Yashwantarao Bhonsale Institute of Technology (Microproject)

MICRO-PROJECT

ON

“TRAFFIC STUDIES”

SUBMITTED TO

MSBTE

IN PARTIAL FULFILMENT OF REQUIRMENT OF DIPLOMA OF

CIVIL ENGINEERING

UNDER I SCHEME

SUBMITTED BY

MISS. STELLA MANVEL DANTAS

MISS. SANIYA RAJAN HODAWADEKAR
MR. JATIN KUMAR SHARAMA

UNDER THE GUIDENCE OF

PROF. N.Y. YADAV

FOR ACADEMIC YEAR 2024-2025 YASHWANTRAO BHONSALE INSTITUTION OF TECHNOLOGY

SAWANTWADI

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MAHARASHTRA STATE BOARD OF TECHNICAL EDUCATION

CERTIFICATE

This is to clarify that, Roll No.

MISS. STELLA MANVEL DANTAS 04

MISS. SANIYA RAJAN HODAWADEKAR 05
MR. JATIN KUMAR SHARAMA 06

Of Fifth Semester of Diploma in Civil Engineering of Institute Yashwantarao Bhonsale Institutite

of Technology (1742) has completed the Micro Project satisfactorily in Course Traffic
Engineering (22507) for the academic year 2024-2025 as prescribed in curriculum.

Faculty HOD Principal

Seal Of

Institute

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 Yashwantarao Bhonsale Institute of Technology (Microproject)

GROUP MEMBERS:

Sr. No. Name Of The Student Roll Number

1. Dantas Stella Manvel 04

2. Hodawadekar Saniya Rajan 05

3. Sharma Jatin Arunkumar 06

GUIDED BY :-

PROF N. Y. YADAV

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CONTENT

PART A:

1. Brief Introduction
2. Aim Of Micro Project
3. Resources Required
4. Action Plan

PART B:

1. Brief Description

2.Aim Of Micro Project

3.Course Outcome Integrated

4. Actual Procedure Followed

5. Outputs Of Micro Project

6. Skill Developed / Learning Out Of This Micro Project

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PART A
1.Brief Introduction
A traffic study is an engineering investigation to evaluate a transportation system. The
study is a means of identifying and documenting any deficiencies or improvements - both
operational and physical - necessary to accommodate current or projected traffic volumes.
Studies are a vital part of the on going effort to enhance the safety and performance of our
freeways, state roads, and local arterial streets.
A study typically consists of collecting data, projecting traffic volumes, and identifying
the improvements required for the transportation system. Studies are performed on
intersections and also non-intersection roadway segments to determine what improvements
are warranted and how they might lead to a better road for motorists, cyclists, pedestrians and
other users. The need for traffic signals and speed zones is also determined by traffic studies,
which have similar application in the analysis of traffic management in work zones.

2. Aim Of The Micro-Project

1. To learn about traffic study with its purpose.

2. To gain knowlged about traffic volume study and different methods of collecting traffic
volume count data.
3. To learn about origin and distination study, speed study and parking study.

3. Resources Required

Sr.No Name of Specification Quantity Remark

Resources/
Material

1 Computer 01

2 TEN Text book MSBTE 01

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3 Printer 01

4.Action Plan

Planned Start Planned

Sr No Details of activity Name of team members
date finished date

1. We Select project topic Miss. Stella Dantas

Miss. Sniya Hodawadekar
31/08/2024 31/08/2024
Mr. Jatin Sharma

2 Gathering information about

traffic study. Miss. Stella Dantas
5/09/2024 5/09/2024

3 Gathering information about

traffic volume study and its
13/09/2024 13/09/2024 Miss. Sniya Hodawadekar
method.

4 Gathering information about

origin destination, speed
24/09/2024 24/09/2024 Mr. Jatin Sharma
study and parking study.

5 Collect the data typing that

Microsoft word office
10/10/2024 10/10/2024 Mr. Jatin Sharma

6 Printing and preparing file of Miss. Stella Dantas

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the project 15/10/2024 15/10/2024 Miss. Sniya Hodawadekar

Mr. Jatin Sharma

PART B

1. Brief description

A traffic study, also known as a transportation study or traffic analysis, is a systematic

examination of traffic conditions, patterns, and behaviors within a specific area. It involves
collecting and analyzing data to gain insights into the flow of vehicles, pedestrians, and other
modes of transportation on road networks. Traffic studies play a crucial role in urban planning,
transportation engineering, and the development of effective traffic management strategies.

2. Aims of the Micro-Project

1. To learn about traffic study with its purpose.

2. To gain knowlged about traffic volume study and different methods of collecting traffic
volume count data.
3. To learn about origin and distination study, speed study and parking study.

3. Course Outcomes Integrated

CO. 22507.2 : Undertake various types of road traffic studies.

4. Actual Procedure Followed

1. First we selected the topic.

2. Then we discussed related topic with mam.

3. Then we finalized our project topic from mam.

4. Then we distributed the work related to the project among us.

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5. Then we gathered information from websites & reference book.

6. We refereed some reference books from library.

7. Gathered information was shown to the mam.

8. And discussed the point with mam.

9. Mam did correction in the information.

10. After that we slotted the given information by given points.

11. We collected photos related the project.

12. Typed the given information in Microsoft Word by given points

13. We read the information and made relevant corrections.

14. Got the printout of project and submitted it.

5.Output of project :

1) Learn about the importance of traffic studies

2) Learn about different studies which are conducted under traffic studies are traffic
volume study ,origin and distination study, speed study and parking study.

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 Yashwantarao Bhonsale Institute of Technology (Microproject)

TRAFFIC STUDY

The purpose of a traffic study is to evaluate a transportation system and identify

improvements to accommodate current or projected traffic volumes. Traffic studies can help
with:

 Safety
Traffic studies can help identify accident-prone areas and high-risk locations. They can
also help reduce the risk of accidents by recommending safety measures like improved
signage, traffic calming measures, or pedestrian facilities.
 Infrastructure planning
Traffic studies can help authorities plan for road expansions, new transportation facilities,
and alternative modes of transport.
 Sustainable transportation
Traffic studies can help promote alternative modes of transportation like walking, cycling,
or public transit. This can help reduce reliance on private vehicles, lower carbon
emissions, and alleviate congestion.
 Data-driven decision making
Traffic studies provide objective and reliable data that can help authorities prioritize
investments, allocate resources, and implement targeted interventions.

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Traffic volume study

Traffic volume studies are conducted to determine the number, movements, and
classifications of roadway vehicles at a given location. These data can help identify critical flow
time periods, determine the influence of large vehicles or pedestrians on vehicular traffic flow,
or document traffic volume trends. The length of the sampling period depends on the type of
count being taken and the intended use of the data recorded.

Methods for collecting traffic volume data :

1) Manual Count Method

Most applications of manual counts require small samples of data at any given
location. Manual counts are rarely used when the effort and expense of automated equipment
are not justified. Manual counts are necessary when automated equipment is not available.
Manual counts are typically used for period of less than a day. Normal intervals for a manual
count are 5, 10, or 15 minutes. Traffic counts during a rush hour of Monday morning and Friday
evening rush hours shows exceptionally high volumes and is not normally used in analysis;
therefore, counts are usually conducted on Tuesday, Wednesday, or Thursday.

Manual counting method

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2) Automatic Count Method

Automatic counts are usually taken in 1-hour intervals for each 24-hour period. The
counts may extend for a week, month, or year. When the counts are recorded for each 24-hour
time period, the peak flow period can be identified.

Automatic Count Recording Methods: They are portable counters, permanent

counters, and videotape.

Portable counter Permanent counter

Videotape

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3) Moving car method

For a complete description of traffic stream modeling, one would require flow, speed,
and density. Obtaining these parameters simultaneously is a difficult task if we use separate
techniques. Since we have a fundamental equation of traffic flow, which gives the flow as the
product of density and space mean speed, if we knew any two parameters, the third can be
computed.

Moving car or moving observer method of traffic stream measurement has been
developed to provide simultaneous measurement of traffic stream variables. It has the
advantage of obtaining the complete state with just three observers, and a vehicle.
Determination of any of the two parameters of the traffic flow will provide the third one by the
equation q = u.k. Thus, moving observer method is the most commonly used method to get the
relationship between the fundamental stream characteristics. In this method, the observer
moves in the traffic stream unlike all other previous methods.

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Origin-Destination (OD) study

Origin-Destination (OD) studies are used to determine traffic travel patterns in an area of
interest for a select time. These studies provide traffic planners and agencies with information
on where drivers begin and end their trips. While older OD data collection methods are well-
studied, they are limited in the scope and detail of data that can be collected. Newer methods
provide richer, more expansive data that allow planners to get a clear picture of trip routes
from start to finish. With each method varying in data collection processes

4 Origin-Destination Study Methods :

1) Roadside Surveys
Roadside surveys are the oldest OD study method, as they require little to no technology
or installation. Depending on the size of the roadway, the volume of traffic, and project goals,
there are multiple roadside survey techniques.
Here are 3 common roadside survey methods:
1. Roadside Handout/Mail Back Surveys
Roadside handout/mail-back surveys involve manually handing out survey cards to drivers
while on the roadway. The motorists may then fill out the card and mail it back free of charge,
or follow the instructions to fill out the survey online. The cards may be handed out at
intersections, ramps, toll booths, or other areas where cars are naturally stopped, or stopping
traffic causes less disruption.
2. Roadside Interviews
Roadside interviews involve stopping vehicles on the roadway to conduct short, in-person
interviews where questions are asked directly to the motorist.
3. License Plate Mail-Out Surveys
License plate surveys are conducted by collecting license plate numbers from vehicles on the
demamed roadway, and then manually matching them to their registered address and mailing a
survey.

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Ro
adsi de
survey

2) License Plate Recognition

Automatic license plate recognition (ALPR) can be used for OD studies by matching license
plates at designated entry and exit points. To use license plate recognition, roadways need to
be equipped with a vehicle sensor, camera, and image processor. When a vehicle is detected, a
photo is taken and processed. The agency’s data analytics application then cross-references
photos to determine which vehicles were present at both the entry and exit points.

3) MAC Address Detection

MAC
address
detection
uses Wi-Fi and
Bluetooth
sensors to
track and
match
vehicles
based on their unique MAC address, emitted from smart devices, to determine individual trip

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patterns. Which days and times are monitored can be pre-selected, and reports are separated
by days and time slices, making data easy to analyze. This study method provides travel times,
all trips between points of interest, average trip data, and an OD matrix report.

4) Connected Car Data

Connected cars send information to third-party providers in real-time, straight from the vehicle,
making them a faster, less expensive option than the previous methods. Time-stamped location
and speed data is captured directly from moving vehicles, providing complete, detailed trip lists
and overviews. Connected car data can access any road driven by a car, meaning that origin-
destination studies can be completed between cities or within neighbourhoods.

SPEED
STUDY

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A speed study is an analysis of the speeds at which vehicles are traveling on a

particular road or section of road. This type of study is typically conducted by local or state
transportation agencies in order to identify areas where speeding is a problem and to develop
strategies for addressing the issue. Speed studies can be used to assess the effectiveness of
speed limit enforcement, engineering solutions (such as speed bumps), and public education
campaigns.

One of the traditional methods for conducting a speed study is to use a radar gun to
measure the speeds of passing vehicles, but this requires the time of personnel and can be
restrictive in duration and sample size. Due to our cameras' excellent video quality and frame
rates, we are able to determine the speed of recorded vehicles using the locations of objects
on-screen. This eliminates the need for setting up tubes, largely reducing the costs and
increasing safety. Speed studies are important tools for transportation planners and engineers,
as they can help identify areas where speeding is a problem and where safety improvements
are needed. Speed studies can also be used to evaluate the effectiveness of various
countermeasures (such as speed limit signs and speed bumps) after they have been
implemented.

There are two types of speed studies carried out :

1) Spot speed study

2) Speed and delay study

1) SPOT SPEED STUDY

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Spot speed studies are vital for measuring different variables and factors needed in the
design and analysis of the highway system. Observed speeds are used for capacity analysis,
geometric design, safety measures, speed trends and assessment. Speed studies aid in the
decision making processes and in before-and-after studies to assess the effectiveness of
roadway modifications. Also, speed observations help determine whether the roadway is in
need of new law enforcement, realignment, or reconstruction.
Spot speed data have a number of safety applications, including the following:
determining existing traffic operations and evaluation of traffic control devices, establishing
roadway design elements, and measuring effectiveness of traffic control devices or traffic
programs, including signs and markings, traffic operational changes, and speed enforcement
programs. Because of the importance of such speed studies, data has to be collected properly
and presented effectively.
Therefore required to select a section of a road outside the university campus and
away from close intersections and unusual traffic activities. Information about the selected
section of the road is gathered such as section speed, number of lanes, and general description
of location. Data is to be collected during off peak periods on a week day.

2) SPEED AND DELAY STUDY

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The speed and delay studies give the running speeds, overall speeds, fluctuations in
speeds and the delay between two stations of a road spaced far apart. They also give the
information such as amount, location, duration frequency and causes of the delay in traffic
stream. The results of the speed and delay studies are useful in detecting the spots of
congestion, the causes and in arriving at a suitable remedial measure.

The studies are also utilized in finding the travel time and benefit cost analysis. The
delay or the time lost by traffic during the travel time period may be either due to fixed delays
and operational delays. Fixed delay occurs primarily at intersections due to traffic signals and at
level crossings. Operational delays arecaused by interference of traffic movements, such as
turning vehicles, parking and imparking vehicles, pedestrians etc., and by internal friction in the
traffic stream dueto high traffic volume, insufficient capacity and by accidents. They are various
methods of carrying out speed and delay study,namely:

1. Moving observer method or Floating car method

2. License plate or vehicle number method

3. Interview method

4. Elevated observations, and

5. Photographic technique

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Parking study

A parking study is an analysis of a community or development's parking needs. It

typically includes an inventory of existing parking, an evaluation of current parking conditions,
and projections of future parking demand. Parking studies are conducted to inform decisions
about land use, transportation infrastructure, and parking management.

There are many different types of parking studies, but they all share a common goal: to
understand the complex relationship between parking and land use. A well-designed parking
study can help decision-makers identify problems and opportunities, set goals, and make
informed decisions about how to best use limited resources.

Parking facilities are divided into two categories:

1) On street parking

On street parking means the vehicles are parked on the sides of the street itself. This will be
usually controlled by government agencies itself. Common types of on-street parking are as
listed below. This classification is based on the angle in which the vehicles are parked with
respect to the road alignment. As per IRC the standard dimensions of a car is taken as 5× 2.5
meters and that for a truck is 3.75× 7.5 meters.

i. PARALLEL PARKING: The vehicles are parked along the length of the road. Here there is
no backward movement involved while parking or unparking the vehicle. Hence, it is the
most safest parking from the accident perspective. However, it consumes the maximum
curb length and therefore only a minimum number of vehicles can be parked for a given
kerb length. This method of parking produces least obstruction to the on-going traffic on
the road since least road width is used. Parallel parking of cars is shown in figure 1. The
length available to park N number of vehicles, L =

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ii. 30° parking: In thirty degree parking, the vehicles are parked at 30 ∘ with respect to the
road alignment. In this case, more vehicles can be parked compared to parallel parking.
Also there is better maneuverability. Delay caused to the traffic is also minimum in this
type of parking. An example is shown in figure 2. From the figure,

iii. 45° parking: As the angle of parking increases, more number of vehicles can be parked.
Hence compared to parallel parking and thirty degree parking, more number of vehicles
can be accommodated in this type of parking. From figure 3, length of parking space
available for parking N number of vehicles in a given kerb is L = 3.54 N+1.77

iv. 60∘ parking: The vehicles are parked at 60∘ to the direction of road. More number of
vehicles can be accommodated in this parking type. From the figure 4, length available
for parking N vehicles =2.89N+2.16.

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v. Right angle parking: In right angle parking or 90∘ parking, the vehicles are parked
perpendicular to the direction of the road. Although it consumes maximum width kerb
length required is very little. In this type of parking, the vehicles need complex
maneuvering and this may cause severe accidents. This arrangement causes obstruction
to the road traffic particularly if the road width is less. However, it can accommodate
maximum number of vehicles for a given kerb length. An example is shown in figure 5.
Length available for parking N number of vehicles is L = 2.5N.

2) Off street parking

In many urban centers, some areas are exclusively allotted for parking which will be at some
distance away from the main stream of traffic. Such a parking is referred to as off-street
parking. They may be operated by either public agencies or private firms. A typical layout of an
off-street parking

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6. Skill Developed / Learning Out of This Micro Project:

1. In this microproject we learn about that Traffic studies plays a vital role in
understanding, managing and improving the transportation system.

2. This micro project expect to develop skill for industry identified competency to
undertake civil engineering problems.

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