Written as per the latest textbook prescribed by the Maharashtra State Bureau of Textbook

Production and Curriculum Research, Pune.

PERFECT

BIOLOGY

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(Vol. I)
Std. XII Sci.

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Salient Features

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Written as per the new textbook
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" Subtopic-wise segregation for powerful concept building
" Complete coverage of Textual Exercise Questions and Intext Questions
" Extensive coverage of New Type of Questions
" ‘Apply Your Knowledge’ section to test application of concepts
" ‘Quick Review’ at the end of every chapter facilitates quick revision
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" ‘Competitive Corner’ presents questions from prominent competitive examinations

" Reading Between the Lines, Enrich Your Knowledge, Gyan Guru, Connections,
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NCERT Corner are designed to impart holistic education

" Topic Test at the end of each chapter for self-assessment
" Video/PDF links provided via QR codes for boosting conceptual retention
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Printed at: Quarterfold Printabilities, Navi Mumbai

© Target Publications Pvt. Ltd.

No part of this book may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, C.D. ROM/Audio Video Cassettes or electronic, mechanical
including photocopying; recording or by any information storage and retrieval system without permission in writing from the Publisher.

Balbharati Registration No.: 2018MH0022 P.O. No. 00764

TEID: 1403
PREFACE

Perfect Biology Std. XII, Vol. I is intended for every Maharashtra State Board aspirant of Std. XII, Science.
The scope, sequence, and level of the book are designed to match the new textbook issued by the
Maharashtra State board.
At this crucial juncture in their lives, when the students are grappling with the pressures of cracking a
career-defining board examination, we wanted to create a book that not only develops the necessary
knowledge, tools, and skills required to excel in the examination, but also enables students to appreciate the
beauty of the subject and piques their curiosity.

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We believe that students respond favourably to meaningful content, if it is presented in a way that is easy to
read and understand, rather than being mired down with facts and information. Consequently, we have
always placed the highest priority on writing clear and lucid explanations of fundamental concepts.
Moreover, special care has been taken to ensure that the topics are presented in a logical order. The coherent
Question/Answer approach helps students expand their horizon of understanding of the concepts.

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The primary purpose of this book is to assist the students in preparing for the board examination. However,
this is closely linked to other goals: to exemplify how important and how incredibly interesting Biology is,
and to help the student become an expert thinker and problem solver.
The scope of the book extends beyond the State Board examination as it also offers a plethora of Multiple

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Choice Questions (MCQs) in order to familiarize the students with the pattern of competitive examinations.
In addition, the Topic-Test has been carefully crafted to focus on concepts, thus providing the students with a
quick opportunity for self-assessment and giving them an increased appreciation of chapter-preparedness.
We believe that the study of Biology helps in the understanding of many fascinating and important
phenomena. In this vein, we have put an effort to relate Biology to real-world events in order to show
students that Biology is a vibrant, constantly evolving science that has relevance in our modern world. We
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hope this book becomes a valuable tool for you and helps you to understand the concepts of Biology.
Our Perfect Biology Std. XII, Vol. I adheres to our vision and achieves several goals: building concepts,
recapitulation, self-study, self-assessment and student engagement-all while encouraging students towards
cognitive thinking.
The journey to create a complete book is strewn with triumphs, failures and near misses. If you think we’ve
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nearly missed something or want to applaud us for our triumphs, we’d love to hear from you.
Please write to us on: mail@targetpublications.org
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A book affects eternity; one can never tell where its influence stops.

Best of luck to all the aspirants!

From,
Publisher
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Edition: First
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Disclaimer

This reference book is transformative work based on textbook Biology; First edition: 2020 published by the Maharashtra State Bureau of Textbook
Production and Curriculum Research, Pune. We the publishers are making this reference book which constitutes as fair use of textual contents which
are transformed by adding and elaborating, with a view to simplify the same to enable the students to understand, memorize and reproduce the same in
examinations.
This work is purely inspired upon the course work as prescribed by the Maharashtra State Bureau of Textbook Production and Curriculum Research,
Pune. Every care has been taken in the publication of this reference book by the Authors while creating the contents. The Authors and the Publishers
shall not be responsible for any loss or damages caused to any person on account of errors or omissions which might have crept in or disagreement of
any third party on the point of view expressed in the reference book.
© reserved with the Publisher for all the contents created by our Authors.
No copyright is claimed in the textual contents which are presented as part of fair dealing with a view to provide best supplementary study material for
the benefit of students.
 FEATURES

Sub-topic wise Segregation

1.1 Asexual Reproduction

Q.2. What is reproduction? Name the two methods of Every chapter is segregated sub-topic wise.
reproduction. A subtopic encompasses textual content in

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Ans: the format of Question-Answers. Textual
i. Reproduction is the ability of living beings Exercise questions, Intext questions, ‘Can
(organisms) to give rise to young ones of their own you tell’, ‘Can you recall’, ‘Try this’, ‘Use
kind. your brain power’ and ‘Activity’ are placed
ii. Two methods of reproduction: Asexual reproduction aptly amongst various additional questions

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and Sexual reproduction. in accordance with the flow of subtopic.
This is our attempt to enable easy
Q.3. Define clones.
assimilation of concepts and lay strong
Ans: Morphologically and genetically identical individuals
foundation for understanding as well as
produced by asexual reproduction are called clones. writing answers in exam.

Reading between the lines on Reading between the lines

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Positive feedback – Ovulatory phase
Reading between the lines provides
elaboration or missing fragments of the Positive feedback occurs at high concentration near the
concept which is essential for complete end of the follicular phase. High levels of estrogen from
understanding of the concept. mature follicles exert a positive feedback mechanism on
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This is our attempt to the help students hypothalamus and anterior pituitary, thereby increasing
to understand the underlying concept the secretion of GnRH and LH. GnRH promotes release of
behind an answer. FSH and more LH and LH surge causes ovulation.
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NCERT Corner
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x Pleiotropy
Sickle cell anaemia:
i. This disease is caused by a mutation which NCERT Corner
substitutes the Glutamic acid (Glu) by Valine (Val)
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at the 6th position in the beta ȕ -globin chain of the

haemoglobin molecule. NCERT Corner covers information
ii. This is a result of a single base substitution from from NCERT textbook relevant to topic.
GAG to GUG at the sixth codon of ȕ-globin gene. This is our attempt to bridge the gap
iii. The substitution leads to formation of mutant between NCERT curriculum and State
haemoglobin. Mutant haemoglobin molecule Board textbook, thereby benefitting
undergoes polymerization under low oxygen students in their preparation of National
tension which causes change in the shape of RBC. level competitive examinations.
iv. A normal RBC has a biconcave structure. In sickle
cell anaemia sufferers, RBCs become elongated
and obtain sickle shape.
 FEATURES

Connections
Connections

Connections enable students to interlink

concepts covered in different chapters. In chapter 7, you will study about Donnan

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This is our attempt to encourage students equilibrium and Carrier hypothesis theory in detail.
to appreciate the subject as a whole.

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QR Code

[Note: Students can scan the adjacent QR QR code provides access to a video/PDF

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code to get information about Double in order to boost understanding of a
fertilization. concept or activity.
This is our attempt to facilitate learning
through visual aids.
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Enrich Your Knowledge
Enrich Your Knowledge

Enrich Your Knowledge presents

fascinating information about the The atmospheric CO2 is virtually the only source of
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concept covered. carbon, which is the basic constituent of all the organic
This is our attempt to create interest in compounds.
the students about the concept.
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GG - Gyan Guru

COVID-19
GG-Gyan Guru
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It is an infectious disease caused by a newly

discovered coronavirus. Most of the people
infected with the COVID-19 virus will
experience mild to moderate respiratory Gyan Guru illustrates real life
illness but older people with medical applications or examples related to the
problems like cardiovascular disease, concept discussed.
diabetes, chronic respiratory disease and This is our attempt to link learning to the
cancer are likely to develop serious illness. It life.
spreads primarily through droplets of saliva
or discharge from the nose when an infected
person coughs or sneezes, therefore it is
important to practise respiratory etiquette.
 FEATURES

Apply Your Knowledge

Q.100. Help the forensic analyst to solve the case. Apply Your Knowledge
A blood specimen found at the crime scene does

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not belong to the victim. The forensic analyst
suspects that it belongs to the murderer. The
lab analyst extracted and amplified DNA from Apply Your Knowledge includes
the blood sample. challenging questions.
i. What would be the next step performed by This is our attempt to take students one

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forensic analyst? step further and challenge their
ii. Which medium would be used by the conceptual understanding.
analyst to separate DNA fragments by
electrophoresis?

Quick Review on Quick Review

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Parturition

Quick review includes tables/ flow

charts to summarize the key points in a
First Stage Second Stage Third Stage
chapter.
(Dilation) (Expulsion) (Placental)
This is our attempt to help students to
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reinforce key concepts.
Duration: Few hours 20  60 minutes 10  45 minutes
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Exercise

3.1 Chromosomes and Mechanism of Inheritance Exercise

1. What do you mean by heredity?
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Ans: Refer Q.2

Exercise includes subtopic-wise
2. Make a list of phenotypes that were studied by additional questions and problems.
Mendel in pea plant. This is our attempt to provide
Ans: Refer Q.3 additional practice to students to
gauge their preparation.
3. Enlist the reasons for Mendel’s success in his
hybridisation experiments.
Ans: Refer Q.4
 FEATURES

Multiple Choice Questions Multiple Choice Questions

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1. Gemmule formation takes place in _______.
(A) Hydra (B) Spongilla Multiple Choice Question includes
(C) Planaria (D) Amoeba textual as well as additional MCQs.
2. Hydra multiplies asexually by _______. This is our attempt to give students
practice of MCQs and prepare them

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(A) budding (B) gemmule formation
(C) regeneration (D) both(A) and (B) thoroughly for board examination.

Competitive Corner
on Competitive Corner
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1. Xylem translocates [NEET (UG) 2019]
Competitive Corner presents latest
questions from prominent [NEET (UG), (A) Water, mineral salts and some organic nitrogen
NEET (Odisha), MHT CET] competitive only
exams based entirely on the syllabus (B) Water, mineral salts, some organic nitrogen
covered in the chapter. and hormones
This is our attempt to introduce students (C) Water only
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to MCQs asked in competitive exams. (D) Water and mineral salts only
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Time: 1 Hour 30 Min TOPIC TEST Total Marks: 25 Topic Test

SECTION A
Topic Test covers questions from the
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chapter for self-evaluation purpose.

Q.1. Select and write the correct answer: [04] This is our attempt to provide the
i. Which of the following is a short day plant? students with revision and help them
(A) Spinach (B) Wheat assess their knowledge of chapter.
(C) Dahlia (D) Sunflower
 CONTENTS

Chapter No. Chapter Name Page No.

1 Reproduction in Lower and Higher Plants 1

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2 Reproduction in Lower and Higher Animals 36

3 Inheritance and Variation 88

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4 Molecular Basis of Inheritance 126

5 Origin and Evolution of Life 164

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6 Plant Water Relation 202

7 Plant Growth and Mineral Nutrition 231

8 Respiration and Circulation 266

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[Reference: Maharashtra State Board of Secondary and Higher Secondary Education, Pune - 04]
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Note: 1. * mark represents Textual question.

2. # mark represents Intext question.
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3.  symbol represents textual questions that need external reference for an

answer.
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 1 Reproduction in Lower and Higher Plants

Contents and Concepts

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1.0 Introduction 1.8 Pollen-Pistil Interaction
1.1 Asexual Reproduction 1.9 Double Fertilization
1.2 Sexual Reproduction 1.10 Development of Endosperm
1.3 Microsporogenesis 1.11 Development of Embryo

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1.4 Structure of Anatropus Ovule 1.12 Seed and Fruit Development
1.5 Megasporogenesis 1.13 Apomixis
1.6 Pollination 1.14 Parthenocarpy
1.7 Outbreeding Devices (Contrivances) 1.15 Polyembryony

1.0 Introduction

Q.1.
i.
a.
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Can you recall? (Textbook page no. 01)
How do plants reproduce without seeds?
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Ans: Plants reproduce without seeds by vegetative propagation.
b. How does vegetative propagation occur in nature?
Ans: Vegetative propagation occurs with the help of vegetative organs like root, stem, leaf or bud.
ii. Why reproduction is an essential process?
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Ans: Reproduction is an essential process as it leads to continuation of species as well as to maintain the
continuity of life.
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1.1 Asexual Reproduction

Q.2. What is reproduction? Name the two methods of reproduction.

Ans:
i. Reproduction is the ability of living beings (organisms) to give rise to young ones of their own kind.
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ii. Two methods of reproduction: Asexual reproduction and Sexual reproduction.

Q.3. Define clones.
Ans: Morphologically and genetically identical individuals produced by asexual reproduction are called clones.
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Q.4. Write a short note on asexual reproduction in lower organisms.

Ans:
i. Asexual reproduction:
It is a process of reproduction which results in production of genetically identical progeny from a single
organism and inherits the gene of the parent.
ii. Asexual reproduction in lower organisms occurs by following methods:
a. Fragmentation:
Multicellular organisms break into fragments and each fragment can develop into new individuals. It
occurs in Spirogyra.
b. Budding:
It is a common method of reproduction in unicellular organisms like yeast. Under favourable conditions
one or more outgrowths (buds) are formed on parent cell. These buds on separation develop into new
individual.
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Std. XII Sci.: Perfect Biology (Vol. I)

c. Spore formation:
It occurs in Chlamydomonas. In this, flagellated, motile zoospores are formed which grow
independently into new individuals.
d. Binary fission: It occurs in Amoeba, Paramoecium
e. Conidia formation: It occurs in Penicillium
f. Gemmules formation: It occurs in sponges.

Reading between the lines

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Asexual Reproduction
Binary fission: In this, parent cell divides to produce two equal cells that give rise to two new individuals.
e.g. Bacteria and Amoeba.
Conidia formation: Fungi produce non-motile spores called conidia. e.g. Penicillium.
Gemmule formation: Gemmules are internal buds found in sponges and are involved in asexual reproduction.

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NCERT Corner
i. Sprorulation:
When the products of multiple fission become individually surrounded by the cyst walls before their

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release from the parent, the process is known as sporulation. The spores remain inactive in the cyst
during unfavourable conditions. When condition becomes favourable, the cyst hatches and gradually
grows into an adult. It occurs in amoeba.
ii. Regeneration:
Regeneration is the process of renewal, restoration and growth. It is commonly observed in Hydra,
planarian flatworm and echinoderms. A lizard can discard a part of tail when in danger, and the tail
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can regenerate later. In humans, liver can regenerate if partially damaged.

Q.5. Identify the type of asexual reproduction given in the figures.

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Mother Cell
Parent Cell
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Figure (A) Figure (B)

Ans: Figure (A): Budding in yeast

Figure (B): Zoospores in Chlamydomonas
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Q.6 Activity (Textbook page no. 01)

Sprinkle a small spoonful of yeast over warm water and then add sugar. Cover it and wait for 10 minutes.
Yeast becomes bubbly over the water proving that it is still active.
Ans:
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i. In the given activity, yeast solution becomes bubbly after 10 minutes.

ii. It is due to favourable conditions yeast cells undergo asexual reproduction i.e. budding.
iii. During this process, gas like carbon dioxide is formed in the mixture of yeast, sugar and water.
iv. As the number of yeast cells divides, more gas is formed due to which mixture becomes bubbly proving that
yeast is still active.
Q.7. Can you recall? (Textbook page no. 01)
The capacity to reproduce by vegetative propagation:
Root - Sweet potato, Asparagus, Dahlia.
Leaf - Bryophyllum, Kalanchoe, Begonia, etc.
Stem - rhizome (turmeric), tubers (potato), bulbs (onion), etc.
How does vegetative propagation occur in nature?
Ans: Refer Q.1 (i-b)
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Chapter 1: Reproduction in Lower and
Higher Plants

Reading between the lines

Vegetative propagation by root: e.g. Sweet Potato

i. It is a modification of root for vegetative reproduction.
ii. The underground roots in some plants store plenty of reserve food. Due to this, they become swollen.
iii. These roots develop adventitious buds on their surface which sprout under favourable conditions
to produce leafy shoots and adventitious roots.
iv. Under suitable environmental conditions, these leafy shoots separate and develop into new plants.
Vegetative propagation by stem:

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i. Rhizome: Small plantlets develop from rhizome of ginger.
ii. Tuber: Small plantlets emerge from the eyes (buds) of potato tuber.
iii. Bulbs: It is condensed disc like underground stem. The upper surface of disc bears whorl of fleshy
leaves. e.g. Onion, garlic.
Vegetative propagation by leaf:

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i. In some plants like Bryophyllum, leaves take part in vegetative propagation.
ii. Adventitious buds called epiphyllous buds are developed on the leaves. These buds start sprouting
on the leaf to form the plantlets.
iii. These plantlets fall off from parent plant to continue their growth in the wet soil.

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Q.8. Activity (Textbook page no. 15)
Prepare chart for natural vegetative propagation exhibited by flowering plants indicating the vegetative part/s
and the different examples.
Ans:
Organ Part Name of the plant
Tuber Stem Potato
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Rhizome Stem Ginger
Napiform root Root Beet
Stolon Stem Mentha
Leaf buds Leaf Bryophyllum
Bulbil Floral buds Agave
Runner Stem Lawn Grass
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Bulb Stem Onion

[Note: Students are expected to collect more information about natural vegetative propagation exhibited by
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flowering plants indicating the vegetative part/s and the different examples]
Q.9. What are the artificial methods of vegetative propagation?
Ans: Artificial methods of vegetative propagation are as follows:
i. Cutting:
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a. The small piece of any vegetative part of a plant having one or more buds is used for propagation.
b. Some of the common cuttings are:
Stem cutting - e.g. Rose, Bougainvillea; leaf cutting - e.g. Sansevieria; root cutting e.g. Blackberry.
ii. Grafting:
a. In this, parts of two plants are joined in such a way that
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they grow as one plant.

b. Part of the rooted plant on which grafting is done is
called stock (root stock). Scion
c. While the part which is inserted on stock is called
scion (graft).
d. Budding is also called bud grafting in which single
bud is a scion.
e. A single bud is then inserted in the slit of the stock. Stock
f. Grafting is done in plants like Apple, Rose, Pear, etc. Grafting in Rose
iii. Tissue culture:
It is a method in which small amount of tissue is taken from shoot tips or other suitable part of the parent
plant and grown on a culture medium under aseptic conditions to give many plantlets. Micropropagation
method is also used now a days.
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Std. XII Sci.: Perfect Biology (Vol. I)

Connections

In chapter 11, you will study Tissue culture and Micropropagation in detail.

Enrich Your Knowledge

Grafting:
i. This is the characteristic feature of dicotyledonous plants which have cambium for secondary growth.

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ii. As monocots do not have inter or intrafascicular cambium and do not show secondary growth, grafting is
not possible in monocots.
iii. The success of grafting depends upon the match of cambium between stock and scion which results in
organic connection between them.
iv. Common methods of grafting are Tongue (whip) grafting, Wedge grafting and Crown grafting, etc.

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Q.10. Do you know? (Textbook page no. 02)
Why does gardener choose to propagate plants asexually?
Ans: Gardner chooses to propagate plants asexually because of following advantages:

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i. It is more rapid, easier and cheaper method of propagation of plants as compared to propagation by seeds.
ii. It is possible to obtain clones as plants produced will have same characters as that of parent plants.
iii. It is the means of reproduction in those plants where sexual reproduction is absent or do not form viable
seeds. e.g. Banana, Figs, Pineapple, etc.
iv. By the methods like grafting desired character of the stock (e.g. disease resistance, vigour, etc.) can be
transferred to the scion.
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v. The yield can be increased by grafting the high yielding variety on the stock of variety with low yield which
is better adapted to particular region.
vi. It is easy to get rid of pathogens from any part of the plant by vegetative propagation.
vii. It helps in the production of clones of economically useful and rare plants.
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1.2 Sexual Reproduction

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NCERT Corner
i. Before organisms can reproduce sexually, they have to reach a certain stage of growth and maturity,
which is called the juvenile phase in animals. In plants, it is called vegetative phase. This phase has
variable durations in different organisms.
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ii. The reproductive phase begins after the end of juvenile/vegetative phase. Flowering in higher plants
marks the beginning of the reproductive phase. Few plants exhibit unusual flowering phenomenon:
For e.g.
a. Bamboo species flower only once in their lifetime, generally after 50  100 years, produce
numerous fruits and die.
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b. Strobilanthus kunthiana (Neelakuranji) flowers once in 12 years.

Q.11. Define flower and write its function.

Ans:
i. The flower is specialized reproductive structure of a plant in which sexual reproduction takes place.
OR
Flower is defined as “a highly specialized reproductive shoot”, concerned with sexual reproduction in
higher plants.
OR
Flower is a condensed and modified shoot, specialized for sexual reproduction.
ii. The function of flower is to produce haploid gametes and to ensure that fertilization will take place.
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Chapter 1: Reproduction in Lower and
Higher Plants
Q.12. Activity (Textbook page no. 02)
Label the parts of flower in the given diagram.

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Ans:
Stigma
Anther
Filament Style

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Corolla (Petal)

Ovary
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Calyx (Sepal) Ovules

Q.13. Name the four whorls of a typical flower.

Ans: A typical flower consists of Calyx, Corolla, Androecium and Gynoecium.
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Q.14. Write a short note on sexual reproduction.

Ans: Sexual reproduction:
i. It is a mode of reproduction which involves fusion of two compatible gametes or sex cells.
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ii. Sexual reproduction involves two major events viz. meiosis (gamete formation) and fusion of gametes.
iii. Fusion of male and female gametes (fertilization) results in zygote formation and embryogenesis (embryo
formation).
iv. Fusion of gametes leads to production of genetically dissimilar offsprings.
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v. Variations are useful from the point of view of the survival and the evolution of species, over the time.
vi. Sequential events that occur in sexual reproduction are grouped into three distinct stages viz. Pre-
fertilization, Fertilization and the Post-fertilization.
Q.15. Complete the given flow chart.
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Meiosis Form Forms

‘A’ Haploid spores ‘B’ Gametes

Ans: A: Diploid Sporophyte B: Gametophyte

Enrich Your Knowledge

Diploid sporophyte is the predominant plant body in all angiosperms, where meiosis takes place to produce
haploid spores that form gametophyte. Gametophytes are considerably reduced and develop within the flower.
They produce gametes.

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Std. XII Sci.: Perfect Biology (Vol. I)

Q.16. Identify X, Y and Z in the given chart.
‘X’ is the male reproductive whorl of a flower

Individual member of ‘X’ is a called ‘Y’

‘Y’ consists of filament, connective and ‘Z’

Ans: X: Androecium
Y: Stamens

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Z: Anther
Q.17. Explain in detail the structure of an anther.
Ans: Structure of an anther:
i. Anther is upper sac-like fertile part of the stamen.

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ii. An immature stage of anther is represented by group of parenchymatous tissue surrounded by single layered
epidermis.
iii. Anther consists of two anther lobes (dithecous), sometimes anther consists of one lobe (monothecous).
iv. In dithecous anther four pollen sacs are present, hence called as tetrasporangiate.
v. Each monothecous anther contains of two pollen sacs.

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Q.18. With the help of neat and labelled diagram explain the T.S. of anther.
Ans:
Connective Epidermis

Middle layers
Tapetum
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Sporogenous
tissue
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Endothecium
T. S. of Anther
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i. Sporogenous tissue:
Some hypodermal cells get transformed into archesporial cells.
The archesporial cell divides into an inner sporogenous cell and outer primary parietal cell.
Sporogenous cell forms sporogenous tissue.
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Each cell of sporogenous tissue is capable of giving rise to a microspore tetrad.

ii. Anther wall:
Parietal cell undergoes divisions to form anther wall layers. The anther wall is divided into four layers as
follows:
a. Epidermis: It is the outermost protective layer made up of tabular (flattened) cells.
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b. Endothecium: It is sub-epidermal layer made up of radially elongated cells with fibrous thickenings.
c. Middle layers: Inner to endothecium is middle layer made up of thin walled cells (1-2 layered), which
may disintegrate in mature anther.
d. Tapetum: It is the inner most nutritive layer of anther wall. It immediately encloses the sporogenous
tissue (microspore mother cells).
*Q.19. Name the layer which supplies nourishment to the developing pollen grains.
Ans: Tapetum supplies nourishment to the developing pollen grains.

1.3 Microsporogenesis
Q.20. Define microsporogenesis.
Ans: It is a process in which each microspore mother cell divides meiotically to form tetrad of haploid
microspores (pollen grains).
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Chapter 1: Reproduction in Lower and
Higher Plants
OR
The process of formation of microspores from diploid microspore mother cell through meiotic cell division
inside the microsporangia or pollen sacs is called microsporogenesis.
Q.21. Explain in detail the structure of microspore.
Ans: Structure of microspore:
i. Pollen grain/microspore is a non-motile, haploid, unicellular body with single nucleus.
ii. It is surrounded by a two layered wall called sporoderm.
iii. The outer wall is called exine and the inner wall is called intine.
iv. Exine:

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a. The exine is thick and made up of complex, non-biodegradable, substance called sporopollenin.
b. It may be smooth or with a sculptured pattern (characteristic of the species).
c. It is resistant to chemicals.
d. At some places exine is very thin showing thin areas known as germ-pores.
e. Germ-pores are meant for the growth of emerging pollen tube during germination of pollen grain.

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v. Intine:
The inner wall layer, intine consists of cellulose and pectin.
Q.22. Find Out (Textbook page no. 03)
Why pollen grains can remain well preserved in fossil?
Ans:

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i. Exine of pollen grain is made up of a complex, non-biodegradable, substance called sporopollenin.
ii. Sporopollenin provides resistance to a pollen grain from high temperatures, strong acids and alkalis.
Thus, pollen grains can remain well preserved in fossil.
Q.23. Identify ‘X’ in the given figure and write a short note on its structure.
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‘X’
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Ans:
i. In the given figure ‘X’ represents pollen grains.
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ii. For structure of pollen grain: Refer Q.21.

NCERT Corner
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Harmful effects of Pollen grains :

i. Pollen grains of many species cause severe allergies and bronchial afflictions leading to chronic
respiratory disorders like asthma and bronchitis.
ii. Parthenium (Carrot grass) causes pollen allergy.
Uses /Benefits of Pollen grains :
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i. Rich in nutrients..
ii. Pollen tablets are used as food supplements.
iii. A large number of pollen products in the form of syrups and tablets are available in the market in
western countries.
iv. Pollen consumption enhances the performance of athletes and race horses.

Q.24. Write a short note on pollen viability.

Ans: Pollen viability:
i. Pollen viability is the functional ability of pollen grain to germinate to develop male gametophyte.
ii. It depends upon environmental conditions of temperature and humidity.
iii. In rice and wheat, pollen grains remain viable for 30 minutes of their release, whereas in some members of
Rosaceae, Leguminosae, Solanaceae, they remain viable for months.
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Std. XII Sci.: Perfect Biology (Vol. I)

NCERT Corner
Pollen grains of a large number of species can be stored in liquid nitrogen (–196 qC) for many years.
These stored pollen can be used as pollen banks.

*Q.25. Explain the stages involved in the maturation of microspore into male gametophyte.
Ans: Maturation of microspore into male gametophyte:

Pollen grain Intine Vegetative cell Germ pore

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A
B C
Exine Generative Generative nucleus
Cytoplasm

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cell
Vegetative nucleus

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D E F
Male gametes Pollen
Male gametes tube

Tube nucleus
Development of male gametophyte
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i. Pollen grain/microspore marks the beginning of male gametophyte, thus it is the first cell of the male
gametophyte.
ii. It undergoes first mitotic division to produce bigger, naked vegetative cell and small, thin walled generative cell.
iii. The vegetative cell is rich in food and having irregular shaped nucleus.
iv. The generative cell floats in the cytoplasm of vegetative cell.
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v. The second mitotic division is concerned with generative cell only and gives rise to two non-motile male gametes.
vi. The mitotic division of generative cell takes place either in pollen grain or in the pollen tube.
vii. The pollen grains are shed from the anther, at this two- celled stage in most of the angiosperms.
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Reading between the lines

Development of male gametophyte

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Before pollination in the pollen sac:

Refer Q.25 (i-vii)
viii. In some angiosperms, the generative cell divides by mitosis to form two male gametes and therefore,
three-celled pollen grains are released from anther.
After pollination on the stigma:
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i. After pollination, the two-celled pollen grain gets deposited on the stigma and absorbs the sugary
stigmatic secretion.
ii. Due to this, volume of cytoplasm increases, thus creating a pressure on the intine.
iii. The intine comes out in the form of a tube-like structure called pollen tube through the germ pore.
iv. The tube nucleus, cytoplasm and generative cell, all migrate into the pollen tube.
v. The pollen tube grows through the style towards the ovule due to some chemical stimulus inside the ovary.
vi. The generative cell of the pollen grain divides by mitosis and forms two haploid non-motile gametes.
vii. The pollen tube consisting of two male gametes and a degenerating sterile vegetative nucleus represents
the male gametophyte.

Q.26. Arrange the following terms in a correct developmental sequence: Pollen grain, sporogenous tissue,
microspore tetrad, pollen mother cell, male gametes. [NCERT]
Ans: Sporogenous tissue, pollen mother cell, microspore tetrad, pollen grain, male gametes.
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To see complete chapter buy Target Notes or Target E‐Notes

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Std. XII Sci.: Perfect Biology (Vol. I)

*Q.97. Match the columns.
Column - I (Structure before seed Column - II (Structure after seed
formation) formation)
A. Funiculus I. Hilum
B. Scar of ovule II. Tegmen
C. Zygote III. Testa
D. Inner integument IV. Stalk of seed
V. Embryo

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a. A - V, B - I, C - II, D - IV
b. A - III, B - IV, C - I, D - V
c. A - IV, B - I, C - V, D - II
d. A - IV, B - V, C - III, D - II

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Ans: The correct answer is: c. A - IV, B - I, C - V, D – II

Apply Your Knowledge

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Q.98. How many meiotic divisions are required to form the following number of pollen grains and female
gametophytes:
28, 52, 72, 100
Ans:
Number of pollen grains and Number of meiotic Number of meiotic divisions
female gametophytes divisions required form pollen required form female
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grains gametophytes
28 7 28
52 13 52
72 18 72
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100 25 100

[Hint: Each diploid microspore mother cell (2n) undergoes meiotic division to form four haploid
microspores (n) or pollen grains.
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1 Megaspore mother cell  Meiosis

o 4 Megaspores o
3 degenerate
1 Functional megaspore]
(MMC)
Q.99. An angiospermic plant has 10 flowers. Each flower has 10 stamens in which anthers are
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tetrasporangiate. Each pollen chamber has 10 microspore mother cells. How many total pollen grains
will that plant produce?
Ans: Two anther lobes contain 4 pollen sacs. Each pollen sac has 10 microspore mother cells.
Each diploid microspore mother cell (2n) undergoes meiotic division to form four haploid pollen
grains (n).
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4 pollen sacs o 40 microspore mother cells o 160 pollen grains

160 pollen grains will be produced by one stamen.
10 stamens o 1600 pollen grains
Each flower has 10 stamens and there are 10 such flowers.
? 1600 u 10 = 16000 pollen grains.
Q.100. If a tetraploid male flower fertilizes a diploid female flower find the ploidy of zygote and
endosperm.
Ans: A tetraploid male flower will produce two diploid male gametes, i.e. 2n and 2n.
A diploid female flower will produce one haploid egg (n), and diploid secondary nucleus (2n).
Zygote o (2n) + (n) = 3n
Endosperm o (2n) + (2n) = 4n

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Chapter 1: Reproduction in Lower and
Higher Plants
Q.101. If there are 48 chromosomes in a bisexual plant, how many chromosomes will be present in:
i. Root ii. Stem
iii. Leaf iv. Ovary
v. Pollen vi. Antipodals
vii. Endosperm
Ans:
No. Part Ploidy No. of chromosomes present
i. Root 2n 48

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ii. Stem 2n 48
iii. Leaf 2n 48
iv. Ovary 2n 48

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v. Pollen n 24
vi. Antipodals n 24
vii. Endosperm 3n 72

Ans: Vegetative propagation by Leaf:

i.
on Practical / Project

*Q.102. Natural vegetative propagation by leaves only in different vascular plants.

In some plants like Bryophyllum, leaves take part in vegetative propagation.

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ii. Adventitious buds called epiphyllous buds are developed on the leaves. These buds start sprouting on the
leaf to form the plantlets.
iii. These plantlets fall off from parent plant to continue their growth in the wet soil.
[Note: Students are expected to collect more information about Natural vegetative propagation by leaves only in
different vascular plants.]
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Quick Review
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Reproduction

Asexual Vegetative Sexual

Reproduction
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Fragmentation
Budding
Spore formation Natural Artificial
Binary fission Cutting
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Conidia formation Grafting

Gemmule formation Tissue Culture

Parts of a flower

Calyx Corolla Androecium Gynoecium

(Sepals) (Petals) (Stamen) (Carpel)

Filament Connective Anther Ovary Style Stigma

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Std. XII Sci.: Perfect Biology (Vol. I)

Microsporogenesis
divide
Microspore mother cells Tetrad of Pollen grain
(2n) meiotically (n)

Development of male gamete

Vegetative
1st mitotic Cell
Pollen grain

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division
Generative 2nd mitotic
2 non-motile
Cell division
male gametes

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Megasporogenesis

divides
Megaspore mother cell 4 Megaspores
(2n) meiotically (n)

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Development of female gametophyte

1 Functional Undergoes three

Megaspore mitotic divisions
8 nucleated,
7 celled
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Embryo sac

Pollination

Abiotic agents Biotic agents

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Wind Water Insects Birds Bats

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(Anemophily) (Hydrophily) (Entomophily) (Ornithophily) (Chiropterophily)

Outbreeding Devices
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Unisexuality Dichogamy Prepotency Heterostyly Herkogamy Self

incompatibility
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Double fertilization

Syngamy Triple fusion

(male gamete + egg) (male gamete + Secondary nucleus)

Zygote Primary Endosperm Nucleus

Types of endosperm

Nuclear Cellular Helobial

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Chapter 1: Reproduction in Lower and
Higher Plants

Types of Seeds

Endospermic/ Albuminous Non-endospermic/ Ex-albuminous

e.g. Caster, Coconut, Maize e.g. Pea, bean

Apomixis

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Formation of embryo(s)
through asexual method of reproduction
Categories

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Recurrent Non-recurrent Adventive
Embryony

Parthenocarpy

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Fruits develop without fertilization

Polyembryony
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Development of more than one embryo in seed

7. Identify the incorrect labels in the given figure

Exercise of T.S. of anther.

1.1 Asexual Reproduction

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1. What are the two methods of reproduction? Middle layers

Ans: Refer Q.2.(ii) Epidermis
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2. Describe the methods of asexual reproduction in

lower organisms. Tapetum
Ans: Refer Q.4.(ii)
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Endothecium
3. Explain the advantages of asexual reproduction
in horticulture.
Ans: Refer Q.10. Ans: Refer Q.18.
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4. How yeast reproduce asexually? 8. What is tetrasporangiate anther?

Ans: Refer Q.4.(ii-b)and Q.5 (A) Figure Ans: Refer Q.17.(iv)

5. Explain the artificial methods of vegetative 9. Write a short note on anther wall.
propagation. Ans: Refer Q.18.(ii)
Ans: Refer Q.9. 10. What is the role of tapetum?
Ans: Refer Q.19.
1.2 Sexual Reproduction
1.3 Microsporogenesis
6. Draw neat and labelled diagram of parts of a
flower. 11. What is microsporogenesis?
Ans: Refer Q.12. Ans: Refer Q.20.
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Std. XII Sci.: Perfect Biology (Vol. I)

12. Describe the structure of microspore in detail. 1.7 Outbreeding Devices (Contrivances)
Ans: Refer Q.21.
26. Explain in detail outbreeding devices in plants
13. What are germ pores? State their function. to avoid self-pollination.
Ans: Refer Q. 21.(iv-d, e) Ans: Refer Q.54.
14. With the help of neat and labelled diagram
1.8 Pollen-Pistil Interaction
explain how microspore develops into a male
gametophyte?
27. Describe pollen pistil interaction.
Ans: Refer Q.25.
Ans: Refer Q.55.

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1.4 Structure of Anatropus Ovule
1.9 Double Fertilization
15. Define the following terms:
i. Apocarpous flower 28. Draw neat and labelled diagram of double
ii. Syncarpous flower fertilization .

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Ans: i. Refer Q.27 (iii) Ans: Refer Q.60.
ii. Refer Q.27 (iv)
29. Describe the process of double fertilization and
16. Draw neat and labelled diagram of an give its significance.
anatropous ovule. Ans: Refer Q.60, and Q.62

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Ans: Refer Q.28 (Diagram)
1.10 Development of Endosperm
17. What is micropyle?
Ans: Refer Q.28 (vi) 30. Write a short note on helobial type of
1.5 Megasporogenesis endosperm.
Ans: Refer Q.65 (iii)
18. Explain in detail the development of female
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gametophyte from megaspore. 1.11 Development of Embryo
Ans: Refer Q.30.
31. What is embryogenesis? Explain it with the help
19. Why development of female gametophyte is of dicot embryo.
called monosporic and endosporic? Ans: Refer Q.67, and Q.68
[NCERT]
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Ans: Refer Q.30. (xii, xiii) 1.12 Seed and Fruit Development

1.6 Pollination 32. Name the outer and inner seed coat.
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Ans: Refer Q.73 (i, ii)

20. Define the following terms:
i. Pollination 33. What are non-endospermic seeds?
ii. Self-pollination Ans: Refer Q.74 (ii)
iii. Cross pollination
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Ans: i. Refer Q.34 (i). 34. Define dormancy.

ii. Refer Q.35.(i) Ans: Refer Q.81 (i)
iii. Refer Q.35.(ii)
1.13 Apomixis
21. What is cleistogamy?
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Ans: Refer Q.36.(ii) 35. What is apomixis and what is its importance?
22. Explain how anemophilous plants are adapted [NCERT]
to wind pollination? Ans: Refer Q.83
Ans: Refer Q.43.(ii)
1.14 Parthenocarpy
23. Write a short note on epihydrophily.
Ans: Refer Q.46.(ii) 36. What is parthenocarpy?
Ans: Refer Q.88
24. Define entomophily.
Ans: Refer Q.49.(i) 1.15 Polyembryony
25. Enlist adaptations in chiropterophilous flowers. 37. Write a short note on polyembryony.
Ans: Refer Q.53.(ii) Ans: Refer Q.93
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Chapter 1: Reproduction in Lower and
Higher Plants
13. Which of the following plant shows geitonogamy?
Multiple Choice Questions (A) Pea
(B) Cucurbita maxima
1. Chlamydomonas reproduce asexually by (C) Vallisneria
(A) binary fission (D) Zostera
(B) spore formation *14. Which of the following types require pollinator
(C) budding but result is genetically similar to autogamy?
(D) gemmule formation (A) Geitonogamy (B) Xenogamy
2. In grafting, the part of stem containing more (C) Apogamy (D) Cleistogamy

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than one bud called ______ is joined onto a 15. Which of the following is not an adaptation in
rooted plant. anemophilous flowers?
(A) stock (B) cutting (A) Small, inconspicuous, colourless flowers
(C) scion (D) clone (B) Dry pollen grains produced in large
numbers

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3. All the given below are parts of stamen, except (C) Flowers with nectar gland
(A) filament (B) style (D) Feathery stigma
(C) connective (D) anther
16. Which of the following aquatic plant is
4. A dithecous anther is anemophilous?

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(A) unisporangiate (B) trisporangiate (A) Potamogeton (B) Lotus
(C) bisporangiate (D) tetrasporangiate (C) Water hyacinth (D) Water lily
5. ______ layer of anther wall immediately *17. Insect pollinated flowers usually posses
encloses the sporogenous tissue. (A) Sticky pollens with rough surface
(A) middle (B) tapetum (B) Large quantities of pollens
(C) endothecium (D) epidermis (C) Dry pollens with smooth surface
C
(D) Light coloured pollens
6. The exine of an anther is made up of complex,
non-biodegradable substance called 18. Pollination by bats is called as
(A) tapetum (B) sporopollenin (A) Ornithophily (B) Anemophily
(C) pectin (D) cellulose (C) Chiropterophily (D) Entomophily
7. A typical carpel has three parts viz. ovary, style *19. The ploidy level is NOT the same in
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and ______ (A) Integuments and nucellus

(A) vegetative cell (B) micropyle (B) Root tip and shoot tip
(C) stigma (D) chalaza (C) Secondary nucleus and endosperm
(D) Antipodals and synergids
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*8. In ovule, meiosis occurs in

20. When pollen tube enters ovule through
(A) integument
integuments it is called as
(B) nucellus
(A) syngamy (B) porogamy
(C) megaspore
(C) chalazogamy (D) mesogamy
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(D) megaspore mother cell

*21. In angiosperms, endosperm is formed by/ due to
9. Synergids show hair like projections called (A) free nuclear divisions of megaspore
(A) antipodals (B) polar nuclei (B) polar nuclei
(C) filiform apparatus (D) funiculus (C) polar nuclei and male gamete
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*10. Point out the odd one. (D) synergids and male gamete
(A) Nucellus (B) Embryo sac 22. The triploid primary endosperm nucleus
(C) Micropyle (D) Pollen grain repeatedly divides mitotically to form nutritive
tissue called
11. In angiosperms, ______ is a pre-requisite for
(A) embryo (B) zygote
fertilization because both male and female
(C) endosperm (D) nucellus
gametes are non- motile.
(A) pollination (B) syngamy 23. The type of endosperm in which division of
(C) triple fusion (D) parthenocarpy triploid primary endosperm nucleus is
immediately followed by wall formation is
12. The contrivances that favour self-pollination are called ______ endosperm.
(A) bisexuality (B) homogamy (A) nuclear (B) cellular
(C) cleistogamy (D) all of these (C) helobial (D) mosaic
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Std. XII Sci.: Perfect Biology (Vol. I)

24. After fertilization, ovary wall develops into (C) One fuses with the egg, other(s)
(A) pericarp (B) perisperm degenerate(s) in the synergid.
(C) testa (D) tegmen (D) All fuse with the egg.
*25. If diploid chromosome number in a flowering 4. Which one of the following statements
plant is 12, then which one of the following will regarding post-fertilization development in
have 6 chromosomes? flowering plants is INCORRECT?
(A) Endosperm (B) Leaf cells [NEET (UG) 2019]
(C) Cotyledons (D) Synergids (A) Central cell develops into endosperm
(B) Ovules develop into embryo sac
26. Tiny seeds of these plants are easy for dispersal,

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(C) Ovary develops into fruit
except (D) Zygote develops into embryo
(A) Striga (B) Orchids Hint: Ovules develop into seeds.
(C) Citrus (D) Orobancha
5. In some plants, the female gamete develops into
27. Polyembryony is commonly observed in embryo without fertilization. This phenomenon

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(A) mango (B) orange is known as: [NEET (UG) 2019]
(C) lemon (D) all of these (A) syngamy (B) parthenogenesis
(C) autogamy (D) parthenocarpy
Answers to Multiple Choice Questions 6. Persistent nucellus in the seed is known as:
[NEET (UG) 2019]

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1. (B) 2. (C) 3. (B) 4. (D)
(A) Hilum (B) Tegmen
5. (B) 6. (B) 7. (C) 8. (D)
(C) Chalaza (D) Perisperm
9. (C) 10. (D) 11. (A) 12. (D)
13. (B) 14. (A) 15. (C) 16. (A) 7. If the number of chromosomes in an endosperm
17. (A) 18. (C) 19. (C) 20. (D) of seed is 21, what will be the chromosome
21. (C) 22. (C) 23. (B) 24. (A) number in the secondary nucleus?
25. (D) 26. (C) 27. (D) [MHT CET 2019]
C
(A) 7 (B) 28
(C) 14 (D) 21
Competitive Corner Hint: Endosperm of seed is triploid, hence 3n = 21
Whereas secondary nucleus is diploid, hence 2n
1. Which is the most common type of embryo sac = 14.
in angiosperms? [NEET Odisha 2019]
8. For the formation of 140 angiospermic seeds
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(A) Bisporic with two sequential mitotic

how many meiotic cell divisions are expected?
divisions
[MHT CET 2019]
(B) Tetrasporic with one mitotic stage of
(A) 175 (B) 280
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divisions
(C) 560 (D) 240
(C) Monosporic with three sequential
Hint: For formation of 140 angiospermic seeds 140 male
mitotic divisions
gametes and 140 female gametes are required.
(D) Monosporic with two sequential mitotic
For formation of 140 male gametes, the number
divisions
of meiotic divisions required will be 35.
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2. What type of pollination takes place in

(1 Microspore mother cell o 4
meiosis
Vallisneria? [NEET Odisha 2019]
microspores)
(A) Male flowers are carried by water
For formation of 140 female gametes, the number
currents to female flowers at surface of
of meiotic divisions required will be 140.
water.
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(1 Megaspore mother cell o 4

meiosis
(B) Pollination occurs in submerged condition
by water. megaspores o 1
3 degenerate
functional
(C) Flowers emerge above surface of water megaspore)
and pollination occurs by insects. Therefore, for the formation of 140 angiospermic
(D) Flowers emerge above water surface and seeds 175 meiotic cell divisions are expected.
pollen is carried by wind.
9. In angiosperms, a male gametophyte is
3. What is the fate of the male gametes discharged developed from a pollen mother cell by
in the synergid? [NEET (UG) 2019] _______ . [MHT CET 2019]
(A) One fuses with the egg, other(s) fuse(s) (A) one meiotic and two mitotic divisions
with synergid nucleus. (B) two mitotic divisions
(B) One fuses with the egg and other fuses (C) one mitotic and two meiotic divisions
with central cell nuclei. (D) a single meiotic division
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Chapter 1: Reproduction in Lower and
Higher Plants

Time: 1 Hour 30 Min TOPIC TEST Total Marks: 25

SECTION A
Q.1. Select and write the correct answer: [04]
i. ______ is the innermost nutritive layer of anther wall.
(A) Endothecium (B) Epidermis (C) Tapetum (D) Middle layer

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ii. A narrow opening at the apex of an ovule is called
(A) chalaza (B) micropyle (C) nucellus (D) hilum
iii. Pollination by insect is called as
(A) chiropterophily (B) entomophily (C) anemophily (D) hydrophily

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iv. Which of the following is an ex-albuminous seed?
(A) castor (B) coconut (C) maize (D) pea
Q.2. Answer the following [03]
i. Define megasporogenesis.
ii. Give any two examples of plants in which pollination occurs by water.
iii. What is coleoptile and coleorhiza?

Attempt any Four on SECTION B

[08]
C
Q.3. Draw neat and labelled diagram of maize seed.
Q.4. Write any four adaptations of hydrophilous flowers.
Q.5. Write a short note on grafting.
Q.6. What is cellular type endosperm? Name any two plants which possess this type of endosperm.
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Q.7. Write significance of seed and fruit formation.

Q.8. Development of female gametophyte in angiosperm is monosporic and endosporic. Give reason.
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SECTION C

Attempt any Two [06]

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Q.9. What are endospermic seeds? Give two examples.

Q.10. Explain the term parthenocarpy.
Q.11. Draw neat and labelled diagram of T.S. of anther.
SECTION D
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Attempt any One [04]

Q.12. Explain the process of double fertilization.

Q.13. Explain in detail structure of an anatropous ovule.

Download the answers of the Topic Test by

scanning the given Q.R. Code.

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