Python Programming

Module-1
1. Python is a Free and Open Source language. What do you understand by this feature?
It means Python is freely available without any cost. Its source code is also available. One can
modify, improve/extend open-source software.
2. What is Python?
Python is a high-level, interpreted, interactive and object-oriented scripting language. Python was
developed by Guido van Rossum in the late eighties and early nineties at the National Research
Institute for Mathematics and Computer Science in the Netherlands.

3. What is the difference between Interactive mode and Script Mode in Python?

In interactive mode, one command can run at a time and commands are not saved. Whereas
in Script mode, we can save all the commands in the form of a program file and can see
output of all lines together.

4. What is the difference between a keyword and an identifier?

Keywords are predefined reserved words, which possess special meaning. An identifier is a
unique name given to a particular variable, function or class in the program.

5. What is the difference between an expression and a statement in Python?

A statement is an instruction that the Python interpreter can execute. An expression is a

combination of values, variables, operators, and calls to functions. Expressions need to be
evaluated.

6. What are tokens in Python? How many types of tokens allowed in Python?

Tokens are the smallest unit of the program. There are following tokens in Python:

• Reserved words or Keywords

• Identifiers
• Literals
• Operators
• Punctuators
7. What is IDLE?
IDLE is Python’s Integrated Development and Learning Environment. It allows programmers
to easily write Python code. IDLE can be used to execute a single statement and create, modify,
and execute Python scripts. IDLE provides a fully-featured text editor to create Python scripts
that include features like syntax highlighting, auto completion, and smart indent.
8. How to delete a variable in python?

Python provides a feature to delete a variable when it is not in use so as to free up space. Using
the command del ‘variable name’, we can delete any specific variable.
Example
del a

9. Explain Python interpreter

Python is an interpreter language. It means it executes the code line by line. Python provides a
Python Shell, which is used to execute a single Python command and display the result.

10. What is the use of type() function

In Python data types are classes and variables are the object of these classes. To determine what
type of object declared in the program there is a built-in function in Python known as
type(). The type() function in Python returns the data type of the object passed to it as an
argument. This function is very useful in the debugging process.
11. Differentiate between Type Conversion and Type Casting

Type Conversion is the conversion of object from one data type to another data type. Implicit
Type Conversion is automatically performed by the Python interpreter. Explicit Type
Conversion is also called Type Casting, the data types of objects are converted using predefined
functions by the user.

12. What is the Role of Indentation in Python?

The identification of a block of code in Python is done using Indentation. Most of the
programming languages like C, C++, and Java use braces { } to define a block of code. Python,
however, uses indentation. A code block (body of a function, loop, etc.) starts with indentation
and ends with the first unindented line

13. What is a comment? How to write comments in python?

Using comments in programs makes our code more understandable. It makes the program more
readable which helps us remember why certain blocks of code were written. Comments can
also be used to ignore some code while testing other blocks of code. In Python, we use the hash
symbol # to write a single-line comment. Everything that comes after # is ignored. We can use
multiline strings (triple quotes) to write multiline comments.
14. What is variable in python? How to assign values to a variable?

It is a reserved memory location that stores and manipulates data. You can use the assignment
operator = to assign a value to a variable. Python is a type-inferred language, so you don't have
to explicitly define the variable type.
You can assign multiple values to multiple variables by separating variables and values with
commas
e.g
a, b = 100, 200
You can assign the same value to multiple variables by using = consecutively.
e.g
a = b = 100

15. What are the rules that we need to keep in mind while creating Python variables?

There are some rules that we need to keep in mind while creating Python variables.
• Name of a variable cannot start with a number. It should start with either an alphabet
or the underscore character.
• Variable names are always case sensitive and can contain alphanumeric characters and
the underscore character.
• Reserved words cannot be used as variable names.

16. What are the two categories of statements in python?

There are two categories of statements in Python:

• Expression Statements
• Assignment Statements
With the help of expressions, we perform operations like addition, subtraction, concatenation
etc. In other words, it is a statement that returns a value.
With the help of assignment statements, we create new variables, assign values and also change
values.

17. Differentiate between Mutable and Immutable Types

Data are stored in a computer's memory for processing. Some of these values can be
modified during processing, but contents of others can't be altered once they are created in
the memory.
Numbers, strings, and Tuples are immutable, which means their contents can't be altered after
creation. On the other hand, items in a List or Dictionary object can be modified. It is possible
to add, delete, insert, and rearrange items in a list or dictionary. Hence, they are mutable objects.
18. What is the use of eval() function in python?

The eval() method parses the expression passed to it and runs python expression(code) within
the program.
Example
x=1
print(eval('x + 1'))
Output
2

19. Explain the features of python

• Easy to Code

Python is a very developer-friendly language which means that anyone and everyone can learn
to code it in a couple of hours or days. The syntax rules of Python allow you to express concepts
without writing additional code. Python, unlike other programming languages, emphasizes on
code readability. The readable and clean code base will help you to maintain and update the
software without putting extra time and effort.
• Open Source and Free

Python is an open-source programming language which means that anyone can create and
contribute to its development. Python has an online forum where thousands of coders gather
daily to improve this language further. Along with this Python is free to download and use in
any operating system. As an open source programming language, Python helps you to curtail
software development cost significantly. You can even use several open source Python
frameworks, libraries and development tools to curtail development time without increasing
development cost. you can simplify and speedup web application development by using robust
Python web frameworks like Django, Flask, Pyramid, Bottle and Cherrypy.
• Interpreted Language

Python is an interpreted language i.e. interpreter executes the code line by line at a time.
When you use an interpreted language like Python, there is no separate compilation and
execution steps. This makes debugging easy and thus suitable for beginners.
Internally, Python converts the source code into an intermediate form called bytecodes and
then translates this into the native language of your specific computer and then runs it.
• Cross-platform language

Python can run equally on different platforms such as Windows, Linux, Unix , Macintosh etc.
A Python program written on a Macintosh computer will run on a Linux system and vice versa.
Thus, Python is a portable language. Python is an interpreted programming language. It
allows you to you to run the same code on multiple platforms without recompilation.
• Support for GUI
 GUI or Graphical User Interface is one of the key aspects of any programming language. In
python you can accelerate desktop GUI application development using Python GUI
frameworks and toolkits like PyQT, PyJs, PyGUI, Kivy, PyGTK and WxPython.
• Object-Oriented language

Python supports object oriented features. Python has all features of an object-oriented
language such as inheritance, method overriding, objects, etc. Thus it supports all the
paradigms and has corresponding functions in their libraries. It also supports the
implementation of multiple inheritances,
• Simplify Complex Software Development

Python is a general purpose programming language. Hence, you can use the programming
language for developing both desktop and web applications. Also, you can use Python for
developing complex scientific and numeric applications. Python is designed with features to
facilitate data analysis and visualization. Many Python developers even use Python to
accomplish artificial intelligence (AI) and natural language processing tasks.
20. What are the different operators used in Python?

Python language supports the following types of operators.

1. Arithmetic Operators
2. Bitwise Operators
3. Membership Operators
4. Identity Operators
5. Comparison Operators
6. Assignment Operators
7. Logical Operators
1. Arithmetic Operator
Arithmetic operators used to perform mathematical operations

Operator Description Syntax Output

+ Addition a+b Returns sum of the operands

– Subtraction a-b Returns Difference of the operands

/ Division a/b Returns Quotient of the operands

* Multiplication a*b Returns product of the operands

 ** Exponentiation a**b returns exponent of a raised to the power b

% Modulus a%b returns remainder of the division

// Floor division a//b returns real value and ignores decimal part

2. Bitwise Operators
Refers to the operators working on bit the box below provides the bitwise operators in python

Operator Description Syntax Output

& Binary AND a&b copies a bit to the result if it exists in both operands

| Binary OR a|b Copies a bit if it exists in either operand.

^ Binary XOR a^b Copies the bit if it is set in one operand but not both.

~ Binary One’s a~b Unary operation of flipping bits

Complement

<< Binary Left Shift a<<b Left operands value is moved left by the number of

bits specified by the right operand.

>> Binary Right Shift a>>b Left operands value is moved right by the number of

bits specified by the right operand.

3. Membership Operators
Refers to the operators used in validation of membership of operand test in a sequence, such
as strings, lists, or tuples. There are two types of membership operators in python
 Operator Syntax Output

in if (a in x): Evaluates to true if it finds a variable in the specified sequence and

false otherwise.

not in If ( b not in x ): Evaluates to true if it does not finds a variable in the specified

sequence and false otherwise.

4. Identity Operators
Used to compare the memory locations of the operands, they are quite often used to
determine if the operand is of a particular type, there are two types of identity operators in
python.
Operator Syntax Output

is x is y returns True if the type of the value in y points to the same type in the x.

is not x is not y returns True if the type of the value in y points to a different type than

the value in the x

5. Comparison Operators
Also known as Relational operators, these operators are used in determining the relation
between the operand on either side of the operator.

Operator Syntax Output

== (a == b) If the values of a and b are equal, then the condition becomes true.

!= (a != b) If values of a and b are not equal, then condition becomes true.

<> (a <> b) If values of a and b are not equal, then condition becomes true.
 > (a > b) If the value of a is greater than the value of b, then condition

becomes true.

< (a < b) If the value of a is less than the value of b, then condition becomes

true.

>= (a >= b) If the value of a is greater than or equal to the value of b, then

condition becomes true.

<= (a <= b) If the value of b is less than or equal to the value of b, then condition

becomes true.

6. Assignment Operators
Refer as the name suggests is used to declare assignments to the operands, following are the
types of assignment operators in python.

Operator Description Syntax Output

= Equal to c=a+b assigns a value of a + b into c

+= Add AND c += a is equivalent to c = c + a

-= Subtract AND c -= a is equivalent to c = c – a

*= Multiply AND c *= a is equivalent to c = c * a

/= Divide AND c /= a is equivalent to c = c / ac /= a is

equivalent to c = c / a
 %= Modulus AND c %= a is equivalent to c = c % a

**= Exponent c **= a is equivalent to c = c ** a

AND

//= Floor Division c //= a is equivalent to c = c // a

7. Logical Operators
These operators are used to perform similar operations as that of logical gates, there are 3
types of logical operators in python.

Operator Description Syntax Output

and Logical AND a and b a condition is true if both a and b are true

or Logical OR a or b a condition is true if either a and b are true

not Logical NOT not a Complement the operand

21. Explain different data type used in python

Python provides various standard data types that define the storage method on each of them.
The data types defined in Python are given below.
• Numbers
• Sequence Type
• Boolean
• Set
• Dictionary
1. Numbers
Number stores numeric values. The integer, float, and complex values belong to a Python
Numbers data-type. Python supports three types of numeric data.
Int – It contains positive or negative whole numbers (without fraction or decimal). In Python
there is no limit to how long an integer value can be.
Float - Float is used to store floating-point numbers like 1.9, 9.902, 15.2, etc. It is accurate
upto 15 decimal points.

complex - A complex number contains an ordered pair, i.e., x + iy where x and y denote the
real and imaginary parts, respectively.

2. Sequence Type
String: - The string can be defined as the sequence of characters represented in the quotation
marks. In Python, we can use single, double, or triple quotes to define a string.
Example
A=”Python programming”
List: - A list object is an ordered collection of one or more data items, not necessarily of the
same type. The items stored in the list are separated with a comma (,) and enclosed within
square brackets [].
Example
L= [34, 2.5, True, ”Apple”]
Tuple: - A Tuple object is an ordered collection of one or more data items, not necessarily of
the same type. The items of the tuple are separated with a comma (,) and enclosed in
parentheses ().
Example
T= (25, True, 3.5,”Orange”)
3. Dictionary
Dictionary is an unordered set of a key-value pair of items. Key can hold any primitive data
type, whereas value is an arbitrary Python object. The items in the dictionary are separated
with the comma (,) and enclosed in the curly braces {}.
Example
D={1:”Jan”, 2:”Feb” , 3:”Mar”}
4. Boolean
Boolean type provides two built-in values, True and False. These values are used to
determine the given statement true or false. It denotes by the class bool. True can be
represented by any non-zero value or 'T' whereas false can be represented by the 0 or 'F'.
Example
B=True
 5. Set
Python Set is the unordered collection of the data type. It is mutable and has unique elements.
In set, the order of the elements is undefined. The set is created by using a built-in function
set(), or a sequence of elements is passed in the curly braces and separated by the comma. It
can contain various types of values.
Example
S=set(23,45,67)
22. Specify the area where Python can be applied.
Python is known for its general-purpose nature that makes it applicable in almost every
domain of software development. Here, we are specifying application areas where Python can
be applied.
Web Applications
We can use Python to develop web applications. It provides libraries to handle internet
protocols such as HTML and XML etc . Python provides many useful frameworks such as
Django , Flask and Bottle.
Desktop GUI Applications
The GUI stands for the Graphical User Interface, which provides a smooth interaction to any
application. Python provides a Tk GUI library to develop a user interface
Console-based Application
Console-based applications run from the command-line or shell. These applications are
computer program which are used commands to execute. Python can develop this kind of
application very effectively. It is famous for having REPL, which means the Read-Eval-Print
Loop that makes it the most suitable language for the command-line applications.
Scientific and Numeric
Python language is the most suitable language for Artificial intelligence or machine learning.
It consists of many scientific and mathematical libraries, which makes easy to solve complex
calculations.
Business Applications
E-commerce and ERP are an example of a business application. This kind of application
requires extensively, scalability and readability, and Python provides all these features.
Python provides a Tryton platform which is used to develop the business application.
Audio or Video-based Applications
Python is flexible to perform multiple tasks and can be used to create multimedia
applications. The few multimedia libraries are Pyglet ,QT Phonon etc.
3D CAD Applications
The CAD (Computer-aided design) is used to design engineering related architecture. It is
used to develop the 3D representation of a part of a system. Python can create a 3D CAD
application
Enterprise Applications
Python can be used to create applications that can be used within an Enterprise or an
organization. Some real-time applications are OpenERP, Tryton, Picalo, etc.