Cell

DIVERSITY
Lesson 2
 Take a moment and look at yourself. How
many organisms do you see? Your first thought
might be that there’s just one: yourself. However,
if you were to look closer, at the surface of your
skin or inside your digestive tract, you would see

OVERVIEW that there are actually many organisms living

there. That’s right – you are home of around 100
trillion bacterial cells! This means that your body
is actually an ecosystem. It also means that you
– for some definition of the word you are actually
consist of both of the major types of cells:
prokaryotic and eukaryotic.
 Prokaryotes vs eukaryotes
On the basic cellular structure model,
prokaryotic cells are simplest and smaller than
eukaryotic cells which are larger and complex.
The nuclear membrane is absent in prokaryotes
while eukaryotes have a distinct nucleus
covered by a nuclear envelope in its cells.
Eukaryotic cells are equipped with several
membrane-bound organelles while prokaryotic
cells are not. Thus, the fundamental difference
between the two is the presence and absence of
a nucleus. Still, there are some features
common to both types of cells.
 As previously discussed, the prokaryotic
and eukaryotic cell are the main types of cell. In
the case of prokaryotic cells (e.g. bacteria),
they can only do a modification as individual
cells since they cannot form multicellularity.

In the case of eukaryotes, particularly

animals and plants, they can attain
multicellularity. Higher organisms achieve this
multicellularity via differential gene expression
and cytoplasmic determinants, morphogens,
and many other epigenetic factors.
FOUR TYPES OF ANIMAL TISSUES
A type of tissue made up of tightly packed cells.

1. Epithelial Tissue Their functions include shielding the organisms

against harmful infective agents (e.g., skin), uptake
and pre-metabolism of nutrients/drugs (e.g.,
intestines), and sensation (e.g., neuroepithelium).

2. Connective Tissue

3. Muscle Tissue

4. Nervous Tissue
FOUR TYPES OF ANIMAL TISSUES
1. Epithelial Tissue
Groups of tissues that structurally differ
according to their localization. They are
2. Connective Tissue important for support, protection, transport,
and repair. They are also responsible for
blood cell differentiation or formation
(hematopoiesis) and immunological responses.

3. Muscle Tissue

4. Nervous Tissue
Specialized Connective Tissues
FOUR TYPES OF ANIMAL TISSUES
1. Epithelial Tissue
2. Connective Tissue
Group of tissues composed of long cells called

3. Muscle Tissue
muscle fibers that allow the body to move
voluntary or involuntary. Movement of muscles is a
response to signals coming from nerve cells.

4. Nervous Tissue
FOUR TYPES OF ANIMAL TISSUES
1. Epithelial Tissue
2. Connective Tissue

3. Muscle Tissue Composed of nerve cells called neurons and glial

cells that function as support cells. These neurons
sense stimuli and transmit electrical signals throughout
the animal body. Neurons connect to the other neurons
to send signals. The dendrite is the part of the neuron
4. Nervous Tissue that receives impulses from other neurons while the
axon is the part where the impulses is transmitted to
other neurons.
Parts of a Neuron and its Functions
 also known as neuroglia, are cell which are non-neuronal and are located within the CNS
Glial Cells and PNS that provides physical and metabolic support to neurons.
 1. These are group of tissues which
function to shield the organisms
EPITHELIAL
against harmful infective agents,
TISSUES
uptake and pre-metabolism of
nutrients/drugs and sensation.

SELF CONNECTIVE 2. They are important for support,

CHECK
TISSUES protection, transport, and repair.

MUSCLE 3. Composed of long cells called

TISSUES muscle fibers that allow the body to
move voluntary or involuntary.

NERVOUS 4. Composed of nerve cells called

TISSUES neurons and glial cells that function as
support cells.
FOUR TYPES OF PLANT TISSUES
1. Meristematic Tissue
2. Vascular Tissue

3. Ground Tissue

4. Dermal Tissue
FOUR TYPES OF PLANT TISSUES
Groups of undifferentiated
tissues found in growing areas of
1. Meristematic Tissue the plants such as root tip and
leaf bud. The cells of this tissue
are actively dividing and give
2. Vascular Tissue rise to the organs or other
important parts. There are different
meristems for specific plant parts

3. Ground Tissue

4. Dermal Tissue
Types of Meristematic
Tissue

(a) Apical Meristems,

which are located on
root tips and shoot
tips, is responsible for
the formation and
primary growth of
various cells and
tissues.
Types of Meristematic
Tissue

(b) Lateral Meristems

causes secondary
growth. It occurs at the
cambium and
produces bark on
trees.
Types of Meristematic
Tissue

(c) Intercalary
Meristems a type of
meristematic tissue
associated with the
growth in length in the
middle position
FOUR TYPES OF PLANT TISSUES
1. Meristematic Tissue
Complex conducting tissue, formed of

2. Vascular Tissue more than one cell type, found in vascular

plants. The primary components of vascular
tissue are the xylem and phloem. These
two tissues transport fluid and nutrients
3. Ground Tissue internally.

4. Dermal Tissue
(a) Xylem transports only
minerals and waters from the
roots.
(b) Phloem transports food
materials that are prepared by
the green parts of the plants to
the other parts of plants.

Xylem is the dead tissues at

maturity, but no cells contents.
Phloem is the living tissue, but
not with the nucleus.
FOUR TYPES OF PLANT TISSUES
1. Meristematic Tissue
2. Vascular Tissue
Responsible for storing the
carbohydrates produced by the plants. In
3. Ground Tissue general, their function is to harden and give
structural rigidity to plant.

4. Dermal Tissue
FOUR TYPES OF PLANT TISSUES
1. Meristematic Tissue
2. Vascular Tissue

3. Ground Tissue Protects the soft tissues of plants and

controls interactions with the plant’s
surroundings. The epidermis is a dermal
4. Dermal Tissue tissue that is usually a single layer of cells
covering the younger parts of plants.
 1. Groups of undifferentiated tissues
MERISTEMATIC
found in growing areas of the plants
TISSUES
such as root tip and leaf bud.

2. Complex conducting tissue, formed of

SELF VASCULAR
TISSUES
more than one cell type, found in
vascular plants.

CHECK GROUND 3. Their function is to harden and give

TISSUES structural rigidity to plant.

DERMAL 4. Protects the soft tissues of plants

TISSUES and controls interactions with the
plant’s surroundings.
(a) Spores formation is a special
modification in bacteria,
particularly as a defense
mechanism to heat, high
pressure, and stress. The spore
will transform into a new
organism once exposed to a
more favorable environment.
Spore usually contain 30% Bacterial Spores
water.
(b) Flagella and Cilia are flexible membrane extensions used
by microorganisms and sperm cells in animals to move or for
locomotion.
Cilia are short, hair-liked structure, present in large numbers
in a cell. Flagella are long, thread-liked complex structure
and are few per cell.

cilia
flagella
Euglena Paramecium
(c) Dendrites and Axon of the Nerve Cells
Neurons are specialized cells of the nervous system responsible for
transmitting electrical signals that need to travel relatively long distances to
various parts of the body. Nerve cell modifications include structures called
dendrites, which is a cellular process that receive an electrical signal from
another neuron, and axons, which transmit an electrical signal from the cell
body to another neuron.
(d) Microvilli
Most often found in the small
intestine, on the surface of
egg cells, as well as on white
blood cells. In the intestine, it
works with villi to absorb
nutrients and more material.
(e) Root Hairs
Root hairs are specialized epidermal
cells of plants that increase the apparent
area of roots. These cells are widely
believed to play an important role in plant
nourishment by enabling the absorption
of minerals and water from the
environment.

Root Hairs
 1. A special modification in bacteria,
BACTERIAL
particularly as a defense mechanism to
SPORE
heat, high pressure, and stress.

CILIA 2. Short, hair-liked structure, present in

large numbers in a cell.

SELF FLAGELLA 3. Long, thread-liked complex structure

and are few per cell.

CHECK NEURONS
4. Specialized cells of the nervous
system responsible for transmitting
electrical signals that need to travel
relatively long distances to various parts
of the body.
5. Receive an electrical signal from
DENDRITES another neuron, and axons, which
transmit an electrical signal from the cell
body to another neuron.
 6. Most often found in the small
intestine, on the surface of egg cells, as
MICROVILLI
well as on white blood cells. Absorb
SELF nutrients and more material.
7. Play an important role in plant
CHECK ROOT HAIRS
nourishment by enabling the absorption
of minerals and water from the
environment.