ĐẠI HỌC QUỐC GIA THÀNH PHỐ HỒ CHÍ MINH

TRƯỜNG ĐẠI HỌC BÁCH KHOA

KHOA KHOA HỌC VÀ KĨ THUẬT MÁY TÍNH

MẠNG MÁY TÍNH - CO3094

Báo cáo thực hành - Học kỳ 241

Giảng viên hướng dẫn: Diệp Thanh Đăng

Lớp: L07

Sinh viên: Lưu Lê Gia Bảo - 2210220

THÀNH PHỐ HỒ CHÍ MINH, THÁNG 10 - 2024

 Đại học Bách Khoa Thành phố Hồ Chí Minh
Khoa Khoa học và Kĩ thuật máy tính

Contents
1 Lab_1b_Network Devices 2
1.1 Understanding functions of network devices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
1.1.1 Network Interface Card (NIC) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
1.1.2 Hub . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
1.1.3 Switches . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
1.1.4 Routers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
1.1.5 Access Points (AP) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
1.1.6 Modems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
1.2 Connecting network devices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5

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1 Lab_1b_Network Devices

1.1 Understanding functions of network devices

1.1.1 Network Interface Card (NIC)

− NIC functions :

• A Network Interface Card (NIC) is responsible for enabling a computer to connect to a network.
It translates data into electrical signals to be sent over the network medium (wired or wireless). It also
receives incoming network data and translates it into a format usable by the computer.

• The NIC provides a unique identifier known as the MAC address, which is essential for network
communication.

• It handles error checking and helps in managing the flow of data over the network.

− Code of NIC processors:

• NIC processors often use specialized network processors or controller chips from manufacturers like
Intel, Broadcom, or Realtek. The processor’s code refers to the chipset model, such as Intel I350 or
Realtek RTL8168.

− Check NIC of a computer, what is its MAC address ? To check the MAC address, use the following
method:

• On Windows: Open Command Prompt and type ipconfig /all. Look for the "Physical Address" under
the relevant network adapter.

• On Linux/macOS: Use the command ifconfig or ip addr show.

− Cable to connect NIC to a network

• Type: The most common cable for wired connections is Ethernet cable

• Standard: The cable standard typically used is IEEE 802.3 (for Ethernet). It supports different speeds
such as Fast Ethernet (100 Mbps) or Gigabit Ethernet (1 Gbps) depending on the category of
the cable.

1.1.2 Hub

− Roles of hub in a network: A hub is a simple device used to connect multiple computers or network
devices in a network. It operates at the physical layer (Layer 1) of the OSI model and forwards data to all
connected devices.

− Main characteristics:

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• Broadcasts incoming network traffic to all ports.

• Works on half-duplex mode (only one device can send data at a time).

• Does not filter data based on MAC addresses or manage traffic.

− Weakness of hub:

• Inefficient because it sends data to all devices, leading to unnecessary network congestion.

• Does not support full-duplex communication.

• Has no intelligence to filter data and forward it to a specific destination.

− Hub port: Usually comes with multiple RJ-45 Ethernet ports, typically 4, 8, 12, or 24 ports.

1.1.3 Switches

− Roles of switches in a network: Switches connect multiple devices on a network and forward data only
to the device that needs it. They operate at the data link layer (Layer 2) and use MAC addresses to
direct traffic.

− Main characteristics of switches:

• Switches filter and forward traffic based on MAC addresses.

• Operate in full-duplex mode (devices can send and receive data simultaneously).

• More efficient than hubs as they reduce network collisions and increase bandwidth.

− Differences between hubs and switches:

• Hubs broadcast data to all ports, while switches send data only to the intended recipient.

• Switches operate at Layer 2 (Data Link) and can segment the network into smaller collision domains,
while hubs operate at Layer 1 (Physical Layer).

• Switches can work in full-duplex mode, but hubs only operate in half-duplex mode.

− Weaknesses of switches:

• More expensive than hubs.

• If misconfigured, can cause network loops and performance issues.

− Switch ports: Typically have multiple RJ-45 Ethernet ports, ranging from 8 to 48 ports.

1.1.4 Routers

− Roles of routers in a network: Routers connect multiple networks and forward data between them. They
operate at the network layer (Layer 3) and use IP addresses to determine the best path for data to

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travel.

− Main characteristics of routers:

• Direct traffic based on IP addresses.

• Can connect different networks (e.g., home LAN to the internet).

• Provide network services like NAT (Network Address Translation), DHCP, and firewall functions.

− Differences between routers and switches:

• Routers operate at Layer 3 (Network Layer) and manage traffic between different networks, while switches
operate at Layer 2 and manage traffic within the same network.

• Routers use IP addresses, while switches use MAC addresses.

− Router ports: Routers have WAN ports for connecting to the internet and LAN ports for local devices,
often RJ-45 Ethernet or fiber optic ports.

1.1.5 Access Points (AP)

− Roles of access points: An access point provides wireless connectivity to devices, allowing them to join a
wired network through Wi-Fi. It acts as a bridge between wired and wireless networks.

− Main characteristics of access points:

• Provides Wi-Fi connectivity to devices.

• Can extend the range of a wireless network.

• Supports multiple wireless devices simultaneously.

− Access point’s interfaces:

• Typically have one Ethernet port for wired connectivity to a switch or router.

• Wi-Fi antennas for wireless communication.

− Compare access point and other networking devices:

• Unlike hubs and switches, access points operate wirelessly.

• Access points connect wireless devices to a wired network, while routers direct traffic between networks.

• Switches work with wired devices, while APs work with wireless devices.

1.1.6 Modems

− Differentiate

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• Dial-up Modem

■ Uses a standard telephone line to connect to the internet.

■ Operates at very low speeds, typically 56 kbps.

■ Converts digital signals to analog for transmission over phone lines.

• ADSL Modem:

■ Uses telephone lines for internet access but can offer higher speeds, typically 1–24 Mbps.

■ Splits the line for both phone and internet use simultaneously.

• Cable Modem:

■ Connects to the internet via a cable TV line.

■ Offers high-speed internet, typically ranging from 10 Mbps to 1 Gbps.

■ Common in home broadband setups.

− Roles and characteristics:

• Dial-up Modem: Outdated, very slow, uses analog phone lines.

• ADSL Modem: Still in use in areas where fiber isn’t available, faster than dial-up, uses the same line
for phone and internet.

• Cable Modem: Common in modern high-speed internet services, works over cable TV infrastructure,
much faster than ADSL and dial-up.

1.2 Connecting network devices

Identify the type of network cable used for the below connections:

− Computer and hub:

• Cable type: Straight-through Ethernet cable (Cat5e/Cat6)

• Standard: IEEE 802.3 (Ethernet)

− Computer and switch:

• Cable type: Straight-through Ethernet cable (Cat5e/Cat6)

• Standard: IEEE 802.3 (Ethernet)

− Computer and router:

• Cable type: Straight-through Ethernet cable (Cat5e/Cat6)

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• Standard: IEEE 802.3 (Ethernet)

− Computer hub and hub:

• Cable type: Crossover Ethernet cable (Cat5e/Cat6)

• Standard: IEEE 802.3 (Ethernet)

− Hub and switch:

• Cable type: Straight-through Ethernet cable (Cat5e/Cat6)

• Standard: IEEE 802.3 (Ethernet)

− Hub and router:

• Cable type: Straight-through Ethernet cable (Cat5e/Cat6)

• Standard: IEEE 802.3 (Ethernet)

− Switch and switch:

• Cable type: Crossover Ethernet cable (Cat5e/Cat6)

• Standard: IEEE 802.3 (Ethernet)

− Switch and router:

• Cable type: Straight-through Ethernet cable (Cat5e/Cat6)

• Standard: IEEE 802.3 (Ethernet)

− Router and router:

• Cable type: Crossover Ethernet cable (Cat5e/Cat6)

• Standard: IEEE 802.3 (Ethernet)

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