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3 COMPOUNDS AND CHEMICAL BONDS 74
3.1 Matter: Classification and Properties 75
• States of Matter 75 • Mixtures 76
• Properties of Matter 78
3.2 Ionic Bonding and Binary Ionic
Compounds 81
3.3 Naming Ions and Binary Ionic
Compounds 85
• Naming Atomic Cations 86
• Naming Atomic Anions 87
• Naming Binary Ionic Compounds 87
3.4 Covalent Bonding and Molecules 89
• Covalent Bonding 90 • Molecules 90
• Molecular Formulas 93
■ Fixed Nitrogen in Fertilizers 96
3.5 Naming Binary Molecular Compounds 97
3.6 Covalent Bonding in Ionic Species: Polyatomic Ions 99
■ Product Labels 100
■ Product Labels 101
■ Hydrates 104
3.7 Acids 105
3.8 Substances in Review 107

Properties of Atoms 108

• Distinguishing Elements and Compounds 110

• Determining Whether a Compound Is Ionic or Molecular 111
• Naming Compounds 111

vii
4 HOW CHEMISTS USE NUMBERS 122
4.1 Units of Measurement 123
• Base Units 123 • Mass, Length, and Time 124
• Metric Multipliers 124 • Temperature 126
■ The Fahrenheit Temperature Scale 127
4.2 Scientific Notation 130
• Very Large Numbers 131 • Very Small
Numbers 132 • Using the Scientific Notation
Function on Your Calculator 133
4.3 Significant Figures 135
• Exact Numbers 135 • Measured Numbers 135
■ Arthur Rosenfeld 139
• Calculations with Measured Numbers 140
4.4 Unit Conversion 144
• Conversion Factors 144
■ The Importance of Units 146
• Derived Units 147
■ The International Unit 149
• Dimensional Analysis 150
4.5 Success in Introductory Chemistry Class 152

5 THE MOLE AND CHEMICAL FORMULAS 162

5.1 Counting Atoms by Weighing 163
• The Mole (The “Chemist’s Dozen”) 163
• Molar Mass 165 • Interconverting Mass,
Moles, and Numbers of Atoms 167
5.2 Counting Molecules by Weighing 169
• Calculating the Molar Mass of a
Compound 169 • Interconverting Mass,
Moles, and Numbers of Molecules
(or Formula Units) 170 • Combining Multiple
Conversions in a Single Calculation 172
■ Redefining the Kilogram 174
5.3 Mass Percent Composition 175
■ Iodized Salt 177
5.4 Using Mass Percent Composition to
Determine Empirical Formula 178
■ Fertilizer & Mass Percents 180
5.5 Using Empirical Formula and Molar Mass to Determine
Molecular Formula 181

viii
6 MOLECULAR SHAPE 192
6.1 Drawing Simple Lewis Structures 193
• Lewis Structures of Simple Molecules 193
• Lewis Structures of Molecules with a Central
Atom 195 • Lewis Structures of Simple
Polyatomic Ions 195
6.2 Lewis Structures Continued 198
• Lewis Structures with Less Obvious Skeletal
Structures 198 • Lewis Structures with Multiple
Bonds 199 • Exceptions to the Octet Rule 200
■ Bleaching, Disinfecting, and
Decontamination 200
6.3 Resonance Structures 201
6.4 Molecular Shape 203
■ Flavor, Molecular Shape, and Line
Structures 204
• Bond Angles 208
■ Molecular Shapes Resulting from Expanded Octets 209
6.5 Electronegativity and Polarity 211
• Electronegativity 211 • Bond Polarity 213
• Molecular Polarity 215
■ How Bond Dipoles Add to Determine Molecular Polarity 217
6.6 Intermolecular Forces 218
• Dipole-Dipole Forces 218 • Hydrogen Bonding 219
• Dispersion Forces 221
■ Linus Pauling 223
• Intermolecular Forces in Review 224

7 SOLIDS, LIQUIDS, AND PHASE

CHANGES 234
7.1 General Properties of the Condensed
Phases 235
7.2 Types of Solids 236
• Ionic Solids 236 • Molecular Solids 236
• Atomic Solids 238 • Network Solids 239
■ A Network Solid as Hard as Diamond 240
7.3 Physical Properties of Solids 243
• Vapor Pressure 243 • Melting Point 244

ix
7.4 Physical Properties of Liquids 247
• Viscosity 247 • Surface Tension 247
■ Surface Tension and the Shape of Water Drops 248
• Vapor Pressure 249 • Boiling Point 250
■ High Altitude and High-Pressure Cooking 252
7.5 Energy and Physical Changes 253
• Temperature Changes 253 • Solid-Liquid Phase Changes: Melting
and Freezing 255 • Liquid-Gas Phase Changes: Vaporization and
Condensation 256 • Solid-Gas Phase Changes: Sublimation 257

8 GASES 268
8.1 Properties of Gases 269
• Gaseous Substances 270
• Kinetic Molecular Theory of Gases 271
8.2 Pressure 272
• Definition and Units of Pressure 272
• Measurement of Pressure 274
■ Fritz Haber 276
8.3 The Gas Equations 277
• The Ideal Gas Equation 277
■ Pressure Exerted by a Column of Fluid 281
• The Combined Gas Equation 281
• The Molar Mass Gas Equation 282
8.4 The Gas Laws 285
• Boyle’s Law: The Pressure-Volume Relationship 285
• Charles’s Law: The Temperature-Volume Relationship 287
■ Automobile Air Bags and Charles’s Law 290
• Avogadro’s Law: The Moles-Volume Relationship 290
8.5 Gas Mixtures 292
• Dalton’s Law of Partial Pressures 292 • Mole Fractions 294
■ Hyperbaric Oxygen Therapy 295

x
9 PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF SOLUTIONS 308
9.1 General Properties of Solutions 309
■ Honey – A Supersaturated Solution 310
■ Instant Hot Packs 311
9.2 Aqueous Solubility 311
9.3 Solution Concentration 312
• Percent by Mass 312
■ Trace Concentrations 313
• Molarity 315 • Molality 317
• Comparison of Concentration Units 317
9.4 Solution Composition 320
■ Robert Cade, M.D. 322
9.5 Solution Preparation 324
• Preparation of a Solution from a Solid 324 • Preparation of a
More Dilute Solution from a Concentrated Solution 325
Preparing a Solution from a Solid 326
■ Serial Dilution 328
9.6 Colligative Properties 330
• Freezing-Point Depression 330 • Boiling-Point Elevation 331
■ Ice Melters 332
• Osmotic Pressure 333

10 CHEMICAL REACTIONS AND

CHEMICAL EQUATIONS 344
10.1 Recognizing Chemical Reactions 345
10.2 Representing Chemical Reactions with
Chemical Equations 348
• Metals 349 • Nonmetals 349
• Noble Gases 349 • Metalloids 349
10.3 Balancing Chemical Equations 350
■ The Stoichiometry of Metabolism 354
10.4 Types of Chemical Reactions 355
• Precipitation Reactions 355
• Acid-Base Reactions 360
■ Oxygen Generators 361
• Oxidation-Reduction Reactions 363
■ Antoine Lavoisier 368
■ Dental Pain and Redox 370
10.5 Chemical Reactions and Energy 372
10.6 Chemical Reactions in Review 372

xi
11 USING BALANCED CHEMICAL EQUATIONS 382
11.1 Mole to Mole Conversions 383
11.2 Mass to Mass Conversions 386
11.3 Limitations on Reaction Yield 387
• Limiting Reactant 388 • Percent Yield 391
■ Combustion Analysis 392
■ Alka-Seltzer 393
11.4 Aqueous Reactions 395
11.5 Gases in Chemical Reactions 400
• Predicting the Volume of a Gaseous
Product 400 • Calculating the Required
Volume of a Gaseous Reactant 401
■ Joseph Louis Gay-Lussac 403
11.6 Chemical Reactions and Heat 404

12 ACIDS AND BASES 416

12.1 Properties of Acids and Bases 417
■ James Lind 418
12.2 Definitions of Acids and Bases 419
• Arrhenius Acids and Bases 419
• Brønsted Acids and Bases 419
• Conjugate Acid-Base Pairs 420
12.3 Water as an Acid; Water as a Base 422
12.4 Strong Acids and Bases 424
12.5 pH and pOH Scales 427
■ Antacids and the pH Balance in Your Stomach 434
■ Lake Natron 435
12.6 Weak Acids and Bases 436
12.7 Acid-Base Titrations 440
12.8 Buffers 442

xii
13 EQUILIBRIUM 454
13.1 Reaction Rates 455

Collision Theory 458

13.2 Chemical Equilibrium 460

■ How Do We Know That the Forward and
Reverse Processes Are Ongoing in a System
at Equilibrium? 462
13.3 Equilibrium Constants 462
■ Sweet Tea 463
• Calculating Equilibrium Constants 463
• Magnitude of the Equilibrium Constant 466
13.4 Factors that Affect Equilibrium 467
■ Hemoglobin Production at High Altitude 467
• Addition or Removal of a Substance 468
• Changes in Volume 470 • Changes in Temperature 471

14 ORGANIC CHEMISTRY 480

14.1 Why Carbon Is Different 481
14.2 Hydrocarbons 482
• Alkanes 483 • Alkenes and Alkynes 483
• Reactions of Hydrocarbons 485
14.3 Isomers 486
■ Partially Hydrogenated Vegetable Oils 487
■ Representing Organic Molecules with
Bond-Line Structures 489
14.4 Functional Groups 490
14.5 Alcohols and Ethers 491
14.6 Aldehydes and Ketones 493
14.7 Carboxylic Acids and Esters 495
14.8 Amines and Amides 496
14.9 Polymers 498

xiii
15 BIOCHEMISTRY 506
15.1 Biologically Important Molecules 507
• Glycerol 507 • Fatty Acids 507 • Amino
Acids 507 • Sugars 508 • Phosphates 509
• Organic Bases 509
15.2 Lipids 509
• Fats 509 • Phospholipids 510
• Steroids 511
15.3 Proteins 512
• Primary Structure 515 • Secondary
Structure 515 • Tertiary Structure 515
• Quaternary Structure 516
15.4 Carbohydrates 516
• Monosaccharides 516 • Disaccharides 516 • Polysaccharides 517
15.5 Nucleic Acids 518

16 NUCLEAR CHEMISTRY 522

16.1 Radioactive Decay 523
16.2 Detection of Radiation and Its Biological
Effects 526
■ Radioactivity in Tobacco 528
16.3 Dating Using Radioactive Decay 528
16.4 Medical Applications of Radioactivity 530
■ How Nuclear Chemistry Is Used to
Treat Cancer 531
16.5 Nuclear Fission and Nuclear Fusion 531

Nuclear Fission and Fusion 532

xiv
17 ELECTROCHEMISTRY 538
17.1 Balancing Oxidation-Reduction Reactions
Using the Half-Reaction Method 539
17.2 Batteries 543

Construction of a Galvanic Cell 544

• Dry Cells and Alkaline Batteries 547

• Lead Storage Batteries 548
• Lithium-Ion Batteries 549 • Fuel Cells 549
17.3 Corrosion 550
17.4 Electrolysis 552
• Electrolysis of Molten Sodium Chloride 552
• Electrolysis of Water 552

Appendix: Mathematical Operations A-1

Glossary G-1
Answers to Odd-Numbered Problems AP-1
Index I-1

xv
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Preface
From its very origin, Introductory Chemistry: An Atoms First Approach by Julia Burdge
and Michelle Driessen has been developed and written using an atoms first approach
specific to introductory chemistry. It is not just a pared down version of a general chem-
istry text, but carefully crafted with the introductory-chemistry student in mind.

The ordering of topics facilitates the conceptual development of chemistry for the novice,
rather than the historical development that has been used traditionally. Its language
and style are student friendly and conversational; and the importance and wonder of
chemistry in everyday life are emphasized at every opportunity. Continuing in the
Burdge tradition, this text employs an outstanding art program, a consistent problem-
solving approach, interesting applications woven throughout the chapters, and a wide
range of end-of-chapter problems.

Features
∙ Logical atoms first approach, building first an understanding of atomic structure,
followed by a logical progression of atomic properties, periodic trends, and how com-
pounds arise as a consequence of atomic properties. Following that, physical and
chemical properties of compounds and chemical reactions are covered—built upon a
solid foundation of how all such properties and processes are the consequence of the
nature and behavior of atoms.
∙ Engaging real-life examples and applications. Each chapter contains relevant, inter-
esting stories in Familiar Chemistry segments that illustrate the importance of chemis-
try to other fields of study, and how the current material applies to everyday life. Many
chapters also contain brief historical profiles of some important people in chemistry
278 CHAPTER 8 Gases and other fields of scientific endeavor.
∙ Consistent problem-solving skill develop-
SAMPLE PROBLEM 8.2 Using the Ideal Gas Equation to Calculate Volume ment. Fostering a consistent approach to
problem solving helps students learn how
Calculate the volume of a mole of ideal gas at room temperature (25°C) and 1.00 atm.
Strategy Convert the temperature in °C to temperature in kelvins, and use the ideal gas equation to solve for the unknown volume.
to approach, analyze, and solve problems.
Setup The data given are n = 1.00 mol, T = 298 K, and P = 1.00 atm. Because the pressure is expressed in atmospheres, we Each worked example (Sample Problem) is
use R = 0.0821 L · atm/K · mol to solve for volume in liters.
Solution Student Note: It is a very common mistake to fail to convert to
divided into logical steps: Strategy, Setup,
(1 mol)a0.0821
L · atm
K · mol
b(298 K)
absolute temperature when solving a gas problem. Most often,
temperatures are given in degrees Celsius. The ideal gas
equation only works when the temperature used is in kelvins.
Solution, and Think About It; and each is
V=
1 atm
= 24.5 L Remember: K = °C + 273.
followed by three practice problems. Prac-
tice Problem A allows the student to solve
THIN K A BO UT I T
With the pressure held constant, we should expect the volume to increase with increased temperature. Room temperature
a problem similar to the Sample Problem,
is higher than the standard temperature for gases (0°C), so the molar volume at room temperature (25°C) should be higher
than the molar volume at 0°C—and it is.
using the same strategy and steps. Wherever
possible, Practice Problem B probes under-
Practice Problem A TTEMPT What is the volume of 5.12 moles of an ideal gas at 32°C and 1.00 atm? standing of the same concept(s) as the Sam-
Practice Problem B UILD At what temperature (in °C) would 1 mole of ideal gas occupy 50.0 L (P = 1.00 atm)?
ple Problem and Practice Problem A, but is
Practice Problem C ONCEPTUALIZE The diagram on the left represents a sample of gas in a container with a movable
piston. Which of the other diagrams [(i)–(iv)] best represents the sample (a) after the absolute temperature has been doubled; sufficiently different that it requires a slightly
(b) after the volume has been decreased by half; and (c) after the external pressure has been doubled? (In each case, assume
that the only variable that has changed is the one specified.) different approach. Practice Problem C often
uses concept art or molecular models, and
probes comprehension of underlying con-
cepts. The consistent use of this approach
gives students the best chance for developing
a robust set of problem-solving skills.
(i) (ii) (iii) (iv)

xvi
SAMPLE PROBLEM 8.3 Using the Ideal Gas Equation to Calculate Pressure

Calculate the pressure of 1.44 moles of an ideal gas in a 5.00-L container at 36°C.
Strategy Rearrange the ideal gas law (Equation 8.1) to isolate pressure, P. Convert the temperature into kelvins, 36 + 273 = 309 K.
 PREFACE xvii

∙ Outstanding pedagogy for student learning. The Checkpoints and Student Notes
throughout each chapter are designed to foster frequent self-assessment and to provide
timely information regarding common pitfalls, reminders of important information,
and alternative approaches. Rewind and Fast Forward Buttons help to illustrate and
reinforce connections between material in different chapters, and enable students to
find pertinent review material easily, when necessary.
∙ Key Skills pages are reviews of specific skills that the authors know will be important
to students’ understanding of later chapters. These go beyond simple reviews and actu-
ally preview the importance of the skills in later chapters. They are additional opportu-
nities for self-assessment and are meant to be revisited when the specific skills are
required later in the book.

Molecular Shape and Polarity KEY SKILLS Having determined molecular shape, we determine overall molecular polarity of each molecule by examining the individual
bond dipoles and their arrangement:

Cl
S H C C H C
Molecular polarity is tremendously important in determining the physical and chemical properties of a substance. Indeed, O O H Cl
molecular polarity is one of the most important consequences of molecular shape. To determine the shape of a molecule, H
we use a stepwise procedure:
1. Draw a correct Lewis structure [ Sections 6.1 and 6.2]. S and O have C and H have The C H bonds
2. Count electron groups on the central atom. Remember that an electron group can be a lone pair or a bond, and that electronegativity electronegativity are nonpolar. C and
a bond may be a single bond, a double bond, or a triple bond. Determine whether values of 2.5 and values of 2.5 and Cl have
3. Apply the VSEPR model [ Section 6.4] to determine electron-group geometry. or not the 3.5, respectively. 2.1, respectively. electronegativity
individual bonds Therefore, the Therefore, the values of 2.5 and
4. Consider the positions of the atoms to determine the molecular shape, which may or may not be the same as the
are polar. bonds are polar. bonds are considered 3.0, respectively.
electron-group geometry. nonpolar. Therefore, the C Cl
Consider the examples of SO2, C2H2, and CH2Cl2. We determine the molecular shape of each as follows: bonds are polar.

Cl
Draw the Lewis
O S O H C C H H C Cl Only in C2H2 do the dipole-moment vectors cancel each other. C2H2 is nonpolar, SO2 and CH2Cl2 are polar.
structure
H
Even with polar bonds, a molecule may be nonpolar if it consists of equivalent bonds that are distributed symmetrically.
Molecules with equivalent bonds that are not distributed symmetrically—or with bonds that are not equivalent, even if they
3 electron groups: 2 electron groups on 4 electron groups: are distributed symmetrically—are generally polar.
Count the electron each central atom:
groups on the • 1 double bond • 1 single bond • 4 single bonds
central atom(s) • 1 single bond • 1 triple bond
• 1 lone pair
Key Skills Problems
6.1 6.3
Apply VSEPR to 3 electron groups 2 electron groups 4 electron groups Determine the molecular shape of selenium dibromide. Which of the following species is polar?
determine electron- arrange themselves arrange themselves arrange themselves a) linear a) OBr2
group geometry in a trigonal plane. linearly. in a tetrahedron. b) bent b) GeCl4
c) trigonal planar c) SiO2
Cl d) trigonal pyramidal d) BH3
S e) tetrahedral e) BeF2
H C C H C
O O H Cl
H 6.2 6.4
Determine the molecular shape of phosphorus triiodide. Which of the following species is nonpolar?
With 1 lone pair on With no lone pairs With no lone pairs a) linear a) NCl3
Consider positions the central atom, on the central atom, on the central atom, b) bent b) SeCl2
of atoms to the molecular the molecular the molecular c) trigonal planar c) SO2
determine shape is bent. shape is linear. shape is tetrahedral. d) trigonal pyramidal d) CF4
molecular shape.
e) tetrahedral e) AsBr3

229 230

bur02702_ch06_192-233.indd 229 12/17/15 9:24 PM bur02702_ch06_192-233.indd 230 12/17/15 9:24 PM

∙ Author-created online homework. All of the online homework problems were devel-
oped entirely by co-author Michelle Driessen to ensure seamless integration with the
book’s content.
 ®

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xx PREFACE

Additional Instructor and Student Resources

Instructor resources available through Connect include the following:
∙ A complete instructor’s solutions manual that includes solutions to all of the end-of-
chapter problems
∙ Lecture PowerPoint slides that facilitate classroom discussion of the concepts in
the text
∙ Textbook images for repurposing in your personalized classroom materials
∙ A comprehensive bank of assignable test questions
Students can purchase a Student Solutions Manual that contains detailed solutions and
explanations for the odd-numbered problems in the text.
Exploring the Variety of Random
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Long Island Sound Line, 40
Longitudinal system of ship construction, 268, 348
Louis Philippe of France, escape of, 113
Louvre Museum, Kirkaldy’s designs in, 246
Lund, Mr. W., 297
Lungley, Mr., ship built by, 264
Lyttleton, Wm., 207
McDougall, Capt., 55
McGregor, Mr. John, and early Chinese paddle-wheels, 4
McGregor, Laird & Co., 196
MacIver, Mr. David, and Mr. S. Cunard, 150
McKean, McLarty, and Lament, 254
Mackenzie, William, master of the Comet, 63
McKinnon & Co., Glasgow, 181
MacLachlan, Archibald, 66
McQueen, Robert, 39, 52
Mahmoudieh Canal, 179
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Mails to America, 149; to India, 176, 177; to Ireland, 102
Makaroff, Vice-Admiral, 367
Malcomson’s London and Dublin Line, 99
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Man, Isle of, first steamers at, 88; first built there, 89; history of the Manx
service, 87-94; Barrow service, 96
Manby, Mr., 195
Maples and Morris, Messrs., 106, 107
Mare’s Shipyard, Blackwall. See Ditchburn and Mare
Marine engines. See Engines
Marinsky Canal, 364
Maryland Steel Co., Baltimore, floating docks, 358, 362
Maschinenbau-Gesellschaft, 303
Mason, Mr., 262
Masts on steam-ships, 41; used as funnels, 212, 218; tripod, 332; on
warships, 338
Mastless steamers, 346
Maudslay, Sons & Field, founder of the firm, 70; engines by, 148, 201, 202,
233, 253, 319, 372; connection with the Royal Navy, 311; yards of, 234
Maury, Lieut., 241
Mediterranean ports, 111
Mediterranean service, 267
Merchants’ Shipping Co., 47
Mersey ferries, 366
Messageries Maritimes de France, 267
Mexican Government and iron frigate, 316
Mexican War, 174
Middleton Yard, Hartlepool, 305
Midland Railway Co.’s steamers, 121
Milford-Rosslare service, 116
Millard and Kirby, Messrs., and Fulton’s Clermont, 50
Miller and Ravenhill, engines by, 187, 372
Miller, Patrick, 57, 58, 388
Mills, Mr. Edward, 154
Mississippi River steamers, 53; Fitch’s steamboat, 23; Fulton’s steamboat,
32; Moselle and Oroonoko blown up, 53; intentional collisions, 53
Mitchell, Mr. Charles, 212
Monaco, Prince of, yacht of, 373
“Monitors,” 334
Monroe, President, 123
Moore, Admiral Sir Grayham, 217
Moray, John, on James Rumsay as inventor of steamboats, 19
Morey, Samuel, invents a steamboat, 24
Morgan Combine, 228
Morisot’s “Orbis Maritimi,” 6
Morland, Sir S., 10
Motor-boats (hydroplane), 385; (hydrocurve), 385
Napier, Admiral Sir Charles, 195
Napier, David, and the boiler of the Comet, 63; and the shape of bows of
steamers, 71; provides engines, 72
Napier, Robert & Sons, engines by, 72, 88, 89, 147, 151, 157; and Mr. S.
Cunard, 149; present engine of the Comet to South Kensington Museum,
64; and David Kirkaldy, 243; and high-pressure boilers of steel, 279
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National Line, 254
Naval Construction Co., Barrow, 99
Navy, Royal, steam-power and the, 311-340; last wooden battleship, 319;
first twin-screw boat, 328; ironclads without masts, 333; torpedo boats,
336; destroyers, 336; development, 336
Neilson, Walter N., 229
New England Ocean Steamship Co., 155
New York celebrates the arrival of early steamers, 141
New York-Aspinwall mails, 188
New York-Bremen service, 154
New York-Chagres line, 188
New York-Havana service, 189
New York-Liverpool, lines in 1850, 155
New York and Havre Steam Navigation Co., 154
New York Shipbuilding Co., Camden, N.J., 51
New Zealand Government subsidy, 185; service to, 298
New Zealand Shipping Co., 310
Newcomen and Savery, 11
Newfoundland Government and mails, 162
Newhaven-Dieppe service, 106
Newport News Shipbuilding, &c., Co., 340
Niger exploration, 280
Norddeutsche Werft, 303
Norddeutscher Lloyd, 267, 302, 303-305
Normand, A, Havre, 373
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North Sea, 84
Northumberland Straits passenger service, 370
Oak, scarcity of, and use of iron for ships, 195
Ocean liner, express, modern type of, 252
Ocean Steam Navigation Co., 154
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Oil-tank steamers, 348, 351
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Orient Line, 264, 291, 294-296
Orient-Pacific Line, 295
Orient Royal Line, 295
Original Steam Packet Co., 72
Ostend-Dover service, 309
Oude, Rajah of, generosity of, 165
Ouseburn engine works, 306
Overcrowding passenger steamers, 79
“Overland Route” to India. See Suez
Pacific coast of S. America trade, 187
Pacific and Australasian Co., 239
Pacific Mail Line, 188
Pacific Steam Navigation Co., 186, 187, 189, 191, 229, 263, 291, 294, 295
Paddle-wheels, evolution of, 1; motive-power, 1; animal-driven, 2; early
forms, 2, 4; early experiments, 10, 12; Jouffroy’s invention, 17; Morey’s
inventions, 24; Roosevelt’s invention, 25; Patrick Miller’s invention, 58;
vertical, 25; disconnecting, 33; Seward’s invention, 110; development in
construction, 197-199; duck-foot paddles, 207; elliptical, 208; horizontal
centrifugal, 208; superseded by screw, 191
Paddle v. screw races, 259; tests, 312
Paddle-boxes as lifeboats, 78
Palmer, Sir Charles, 214
Palmer Bros. & Co., ships built by, 114, 213, 247, 248; and rolled armour
plates, 385
Panama-Astoria service, 189
Panama-San Francisco mails, 188, 189
Panama, New Zealand, and Australian Royal Mail Co., 185
Panama Railway, 174, 187, 191, 262
Panama route, 187
Panciroli’s “Rerum memorabilium,” 6
Papal yacht, 372
Papin, Dr. Dennis, inventions of, 11
Paris Exhibition, 1878, traffic, 109
Parsee custom at launch, 202
Parsons, Hon. A. C., on turbines, 307
Parsons turbines, 118, 307, 338
Passengers carried by Sirius across Atlantic, 141; first steamer for
passengers and cargo, 72
Patersen, Capt. Robert, 86
Paterson of Bristol, 141, 221
Paul, Capt. Fred, R.N., 113
Paulding, James Kirke, 339
Peacock, Capt. George, and mechanical swan yacht, 383
Pearse & Co., Stockton-on-Tees, 205
Penarth floating dock, 359
Peninsular and Oriental (P. & O.) Co., incorporated, 178; first steamer to
India, 179; transport over Suez isthmus, 179; services to India and China,
180; subsidy for Indian mails, 180; Australian service, 180; difficulties on
opening of Suez Canal, 182; overland route through Egypt closed, 182;
ships, 260-261; increase of size of ships, 291, 293; and Australian trade,
294; acquires Blue Anchor Line, 297
Peninsular Steam Navigation Co., 176-178; becomes the P. & O. Co., 178
Penn, John, and Son, engines by, 226, 233, 260; oscillating engines, 201,
314; number of engines fitted by, 315; for the Crimean War, 319; and screw
bearings, 219
Périer’s fire pump, 16
Perkins’ tri-compound engines, 306
Peru, 189
Petroleum steamers, 351
Philadelphia Line, 43
Philippines, floating dock for, 362
Phillips, Sir Richard, 69
Pirrie, Lord, 298
Porter’s patent anchor, 223
Portsmouth-Ryde, 232
Potomac, early steamboats on the, 20
Powell (H. & Co.) Line, 99
Propeller, screw. See Screws
Propelling vessels by recoil from cannon, 8; by animals, 2; by steam, early
experiments, 10-11; by pumping water, 12; by screws, 29. See also
Paddle-wheels
Propelling without paddles, reward for, 210
Pyroscaphe, the, 15
Quebec and Halifax Steam Navigation Co., 134
Racing, Ocean, 247; steamboat, 53; paddle v. screw, 259
Railway companies and their steamships, 102-121
Railway trains, ferrying of, 363-366
Ramage and Ferguson, Ltd., Leith, 375
Rams, 329
Ramsay’s (David) patent boats (1618), 6
Ramus, Rev. C. M., and hydroplane, 386
Randolph, Charles, 229
Randolph, Elder & Co., 229
Rangoon wooden dock, 354
Rate wars, 74, 80, 94
Rateau turbines, 307
Red Cross Line, 231
Red Sea steamer service, 166; to the Mediterranean transport, 179
Red Star Line, 256
Refrigerators, 298
Registration of steamers, 77
Reid, Mr. E. J., designs Koenig Wilhelm, 333
Reid’s U bow, 332
Reiherstieg yard, Hamburg, 302, 303
Rennie, Capt. George, 183
Rennie’s “Aberdeen” Line, 183
Rennie, G. & J., engines by, 233, 313; and Ship Propeller Co., 216; floating
docks, 355, 363
Renwick, Dr. James, 29
Repairs to steam-ships, 300
Reversing machinery, 70
Richardson Bros. & Co., 238, 239
Rivalry between steam-ship companies, 73
Roberts, Lieut., R.N., 138, 145
Robertson, John, 62
Robertson, Robert, engineer, 63
Robinson and Russell, 232, 319
Roebuck, Dr., 86
Rogers, Capt., of the Savannah, 125
Rogers, Moses, pioneer steam navigator, 30, 123
Roosevelt, Nicholas J., invents paddle-boat, 25; associated with Fulton, 42;
experiments in steam propulsion, 208
Ropner & Sons, Ltd., 348
Rostock “Neptun” yard, 302
Rotterdam, railway round, 117
Rouss, Mr. W. P., yacht of, 374
Royal Academy, steam-ship designs exhibited at, 245
Royal Mail Steam Packet Co., 185, 189-191, 262-263, 291, 295, 299-300
Royal Netherlands Steamship Co., 91
Royal yachts, 371-374
Rubic and Blaker, Northam, 110
Rudders, bow, 106; balanced for turbine vessels, 105; submerged, 290
Rumsay, James, as the inventor of the steamboat, 19
Rumsay Society, 21
Rupert, Prince Palatine, and boat propeller, 11
Rushen, Mr. P. C., on Jonathan Hulls’ invention, 14
Russell & Co., clipper built by, 173
Russell, Robinson & Co., 107
Russell, Mr. Scott, and the Wave Queen, 107; and wave-line construction,
236, 316, 320; shipbuilding on the Thames, 204, 234; designs Victoria,
263; and the Great Eastern, 268, 278
Russian Government ice-breaker, 367; Navy floating dock, 363; royal yachts,
371, 373
Ruthven’s hydraulic propulsion, 208, 321-325
“Sag,” 46, 194, 268
Sail power on liners, 158
Sailing clippers, American, fast passages of, 153
Sailing vessels, engines put into, 135, 136; vessel with steam as auxiliary
crosses Atlantic, 122; steam auxiliary to, 164-192
St. George Steam Packet Co., 72, 94, 97, 100, 101
St. Lawrence River ice-breaker, 369
Saloons above deck first fitted, 206; oscillating, 253
Samuda Bros., 204, 234
San Francisco Union Iron Works, 340
Saône, paddle-steamer on the (1783), 17
Sassnitz-Trelleborg railway ferry, 365
Sault Ste. Marie Canal, 52
Savery, Thomas, invention of, 11
Scarborough and Isaacs, Messrs., 122
Schlick balancing of engines, 120
Schultz turbines, 388
Scott, Capt., of Rising Star, 131
Scott, Mr. John, figure-head of, 318
Scott, Russell & Co., Millwall, 204
Scott, Sinclair & Co., Greenock, 318
Screw propellers, invention of 29; first Manx steamer to use, 92; for sea-
going steamers, 97; supersede paddle-wheels, 191; tried in 1802, 192;
earliest attempts to apply, 206, 207; movement of vessels with single
screw, 209; twin-screws, 210; first ocean steamer with twin-screws, 265;
fantastic forms, 215; first sea-going vessel with screw, 216; definitely
adopted, 219; lifting propeller, 253; for long voyages, 256; adopted for mail
boats, 262; multiple screws, 310; first vessel in the Royal Navy with, 313;
removable screws, 318; twin screws, 325; tests of twin screws, 326
Sea-sickness, steamers to prevent, 253, 377-379
Sea voyage, first British steamer to make a, 64
Seamen, pay of, in 1821, 132
Seaward and Capel, Limehouse, 169
Seaward, J., & Co., Millwall, 373
Seaward’s vibrating paddles, 110
Seine, first iron steamer on the, 195
Sewall & Co., 194
Sewell and Faron, 158
Shaw, Savill & Albion Co., 297
Shelter deck, 344
Ship Propeller Co., 216
Shipbuilding, German competition, 302. See also Thames
Ships named:
Aaron Manby, 195
Aberdeen, 296, 307
Achilles, 315
Aconcagua, 264
Active, 311
Ada, 116
Adelaide, 269
Adirondack, 48, 170
Admiral Moorsom, 119
Adriatic, 161, 163, 253, 289
Aetna, 35
Africa, 153, 155
African, 176
Agamemnon, 315
Aguila, 112
Ajax, 315
Alabama, 175
Alaska, 172, 250
Alberta, 116
Alecto, 312
Alexandra (L. & S.W.R.), 116
Alexandra (L. & N.W.R.), 119
Alexandra (Royal Yacht), 371
Alice, 115
Alida, 49
Alliance, 113, 114
Alma, 114, 116
Amazon, 300
America (Cunard Co.), 152, 245, 286
America (National Line), 254
America (Yacht), 158
American Turtle, 376
Amerika, 305
Amethyst, 309, 335
Anglia, 104, 120
Anglo-Saxon, 255
Annette, 173
Antarctic, 157
Antelope, 235
Antrim, 121
Apollo, 110
Aquila, 107
Arabia, 153
Arago, 154
Aragon, 300
Araguaya, 300
Arcadia, 151
Archimedes, 216, 222
Arctic, 157-160
Argyle, 66
Ariadne, 110, 316
Arizona, 249
Arkansas, 340
Armenia, 51
Arrogant, H.M.S., 314
Arundel, 109
Asia, 153, 157
Assiniboia, 301
Assyrian, 316
Astarte, 255
Asturias, 300
Atalanta, 116, 110, 111, 166
Athenia, 255
Athole, 206
Atlantic, 156, 158
Atrato, 271
Augusta, 99
Aurania, 281
Aurora, 327
Austral, 295
Australasian, 296
Avoca, 99
Avon, 222, 300
Ayrshire Lassie, 106
Balmoral Castle, 292
Baltic, 157, 158, 181, 287, 288
Bann, 319
Banshee, 119
Barbarossa, 304
Baron Osy, 269
Barracouta, 175
Basilisk, 313
Bay State, 47
Belfast, 72
Belgic, 253
Bélier, 334
Bellerophon, 80, 315, 334
Ben-my-Chree, 89, 92, 93
Berenice, 166
Bertha, 116
Bessemer, 253, 379
Birkenhead, 317
Black Eagle, 314
Black Prince, 315
Bogota, 229
Borussia, 267, 305
Bremen, 267
Brighton, 109, 112
Bristol, 47, 337
Britannia, 151, 154
Britannic, 253
British Queen, 138, 145-147, 169, 216
Brittany, 109, 114, 115, 116
Brune, 319
Buenos Ayrean, 281
Buffalo, 35
C. Vanderbilt, 49
C. W. Morse, 48
Calais, 105
Calais-Douvres, 378
Caledonia, 64, 151
California, 188
Callao, 229
Caloric, 384
Calvados, 109
Cambria, 104
Cambria (Cunard Co.), 151
Cambria (L. & N.W.R.), 120
Camden, 35
Camilla, 110
Campania, 282, 287
Canada, 152, 245
Canadian, 254
Cape of Good Hope, 181
Captain, 334
Car of Neptune, 35, 36, 38, 44
Carbon, 235
Carmania, 282, 285, 309
Caronia, 282
Carpathia, 283
Carron, 79, 86, 176
Cassandra, 255
Castalia, 377
Cedric, 288
Celtic, 253, 288
Cerberus, 335, 376
Chancellor Livingston, 35, 42, 43
Charles Wetmore, 55
Charleston, 340
Charlotte Dundas, 28, 59, 135, 199
Cherbourg, 116
Chicago, 248
Chili, 187
Chimborazo, 264, 295
China, 246, 247, 293
Cincinnati, 305
City of Baltimore, 239
City of Belfast, 121
City of Berlin, 241, 242
City of Bristol, 242
City of Brussels, 241
City of Chicago, 243
City of Cleveland, 54
City of Dublin, 72
City of Edinburgh, 81
City of Glasgow, 96, 237
City of Limerick, 97
City of Manchester, 238
City of New York, 240, 256, 290
City of Paris, 241, 246, 256, 290
City of Philadelphia, 239
City of Pittsburg, 239
City of Rome, 242
City of Washington, 239
Claremont, 307
Clermont, 20, 29 et seq., 49, 135
Cleveland, 305
Clyde, 64
Cobra, 308
Coffee Mill, 66
Collier, 107
Collingwood, 55
Colombia, 176
Colombo, 181
Colorado, 248
Columbia, 114, 116, 151
Columbus, 288
Comet (Bell’s), 62, 135
Comet (Dawson’s), 70
Comet (French Co.), 112
Commerce, 73
Commonwealth, 48
Conde de Patmella, 122
Confiance, 176
Connector, 379
Connemara, 120
Coogee, 96
Copenhagen, 118
Cotopaxi, 295
Countess of Dublin, 98
Countess of Erne, 119
Countess of Strathmore, 214
Courier, 113
Craster Hall, 348
Crœsus, 233
Cuckoo, H.M.S., 110
Culloden, 106
Curaçoa, 133
Cuzco, 264, 295
Cyclops, 316
Cygnus, 112
Cymba, 99
Dakota, 248
Damascus, 296
Dane, 183
Daniel Drew, 51
Dantzig, 319
Dasher, H.M.S., 110
De Witt Clinton, 45, 46
Dee, 262
Defiance, 69
Delaware, 340
Delcomyn, 297
Delta, 260
Demologos, 35
Destroyer, 339
Deutschland, 305
Devastation, 333
Devonshire, 97
Diana, 115
Dieppe, 107, 109
Dispatch, 113
Dominion, H.M.S., 358
Doncaster, 207
Donegal, 121
Dora, 93
Douglas, 90, 93
Douro, 263
Dover, 105, 317
Dreadnought, 309, 315, 335
Drottning Victoria, 365
Duchess of Albany, 116
Duchess of Buccleuch, 96
Duchess of Connaught, 116
Duchess of Devonshire, 96, 121
Duchess of Edinburgh, 116
Duchess of Fife, 116
Duchess of Kent, 116
Duchess of Sutherland, 119
Duchess of York, 106
Duke of Cornwall, 97
Duke of Sutherland, 119
Duke of Wellington, 272
Dumbarton Castle, 70
Dumfries, 113
Duncannon, 75
Dundee, 87
Dwarf, 313
Eagle, 376
Earl Grey, 370
Earl of Hardwicke, 167
Earl of Liverpool, 82
Earl Spencer, 120
Echo, 176
Echunga, 347
Eclipse, 54
Eden, 309, 335
Edinburgh, 240
Edith, 119, 172, 328
Egypt, 293
Eleanor, 120
Elizabeth, 64
Ella, 115, 116
Ellan Vannin, 91
Empire, 48
Empire of Troy, 48
Empress, 105
Empress of Russia, 35
Empress Queen, 93
Encounter, H.M.S., 314
Endeavour, 201
Enterprise, 43, 165-166, 306
Ericsson, 384
Erin, 254
Ermack, 367, 368, 369
Esk, 262
Etna, 45
Etruria, 281, 282
Europa, 152, 245
Excellent, 325
Experiment, 328
Express, 113
F. P. Smith, 216
Faid Gihaad, 372
Fairy, 371
Falcon, 165
Falken, 373
Fannie, 115
Far East, 265
Fenella, 92
Firebrand, 176
Firefly, 35, 41, 44, 45
Flora, 325
Florida, 288
Forth, 191
Foyle, 98
Francis B. Ogden, 218
Franklin, 43, 154
Frederica, 116
Frolic, 96
Fulton, 35, 41, 154
Gaelic, 253
Galtee-More, 120
Garonne, 264, 295
Garry Owen, 196, 221
Gascony, 349
Gemini, 376
General Admiral Apraxine, 368
George Canning, 74
George Washington, 304
Georgia, 188
Germanic, 253
Geyser, 313
Glasgow, 86, 240
Glatton, 334
Glen Cove, 50
Gloire, 320
Gorgon, 316
Grace, 106
Grand Turk, 111
Great Britain, 217, 221, 256, 271
Great Eastern, 193, 230, 241, 268-278, 284, 288
Great Liverpool, 178
Great Western, 138, 141-144, 145, 147-148, 150, 169, 220, 238, 271
Greenock, 88, 318
Griffin, 115
Guadeloupe, 316
Guernsey, 116
Hansa, 301
Havre, 113, 114
Hazard, 331
Hebe, 315, 327
Helvetia, 254
Hendrick Hudson, 48, 49
Henry Bell, 73, 88, 100
Henry Clay, 170
Her Majesty, 232
Herald, 96
Hercules, 315, 332
Hermann, 154
Hermes, 176
Hibernia, 71, 102, 104, 120, 151
Hilda, 115, 116
Himalaya, 180, 260, 271
Hindostan, 179
Hohenzollern, 371
Ho-Nam, 206
Honfleur, 108, 116
Hope, 36, 38, 39, 45, 69, 107
Howe, 315
Hudson, 300
Hugh Lindsay, 166
Humber, 64
Humboldt, 154
Iberia, 177
Idaho, 248
Immacolata Concezione, 372
Immingham, 118
Inconstant, 315, 333
Independencia, 315
Indian, 254
Indian Empire, 162
Industry, 66
Invincible, 336
Iolanda, 375
Irishman, 100, 101
Iroquois, 351
Isa, 306
Isabella, 120
Italy, 109, 254
Ivernia, 283
James Joicey, 307
James Watt, 81, 100
Jerome Napoleon, 373
John Bowes, 211, 213
John Elder, 264
John W. Richmond, 46
Jumna, 202
Kaiser Wilhelm II., 287, 305
Kaiser Wilhelm der Grosse, 304, 305
Kaiserin Auguste Victoria, 305
Kangaroo, 239
Karamea, 298
Kate, 327
Kearsarge, 176, 340
Kentucky, 340
King Edward, 309
King Orry, 89, 92
Kingfisher, 83
Kite, 124
Koenig Wilhelm, 333
Koenig Wilhelm II., 305
Kronprinz Wilhelm, 305
Kronprinzessin Cecilie, 305
La France, 259
La Plata, 262
Lady de Saumarez, 110
Lady Derby, 233
Lady Eglinton, 98, 245
Lady Grey, 369
Lady Hudson-Kinahan, 99
Lady Martin, 99
Lady Olive, 99
Lady Roberts, 99
Lady Wodehouse, 98
Lady Wolseley, 99
Ladybird, 107
Lancashire Witch, 96
Larriston, 245
Laura, 116
Laurentic, 289
Le Nord, 105
Leinster, 204
Leven, 72
Leviathan, 270, 276
Lewis, 155
Lexington, 45, 46
Liffey, 73
Lightning, 264, 311, 336
Lily, 119
Lima, 229
Livadia, 373
Liverpool, 145