL 100
 What I Have Learned

Directions: Explain the following briefly and concisely. Do this in your

notebook.

1. Weaning method

__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________

2. Weaning management

__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________

3. Growth period after weaning

__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________
 What I Can Do

Activity 2
Directions: Discuss the importance of weaning. Do this in your notebook.

______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________

Assessment

Post- Test I.

Directions: Read the questions and select the best answer. Write the letter
of your correct answer on a separate sheet of paper.

1. It is the first milk of the doe.

A. lactose B. prolactin

C. colostrum D. enzyme

2. What is the best age to castrate a goat?

 A. 2-4 weeks old B. 5-8 months old

C. 9-11 months old D. 1 year old

3. When is the best time to castrate the kid?

A. noon time B. night time

C. early in the morning D. any time of the day

4. Disbudding is done when the kid is about _______.

A. 1 day B. 1 week old

C. 2 weeks old D. 3 weeks old

5. What will you do to the goats to avoid malformation of the toes?

B. disbud the animal B. hoof trims the animal.

C. castrate the animal. D. all of these

6. What percent of protein is contained in a starter feed for kids?

A. 14% B. 16% C. 18% D. 22%

7. It is a concentrate feed requirement per grower and full grown goat.

A. 0.5 kg. B. 1 kg. C. 1.5 kg. D. 2 kg.

8. The act of giving birth is called _______.

A. gestation B. parturition

C. lactation D. castration

9. Milking should be done at _______.

A. 6:00 am and 6:00 pm C. 1:00 am and 1:00 pm

B. 9:00 am and 1:00 pm D. any time you want

 10.What percent of crude protein in the concentrate feed is needed by a
milking doe?

A. 22-25% B. 18-22% C. 16-20% D. 14-18%

Answer Key

What I What’s What can i do Assessment

know more
Multiple Multiple Choice:
Choice: 1. g
2. a 1. Topography 1. c
1. c 3. h 2. d
2. d 4. f 3. c
3. c 5. e 2. Water supply 4. a
4. a 6. b 5. b
5. b 7. i 3. Transportation
8. k II.
9. d 4. Peace & Order 1. True
10. c 2. Closed
3. DENR
5. Types of soil 4. True
5. True
6. Distance from

populous are

7. Distance from

farm to market

RESOURCES
Illustrations clipped from books and pamphlet

School goatery project

References
Agriculture and Fishery Technology Animal Production II

The Philippines Recommends for Goat Farming, Philippine Recommends Series No.
24-G

Training Regulation and Curriculum-Base Competency Handbook for Ruminant

Production

CSU Pamphlet Goat Technology

DA Pamphlet on Goat Production

http://www.sheepandgoat.com/articles/weaning.html

Agriculture and Fishery Technology Animal Production II

The Philippines Recommends for Goat Farming, Philippine Recommends Series No.
24-G

Training Regulation and Curriculum-Base Competency Handbook for Ruminant

Production

CSU Pamphlet Goat Technology

DA Pamphlet on Goat Production

n.d. http://dagris.illri.cgiar.org/image/GOAT/big/SAVANNAH.JPG.

n.d.

n.d. Cabildo AT-PVOwww.attra.ncat.org/attra_pub/pdf/sheep_illus.pdf.(n.d.).

n.d. http://www.agritech.tnau.ac.in/expert_sytem/sheepgoat/index.htm/JuneRey A..(n.d).

n.d. http://www.esgpip.org/PDF/Technical%20bulletin%20No7.html.

n.d. https://www.google.com.ph/search?noj=1&biw=1366&bih=613&q=how+to+dis.

n.d. LM Animal Production Small Ruminant NC II .(n.d).

Ministry Of Agriculture, Food and Rural Affairs. n.d. Nutrition of the Young Goat: Birth to Breeding.
Accessed March 18, 2021.
http://www.omafra.gov.on.ca/english/livestock/goat/facts/goatnutrition.htm#period.

Schoenian, Susan. n.d. Mary Land Small Ruminant Page. Accessed March 18, 2021.
https://www.sheepandgoat.com/articles/weaning.html.

n.d. The Philippines Recommends for Goat Farming. Philippine: PCARRD-DOST, PARRFI.

2018. Wisconsin State Farmer. June 27. Accessed March 18, 2021.
https://www.wisfarmer.com/story/news/2018/06/27/six-tips-make-weaning-less-stressful-
goat-kids/707879002/.

http://www.sheepandgoat.com/articles/weaning.html
For inquiries or feedback, please write or call:

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Ground Floor, Bonifacio Bldg., DepEd Complex

Meralco Avenue, Pasig City, Philippines 1600

Telefax: (632) 8634-1072; 8634-1054; 8631-4985