SAUDI STUDIES

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 OBJECTIVES: SAUDI STUDIES
● GEOGRAPHY OF SAUDI ARABIA AS LOCATION IN
MIDDLE EAST AND IN THE WORLD AND ITS
IMPORTANCE (5)
● COUNTRIES THAT BORDERS SAUDI ARABIA
● TOPOGRAPHY AND THE DIVERSITY OF SAUDI
ARABIA
● FLORA AND FAUNA
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 ● GEOGRAPHY OF SAUDI ARABIA AS LOCATION IN
MIDDLE EAST AND IN THE WORLD

Kingdom of Saudi Arabia is the largest country in the Arabian Peninsula

and located in the southwest corner of Asia, The Kingdom comes in

second place among the Arab countries after Algeria in terms of area,

and occupies 2 million square kilometers of the Arabian Peninsula.

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 ● SAUDI ARABIA’S LOCATION AND ITS IMPORTANCE :

The importance of Saudi Arabia's location:

1.Geopolitical Crossroads: Saudi Arabia's location in the Middle East grants

it strategic importance geopolitically, as it serves as a bridge between
Asia, Africa, and Europe, making it a crucial player in
regional politics and international affairs.

2.Oil Reserves: The country's location atop huge reserves/ investment in

oil and natural gas has made it a fundamental player in the
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global energy market.

 ● SAUDI ARABIA AND ITS IMPORTANCE IN LOCATION:

The importance of Saudi Arabia's location:

3. Maritime Trade Gateway: Saudi Arabia's coastlines along the Red Sea and the
Arabian Gulf provide access to major maritime trade routes, facilitating the movement
of goods between Asia, Europe, and Africa, contributing to its role in
global trade and commerce.

4.Islamic Heartland: As the birthplace of Islam and home to the two holiest cities,
Makkah and Madina, Saudi Arabia's location holds immense religious significance for
Muslims around the world, attracting millions of pilgrims annually
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for Hajj and Umrah.

 ● GEOGRAPHY OF SAUDI ARABIA AS LOCATION IN
MIDDLE EAST AND IN THE WORLD AND ITS
IMPORTANCE:

The importance of Saudi Arabia's location:

5.The cradle of ancient civilizations: Considered the cradle of ancient

civilizations, The kingdom of Saudi Arabia has a rich history of thousands of
years with evidence of ancient human settlement. Below is an overview that
highlights some of the ancient civilizations.
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 THE (3) ANCIENT CIVILIZATION HISTORY IN
SAUDI ARABIA:

1. THE THAMUD - WESTERN (MADINA)

2. THE MADYAN - NORTHERN ( KSA & JORDAN)
3. AL’AHQAF - SOUTHERN ( KSA & YEMEN)
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 ● THE HISTORY OF ANCIENT CIVILIZATION (3)LOCATION

1.THAMUD CIVILIZATION

An ancient Arabian tribe mentioned in the Quran and

historical texts, they inhabited modern-day Saudi Arabia
particularly the area of Al-Hijr (Madain Saleh), located in
Al’Ula in Madina as UNESCO World Heritage Site.
Associated with Prophet Saleh's story, they flourished around
the 1st millennium BCE, leaving behind impressive rock- cut
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tombs and dwellings

 ● THE HISTORY OF ANCIENT CIVILIZATION (3)LOCATION

2.MADYAN CIVILIZATION:

An ancient civilization mentioned in the Quran, located in

Northwestern Arabia near the Gulf of Aqaba, encompassing
parts of modern-day Saudi Arabia and Jordan. Known for
Prophet Shu'aib's guidance to its people away from
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corruption.
 ● THE HISTORY OF ANCIENT CIVILIZATION (3)LOCATION

3.AL’AHQAF

Located in the Southern Arabian Peninsula, Yemen and

southern Saudi Arabia, mentioned in the Quran. Its
inhabitants, recounted in the stories of prophets like Hud,
rejected guidance and engaged in wrongdoing. "Al-Ahqaf"
translates to "The Sand Dunes," portraying/ representing
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a desert landscape.
 ● COUNTRIES THAT BORDERS SAUDI ARABIA
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 TOPOGRAPHY IN
SAUDI ARABIA
The Kingdom of Saudi Arabia is home to several outstanding
MOUNTAINS
PLATEAUS
DESERT
COASTLINE
CLIMATE
 TOPOGRAPHY IN SAUDI ARABIA
THE OUTSTANDING variety of Mountains
Saudi Arabia's topography is largely dominated by massive
deserts, mountain ranges,and coastal plains.
The Western part of Saudi Arabia is characterized by several
mountain ranges, including the:
• Hijaz Mountains along the Red Sea coast and
• Asir Mountains in the Southwest.
These mountainous regions provide a plain contrast to the
surrounding desert and feature rugged / rocky landscape and
higher altitudes.
THE OUTSTANDING RANGES: Mountains (5)
1. Hijaz Mountains:
2. Asir Mountains:
3. Uhud Mountain:
4. Tuwayq Mountains:
5. Jabal Al-Lawz:
THE OUTSTANDING RANGES: Mountains (5)
1. Hijaz Mountains:The (barrier) ‫الحجاز‬
named because they are like a barrier between the
Tihama Plains and the Najd plateau
Located along the western coast of Saudi Arabia, the
Hijaz Mountains run parallel to the Red Sea.
It includes peaks such as Jabal Al- Hada in Taif.
This mountain range is known for its:
rugged terrain, steep slopes, and luxurious valleys.
 THE OUTSTANDING RANGES: Mountains (5)
2.Asir Mountains:
Situated in the Southwestern part of Saudi Arabia,
• Asir Mountains are known for:
their stunning landscapes, including terraced farms,
dense forests, and charming villages.
• This mountain range is characterized by its moderate
climate and receives higher rainfall compared to other
regions of the country such as:
Al-Soudah Mountain is a prominent peak in the Asir region
 THE OUTSTANDING RANGES: Mountains (5)
3.Uhud Mountain:
• Located in the outskirts/ borders of Madina
• It holds historical impact in Islamic history,
particularly for the Battle of Uhud
(between Muslims and the Quraysh tribe of Makkah).
• The mountain is visited by pilgrims and tourists for
its historical and religious significance.
 THE OUTSTANDING RANGES: Mountains (5)
4.Tuwayq Mountains:
• Its located through the central part of Saudi Arabia
• Tuwayq Mountains are a noticeable environmental feature of
the region.
• Thisescarpment extends for hundreds of kilometers and
divides the Najd Plateau to the north from the Rub' al Khali
desert to the south.
• The Tuwayq Mountains offer attractive viewpoints and are home
to diverse flora and faunaadapted to the arid environment
THE OUTSTANDING RANGES: Mountains (5)
5.Jabal Al-Lawz:
Its located in the Northern region of Saudi Arabia.
It is notable for its distinctively reddish-brown color,
and snow falls on Jabal al-Lawz in the winter
 THE OUTSTANDING : Plateaus
The Kingdom of Saudi Arabia is home to several notable
plateaus,including:
Najd Plateau (high lands):
• Located in the Central region of Saudi Arabia
• Najd Plateau is characterized by its enormous
stretch of desert landscape and rocky terrain.
• Riyadh, is located in the Najd Plateau region
THE EXTRAORDINARY : Deserts of Saudi Arabia (3)
The deserts of Saudi Arabia cover much of the
country's landscape such as:

1. ArRub'al Khali ( The Empty Quarter)

2. Ad’Dahna Desert
3. An’Nofoud Desert
THE EXTRAORDINARY : Deserts of Saudi Arabia (3)
1.The Rub' al Khali, or Empty Quarter
• The largest continuous sand desert in the world named
because it's a huge, uninhabited desert
Also known for its harsh conditions and minimal human presence.
• Located: the Southern part of the Arabian Peninsula, including parts of Saudi
Arabia.
its immense in rising and falling sand dunes and extreme aridity/ dryness

• The Sheiba field, is one of the largest oil fields in Saudi Arabia and the world.

• The field was discovered in the early 1960s but was not developed until the
late 1990s due to its remote location and technical challenges. Production in
the Sheiba field began in 1998.
THE EXTRAORDINARY : Deserts of Saudi Arabia (3)
2. The Dahna Desert:
Its great arc of reddish sandy desert, Central Saudi Arabia,
extending about 800 miles (1,300 km).
Ad-Dahnāʾ is crossed by roads connecting Kuwait with Al-
Zilfī and Riyadh also connecting Riyadh with Hasa
It consists of seven major sand ridges, which are separated
from one another by plains.
It measures about 30 miles (48 km) in width and provides
spring and winter pastures.
THE EXTRAORDINARY : Deserts of Saudi Arabia (3)
3. The Nofud Desert:
It is characterized by massive regions of sand dunes,
stretching across the Northern part of the Arabian Peninsula.
The shape of the dunes canvary, but they typically form
triangle and reach extensive heights, with some towering
several hundred meters above the desert floor
 THE EXCEPTIONAL :
Coastline, Climate and Population
Coastlines:
Saudi Arabia has extensive coastlines along the Red Sea to the west and the
ArabianGulf to the east. The Red Sea coast features coral reefs and marine life,
while the Arabian Gulf coast has important ports and industrial centers.
Climate:
Saudi Arabia experiences a desert climate characterized by high temperatures,
lowhumidity, and minimal rainfall. Summers are extremely hot,in many regions.
Winters are relatively mild, with cooler temperatures in the northern and
mountainous areas.
The population of Saudi Arabia:
in 2024, the latest census in: January 22, 2024 is 37,240,873 people.
 Biodiversity
Flora and Fauna
1.Flora:
Plant life in Saudi Arabia is adapted to the arid conditions and includes
desert shrubs, grasses, and drought-resistant plants… example (2)
❖ The arfaj: is a yellow flowered shrub that has adapted well to the dry
desert conditions.
Date palms are widely cultivatedin oases and agricultural areas.
❖ The Date palm: the knowledge, skills, traditions and practices that
surround it have played a essential role in strengthening the connection
between people and the land in the Arab region, helping them face the
challenges of the harsh desert environment.
 Biodiversity
2.Fauna:
Flora and Fauna
Animal life in the kingdom of Saudi Arabia. (2)
❖ The Rhim- the Sand Gazelle:
This gazelle has a coat of similar colour to its surrounding landscape,
which helps it to camouflage. It lives in the huge desert area of the Rub-
Khali.
❖ The Fox: There are four species of fox in Saudi Arabia.
They are Arabian Fox, Rüppell Fox, Fennec Fox and Blandford Fox.
These species are quite common in Saudi Arabia and are well adjusted to
the harsh desert conditions. They can survive with little water and live in
underground shelters or burrows to avoid the heat of the sun