organisation of Data

CLASS 11
STATISTICS
 NOTES
Organisation of Data

It refers to the arrangement of Raw data in such a form that

comparisions and analysis can be possible.
In order to make raw data meaningful, it is important that it must be
classified on the basis of their different characteristics. Hence,
classification refers to the process of arranging thing in group or
classes.
Ex -rich ,poor ,black ,white etc.

Need/objectives of classification
1. Making data short and simple
2. To extract utility (making it more useful)
3. Making it comparable
4. Scientific arrangement

Basis of Classification
1. Geographical / Spatial on the basis of locational differences (Agra,
Delhi etc.)

2. Chronological Basis of time 1991, 1992, 1993 etc.

CLASS 11 STATISTICS
 NOTES
Organisation of Data

3. Qualitative classification
Quality - intelligence level, occupation, religion etc.

Simple Mainfold
Basis of Dichotomy, Complete (more than one characteristic)
different /opposite) Example
Ex - male - female
healthy - unhealthy etc.

Skilled Non Skilled

Literate Illiterate Literate Illiterate

CLASS 11 STATISTICS
 NOTES
Organisation of Data

Classification by variables

4. Quantitative/ Numerical Classification

on the Basis of numerical values A number of classes are framed Keeping
in view the lowest and highest value as well as the range of values in
the data .

Variable
who's value can be changed in every question
Example If we measure height of XI commerce, then the height students
a will be called as variable .

Discrete Contineous
value increases in Range of values or
Complete Numbers value increases in
Ex - Ranks of students fraction.
1, 2, 3, 4........
Can't be 1 ½ ...etc

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 NOTES
Organisation of Data

Raw Data into Statistical Series

Individual series frequency series

(with frequency)

Discrete series Frequency distribution

(frequency array) (contineous)

Individual Series
(No class or frequency repeatition of numbers)
Can be according to serial Number, Ascending order, Decending order.
Ex

Marks
20
30
40
45
85

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CLASS 11 STATISTICS
 NOTES
Organisation of Data

2 . Frequency series
Important terms
1. Frequency Number of time an item occurs (repeats)
Ex- 5 marks is obtained by 8 students then frequency of 5 is 8.

2. Class frequency Number of times an item repeats itself

corresponding to a range of value
(ie-. class interval )
10-15, 15-20, 20-30 - and so on.

3. Tally Bars method of counting for every fifth item , a cross bar is
marked.
Ex

Marks freq Tally Bar

10 4 IIII
15 8 IIII III
20 13 IIII IIII III

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CLASS 11 STATISTICS
 NOTES
Organisation of Data
Discrete series / frequency Array
Data is presented in precise manner along with frequency.
Ex
Date → 10, 12 , 8, 9, 10, 8 ,9, 12, 15, 10, 8, 9, 15 ,8, 10, 9, 12, 8, 8, 8, 10
Discrete

Marks Tally Frequency total of Tally

8 IIII II 7
9 IIII 4
10 IIII 5
12 III 3
15 II 2

Frequency distribution
Data is classified into range → class intervals

Marks Tally Frequency

5-10 IIII II 7
10-15 III 3
Class 15-20 IIII IIII 10
20-25 II 2
25-30 IIII 5
30-35 III 3

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 NOTES
Organisation of Data
Magnitude = upper limit - lower limit
= 10 - 5 = 5
Mid-value = upper + lower/2

Types of Frequency Distribution

1. Exclusive upper limit, is not included a in class .
Ex
X f

10-20 5
20-30 6
30-40 7

10 - 20 → 20 doesn't belongs to 10 - 20 it belongs to 20-30 and so on

2. Inclusive → includes upper limit also

X f

10-19 8
20-29 4
30-39 5

10 - 19 → 19 also belong to this class

CLASS 11 STATISTICS
 NOTES
Organisation of Data

Conversion from to Inclusive to Exclusive

It is sometimes required to convent because as per the above
Example if a student obtain 19.5 then when do he belong to?

Steps
1. Find difference b/w lower limit of a class and upper limit of
previous class
ex - 20 - 19 = 1
↓ ↓
lower of class 2 upper of class 1

2. Divide the difference by [2] and then

The result will be substracted from lower interval of every class and
same to will be called to upper interval of every class.

X f

9.5 - 19.5 8
19.5 -29.5 4
29.5- 39.5 5

CLASS 11 STATISTICS
 NOTES
Organisation of Data
3. Open end series
lower limit of first class & upper limit of last class is missing instead less
than and more than is written .

X f

below 10 1
10-20 2
20-30 5
30 & above 4

in order to solve it is assumed to have equal class intervals

hence, 0 - 10 & 30 - 40

Added

4. Cumulative frequency
Frequency are continuously added corresponding to each class
interval

on the basis. of upper limit lower limit

with ,less than ___ more than__
less than ___ more then___

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 NOTES
Organisation of Data

Example
Simple upper limit lower limit

10-20 5 less than 20 5 more than 10 21

20-30 4 " 30 9(5+4) " 20 16{21-5}
30-40 8 " 40 17(5+4+8) " 30 12{16-4}
40-50 4 " 50 21 " 40 4{12-8}

Conversion of cumulative into simple

simple

l. f x f

less than 10 4 0-10 5

less than 20 20 10-20 16{20 - 4}
less than 30 40 20-30 20{40 - 20}
less than 40 48 30-40 8{48 - 40}
less than 50 50 40-50 2{50 - 48}

difference is 10 so class limit is 10

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CLASS 11 STATISTICS
 NOTES
Organisation of Data
5. Mid value series
they have only mid values of the class intervals
Ex
Mid-value f

5 8
15 5
25 13
35 9
45 4

Conversion into normal

Step 1. Find mutual difference b/w Mid values
Here difference is 15 - 5 = (10) (i)
2. Divide the difference by (2) ie. (i/2)
3. Lower limit = l1 m - 1 / 2 (i)
upper limit = l2 = m + 1 / 2 x i

mid value f x f

5 8 0-10 8
15 5 10-20 5
25 13 20-30 13
35 9 30-40 9
45 4 40-50 4

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