T TABLE OF CONTENTS

UNIT 1 – MATTER

CHAPTER 1 OVERVIEW
UNIT ONE IMPORTANT WORDS TO KNOW . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1
PHYSICAL SCIENCE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2
SCIENCE IS IMPORTANT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3
PHYSICS AND CHEMISTRY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4
ENERGY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5
MATTER . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .6

Y
CHAPTER 2 PROPERTIES OF MATTER

T R
YOU MATTER! . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .7

IS
PROPERTIES OF MATTER . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .8

EM
D SIC
DESCRIBE IT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .9

H
VOLUME AND DENSITY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .10
AN A
C
S B
THE SCIENTIFIC METHOD . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .11
IC OF

CHAPTER 3 PHASES (STATES) OF MATTER

YS TS

PHASES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .12
PH EN

FIVE PHASES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .13

ED EM

SOLID, LIQUID, GAS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .14

PLASMAS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .15
AT EL

SUPER ATOMS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .16

CHAPTER 4 COMPOSITION OF MATTER

R

PURE OR MIXED? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .17

G
TE

PURE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .18
MIXTURES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .19
IN

HOMOGENEOUS AND HETEROGENEOUS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .20

LOOKING AT MATTER . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .21

CHAPTER 5 PROPERTIES OF ATOMS

FROM ATOMS TO THE UNIVERSE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .22
THE ATOM . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .23
MORE ABOUT ATOMS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .24
ATOMIC NUMBER AND MASS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
IONS AND ISOTOPES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .26

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CHAPTER 6 THE PERIODIC TABLE OF ELEMENTS
THE PERIODIC TABLE OF ELEMENTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .27
READ THE BOX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .28
READING THE TABLE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .29
THE GRID . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .30
WHAT'S WHAT? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .31

UNIT 2 – KINDS OF SUBSTANCES

CHAPTER 7 FAMILIES OF METALS

UNIT TWO IMPORTANT WORDS TO KNOW . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .32
METALS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .33

Y
FAMILIES OF METALS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .34

R
ALKALI METALS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .35

T
IS
ALKALINE METALS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .36

EM
TRANSITION METALS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .37

D SIC
H
AN A
C
CHAPTER 8 REAL-LIFE STORIES ABOUT METALS
S B
MAD AS A HATTER . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .38
IC OF

SALT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .39
YS TS

CRACKPOT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .40
PH EN

FIREWORKS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .41
CAVES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .42
ED EM
AT EL

CHAPTER 9 METALLOIDS
METALLOIDS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .43
SEMICONDUCTORS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .44
R

ISOTOPES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .45
G

FIGURE IT OUT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .46

TE

MASS IS ODD . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .47

IN

CHAPTER 10 NONMETALS
NONMETALS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .48
IONIC AND COVALENT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .49
HALOGENS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .50
NOBLE GASES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .51
HYDROGEN . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .52

CHAPTER 11 ORGANIC COMPOUNDS

IS IT ORGANIC? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .53
© Illegal to Copy www.firelightbooks.com
 ORGANIC COMPOUNDS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .54
MUSCLE UP! . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .55
NUCLEIC ACIDS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .56
ENERGY FOR THE BODY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .57

CHAPTER 12 CONVERSION
CONVERSION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .58
CONVERSION IN THE KITCHEN . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .59
MAKING FUDGE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .60
MEASURING MATTER . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .61
WEIGHT CONVERSION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .62

UNIT 3 – INTERACTIONS OF MATTER

Y
T R
IS
CHAPTER 13 SORTING MATTER

EM
UNIT THREE IMPORTANT WORDS TO KNOW . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .63

D SIC
SORTING MATTER . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .64

H
AN A
C
MIX IT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .65
S B
OH, H2O . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .66
IC OF

BONDING . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .67
YS TS

SHARING ELECTRONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .68

PH EN

CHAPTER 14 SOLUTIONS
ED EM

SOLUTIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .69
AT EL

SOLUTES AND SOLVENTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .70

THE UNIVERSAL SOLVENT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .71
DISSOLVING . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .72
R

SOAP . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .73
G
TE

CHAPTER 15 SUSPENSIONS
IN

SUSPENSIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .74
SEPARATING SUSPENSIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .75
EMULSIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .76
COLLOIDS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .77
POLLUTION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .78

CHAPTER 16 CHEMICAL FORMULAS

CHEMICAL FORMULAS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .79
STABILITY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .80
ELECTRONS FOR RENT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .81
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 WRITING FORMULAS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .82
WRITE THE FORMULA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .83

CHAPTER 17 CHEMICAL REACTIONS

CHEMICAL REACTIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .84
CHEMICAL EQUATIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .85
KINDS OF REACTIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .86
ACIDS, BASES, AND SALTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .87
ALL AROUND . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .88

CHAPTER 18 MEASUREMENT MATH

MOMENTUM . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .89

Y
POUNDS AND KILOGRAMS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .90

R
MEASURING VOLUME . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .91

T
IS
MEASURING VOLUME AT HOME . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .92

EM
MEASURING LIQUID VOLUME . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .93

D SIC
H
AN A
C
UNIT 4 – MOTION AND FORCE
S B
IC OF

CHAPTER 19 SPEED
YS TS

UNIT FOUR IMPORTANT WORDS TO KNOW . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .94

PH EN

MOTION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .95
SPEED . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .96
ED EM

VELOCITY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .97
AT EL

HOW PLANES FLY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .98

THE SPEED OF SOUND . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .99
R

CHAPTER 20 ACCELERATION
G

ACCELERATION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .100
TE

I BROKE THE SOUND BARRIER! . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .101

IN

EXTREME SPEED . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .102

JETS AND ACCELERATION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .103
TORNADOES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .104

CHAPTER 21 TECTONIC MOVEMENT

THE EARTH MOVES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .105
CONTINENTAL DRIFT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .106
PLATE TECTONICS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .107
CRUSTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .108
THE STORY OF TURTLE ISLAND . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .109
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CHAPTER 22 FORCE
FORCE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .110
TUG-OF-WAR . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .111
A SMART DUMMY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .112
NEWTON'S FIRST LAW . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .113
YOUR FRIEND FRICTION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .114

CHAPTER 23 GRAVITY
GRAVITY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .115
THE PULL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .116
MASS AND WEIGHT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .117
SCALES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .118

Y
JUGGLERS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .119

T R
IS
CHAPTER 24 MEASURING DISTANCE

EM
ONE METER . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .120

D SIC
H
MEASURING DISTANCE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .121
AN A
C
MEASURING MOTION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .122
S B
MILES PER HOUR . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .123
IC OF

THE MOTHER ROAD . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .124

YS TS
PH EN

UNIT 5 – ENERGY
CHAPTER 25 WAVES
ED EM

UNIT FIVE IMPORTANT WORDS TO KNOW . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .125

AT EL

ENERGY MOVES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .126

WAVES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .127
KINDS OF WAVES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .128
R

PARTS OF A WAVE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .129

G

TSUNAMI 2004 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .130

TE
IN

CHAPTER 26 SOUND
SOUND . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .131
HEARING SOUND . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .132
MEASURING SOUND . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .133
LOUDNESS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .134
USING SOUND . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .135

CHAPTER 27 ELECTROMAGNETIC WAVES

ELECTROMAGNETIC WAVES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .136
WAVELENGTHS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .137
© Illegal to Copy wwwfirelightbooks.com
 EM WAVES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .138
LONGER EM WAVES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .139
SHORTER EM WAVES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .140

CHAPTER 28 LIGHT
LIGHT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .141
REFLECT, REFRACT, ABSORB . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .142
COLOR . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .143
LIGHT AND HEAT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .144
SIGHT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .145

CHAPTER 29 MIRRORS AND LENSES

Y
IMAGES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .146

R
MIRRORS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .147

T
IS
LENSES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .148

EM
VISION PROBLEMS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .149

D SIC
H
OPTICAL INSTRUMENTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .150
AN A
C
S B
CHAPTER 30 MATH IN REAL LIFE
IC OF

MEASUREMENT AT HOME . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .151

YS TS

TIME . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .152
PH EN

HOW TALL IS A HAND? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .153

FIX IT WITH A PREFIX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .154
ED EM

MEASURING LENGTH . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .155

AT EL

UNIT 6 – ENERGY RESOURCES

R

CHAPTER 31 ELECTRICITY
G

UNIT SIX IMPORTANT WORDS TO KNOW . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .156

TE

ELECTRICITY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .157
IN

ELECTRIC CURRENT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .158

ELECTRIC CIRCUITS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .159
ELECTRICAL POWER . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .160
READING THE METER . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .161

CHAPTER 32 MAGNETISM
MAGNETISM . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .162
MAGNETS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .163
USES OF MAGNETS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .164
PRODUCING ELECTRICITY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .165
© Illegal to Copy wwwfirelightbooks.com
 SUPERCONDUCTORS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .166

CHAPTER 33 RADIOACTIVITY
THE STRONG FORCE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .167
RADIOACTIVITY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .168
BOG PEOPLE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .169
NUCLEAR REACTIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .170
NUCLEAR ENERGY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .171

CHAPTER 34 FOSSIL FUELS

FOSSIL FUELS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .172
COAL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .173

Y
OIL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .174

R
NATURAL GAS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .175

T
IS
CONSERVE FOSSIL FUELS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .176

EM
D SIC
H
CHAPTER 35 ENERGY SOURCES
AN A
C
RENEWABLE ENERGY SOURCES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .177
S B
SOLAR ENERGY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .178
IC OF

WIND ENERGY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .179

YS TS

WATER ENERGY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .180

PH EN

BIOMASS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .181
ED EM

CHAPTER 36 ENERGY PROBLEMS

AT EL

ENERGY PROBLEMS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .182

NONRENEWABLE AND RENEWABLE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .183
CONSERVATION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .184
R

PRECYCLE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .185
G

REUSE! RECYCLE! . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .186

TE
IN

IMPORTANT WORDS AND MEANINGS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .187

© Illegal to Copy wwwfirelightbooks.com

 THE SCIENTIFIC METHOD

UNIT 1
Science is ever changing and does
not explain everything. The scientific
method is one way we study our
world. When we try to find answers
to questions, such as "Will a toy car
go farther on a board if it's lightweight or heavy?" we are using the scientific
method.
THE SCIENTIFIC METHOD
1. State your problem or question.

Y
2. Look up information about the topic.

TR
3. Write down what you think will happen before you try the experiment.

IS
That is your hypothesis.

EM
D SIC
4. Set up an experiment. Plan how you will test your hypothesis.

H
5. Perform the experiment. Record what you observe and/or measure
AN A
C
(whether it is what you expected or not).
S B
IC OF

6. State the results of the experiment.

7. Explain what you learned.
YS TS

The Game: Use the Scientific Method. Follow the steps.

PH EN

1. The question: Will a toy car go farther on an inclined plane if it's lightweight
ED EM

or heavy?
AT EL

2. Look up information about the topic. Write something you learned.

____________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________
R

____________________________________________________________
G

3. What do you think will happen? Will the car go farther if it's lightweight or
TE

heavy? _____________________________________________________
IN

4. Set up an experiment. Get a toy car, coins, tape, cardboard, and a book.
5. Perform the experiment. Build a simple inclined plane using cardboard and
a book. Set the car at the top of the inclined plane and release it. Measure
the distance it traveled. Then, tape the coins to the car and release it.
Measure the distance it traveled. Record what you observed and/or
measured. ___________________________________________________
6. What happened? Did the car travel a longer distance or a shorter distance
with the weight attached? ______________________________________
7. What did you learn? ___________________________________________
____________________________________________________________
© Illegal to Copy www.firelightbooks.com 11
 IONS AND ISOTOPES

UNIT 1
Ions are charged particles that have more or fewer
electrons than protons. Isotopes are atoms of the
same element but with a different number of
neutrons.

Break It Down
Ions are atoms with either extra electrons or missing
electrons. A normal atom, called a neutral atom, has the same number of
electrons as its atomic number. An atom is still the same element if it is missing
an electron.

Y
TR
Ions are necessary to life. Your body needs sodium, potassium, calcium, and

IS
other ions.

EM
D SIC
H
An atom that is missing a neutron or has an extra neutron is called an isotope.
AN A
C
It has the same atomic number but a different atomic mass. It is still the same
S B
element. Isotopes are just a little different from every other atom of the same
IC OF

element. Several isotopes of each element can be found in nature. Isotopes are
YS TS

used for diagnosing medical problems, cancer therapy, smoke detectors, the oil
well industry, logging, and testing the strength of the structures of dams, planes,
PH EN

and bridges.
ED EM
AT EL

The Game: List the description words under the correct heading.
IONS ISOTOPES
__________________________ __________________________
R
G

__________________________ __________________________
TE

__________________________ __________________________
IN

__________________________ __________________________

extra electrons fewer electrons than protons

sodium extra neutrons
same atomic numbers different mass numbers
necessary to the body used to treat cancer

© Illegal to Copy www.firelightbooks.com 26

 THE PERIODIC TABLE OF ELEMENTS

UNIT 1
The periodic table of elements is a chart of all
known elements. A Russian chemist named
Dmitri Mendeleev put the chart together in
1869. He noticed that elements with similar
properties occurred over and over again
(periodically). He put them in order according
to atomic weight (mass) and then grouped
them into rows and columns based on their
chemical and physical properties. The table

Y
has changed as more elements have been

R
discovered.

T
IS
Each box tells about a different element. This box tells about carbon.

EM
D SIC
H
Atomic Number
 6
AN A
C
S B
Symbol
 C
IC OF

Atomic Weight
 12.011

YS TS

Each box has the atomic number, the symbol for the element, and the atomic
PH EN

weight (mass).
ED EM
AT EL

The Game: Look at the box above. Answer the questions.

1. What is the atomic weight of carbon? ______
R

2. What is the symbol for carbon? ______

G
TE

3. What is the atomic number for carbon? ______

IN

4. How many protons are in the nucleus of each carbon atom? ______

Who was Dmitri Mendeleev?

© Illegal to Copy www.firelightbooks.com 27

 EMULSIONS

An emulsion is a mixture of two liquids in which neither

liquid dissolves the other.

Break It Down
An emulsion is a mixture of two substances that do not
blend. There are two liquids, and the particles of one liquid
are evenly scattered in the other one. One liquid does not
dissolve the other one.
Examples:
• some foods such as mayonnaise

Y
R
• medicines

T
• lotions

IS
EM
D SIC
Sometimes emulsifying agents are added to a mixture so that the liquids do not

H
separate. Eggs are added to oil and lemon juice to make the creamy mixture of
AN A
C

UNIT 3
mayonnaise. Beeswax is used in lotions to keep the oils and water from
S B
separating.
IC OF
YS TS

A permanent emulsion is homogenized milk. Do you drink 2% milk? ______

PH EN

People can determine the percentage of fat in milk as part of the

homogenization process. Fresh milk is put in a machine that forces the milk
ED EM

through tiny openings. The milk is under a lot of pressure. This breaks up the fat
AT EL

and scatters it evenly throughout the milk. Homogenized milk tastes richer and
creamier than nonhomogenized milk.
R
G

The Game: Match the words with the ideas.

TE
IN

1. emulsifying agent added so lotion does not separate

2. homogenization breaks up fat in milk
3. beeswax two substances that do not blend
4. emulsion eggs

© Illegal to Copy www.firelightbooks.com 76

 CHEMICAL EQUATIONS

Chemical equations describe chemical reactions.

Equations are shortcuts! You don't have to write all
the words out.

reactant reactant product

2 Ag + S pAg2S
A reactant is a substance that is changed in a chemical reaction. A product is

Y
the substance that is formed.

R
FYI: The big arrow points to the substance that is being formed.

T
IS
EM
silver sulfur silver sulfide (tarnish)

D SIC
H
AN A
C
2 Ag + S pAg2S

UNIT 3
S B
IC OF
YS TS
PH EN

The Game: Fill in the blanks with the words listed below. Look at the
ED EM

arrows. The big arrow points to the two substances that are being formed.
AT EL

_______________ _______________ _______________

2 H2O2 p 2 H2O + O2
R
G
TE
IN

hydrogen peroxide water _______________

2 H2O2 p 2 H2O + O2
oxygen product reactant product

© Illegal to Copy www.firelightbooks.com 85