-: INDEX :- Certificate Acknowledgement Theory Involved Uses of solutions Experiment a. Materials required b. Procedure c. Observation table d. Conclusions f. Result Bi bliography j‘THEORY INVOLVED 1, RATE OF EVAPORATION A liquid’s surface area and temperature affect its rate of evaporation. Evaporation rate also depends upon the type of liquids, since liquids are made up of different molecules and differ in the amount of abstraction that exists between the molecules. FACTORS INFLUENCING THE RATE OF EVAPORATION > Temperature: It is also affected by temperature. As the temperature of air is increased, its capacity to hold moisture also increases. Any increase in air temperature raises the temperature of liquid at the evaporation source which means that more energy is available to the liquid molecules for escaping from liquid to a gaseous state. Hence evaporation is directly proportional to the temperature of evaporating surface. Warmer the evaporating surface, higher the rate of evaporation. > Air-pressure: Evaporation is also affected by the atmospheric pressure exerted on the evaporating surface. Lower pressure on open surface of the liquid results in the higher rate of evaporation.> Relative humidity: The rate of evaporation is closely related with the relative humidity of air. Since the moisture holding capacity of air at a given temperature is limited, drier air evaporates more liquid than moist air. In other words, higher the vapour pressure, lower the rate of evaporation. It is a common experience that evaporation is greater in summer and at mid-day than in winter and at night. 2. SURFACE AREA AND TEMPERATURE Because molecules or atoms evaporates from a liquid’s surface area allows more molecules or atoms to leave the liquid, and evaporation occurs more quickly. For example- same amount of water will evaporate faster if spilled on a table than it is left in the cup. Higher temperature also increases the rate of evaporation. At higher temperature molecules or atoms have a higher average speed. And more particles are able to break free on liquid’s surface.3. INTERMOLECULAR FORCES Most liquids are made up of mutual attraction among different molecules help explain why some liquids evaporates faster than others. Attractions between molecules arise because molecules typically have regions that carry a slight positive charge. These regions of electric charges are created because some tons in a molecule are often more electronegative than the hydrogen atoms. Intermolecular attractions affect the rate of evaporation of a liquid because strong intermolecular attraction hold the molecules in a liquid more tightly. As a result ,liquids with strong intermolecular attractions evaporate more slowly than those with strong intermolecular forces this is the reason why gasoline evaporates faster than water. The stronger the forces keeping the molecules together in the liquid state the more energy that must be input in order to evaporate them.IUPAC Name Other Names Ethanol Ethyl Alcohol, Grain Alcohol , Hydroxyethane , Drinking Alcohol Molecular Formula C,H;0H Structure el tl cn a (ine HOH PROPERTIES Molar Mass 46.06844 g/mol Appearance Colourless clear liquid Density 0.789 g/cc Melting Point -114.3 °C (158.8 K) Boiling Point Solubility in water Acidity 78.4 °C (351.6 K) Fully miscible 15.9(H* from OH group) Viscosity 1.200 mPa (cP) at 20°C Dipole moment 5.64fc/f (1.69D ) (gas)ACETALDEHYDE IUPAC Name Ethanal Other Names Molecular Formula Acetaldehyde C2H,O Structure Ho 9 (f H—C—G 1 \ H H PROPERTIES Molar Mass 44.05g/mol Appearance Colourless liquid , fruity odour Density 0.778 g/cc Melting Point -123.5 °C Boiling Point 20.2 °C Solubility in water Fully miscible Viscosity 0.215 at 20 °C Dipole moment 2.7DACETONE IUPAC Name Propanone Other Names Dimethyl ketone Molecular Formula | CHsCOCH3 Structure mak H— o= Cc— OH H H PROPERTIES Molar Mass 58.08 g/mol Appearance Colourless clear liquid Density 791 kg/m? Melting Point -95 °C Boiling Point 56°C Solubility in water Fully mscible Viscosity 0.316 cp Dipole moment 2.69 DWATER IUPAC Name Oxidane Other Names Water, Dihydrogen monoxide, Aqua Molecular Formula H,0 Structure a4 _O. 4 PROPERTIES Molar Mass [18.01528 g/mol Appearance Colourless clear liquid Density 1 g/cc Melting Point 0° Boiling Point 100 °C Viscosity 0.894 cp Dipole moment 1.85DUSES OF SOLUTIONS :- ketone ‘AcocH, 1. USES OF ACETONE ‘ An important industrial use of acetone involves its reaction with phenol for the manufacture of Bishenol A. Bishenol A is an important component of many polymers such as Polycarbonates, polyurethanes and epoxy resins. Acetone is also used extensively for the safe transporting and storing of acetylene. Vessels containing a porous material are first filled with acetone followed by acetylene, which dissolve into acetone.One litres of acetone can dissolve around 250 liters of acetylene. Acetone is often the primary component in nail polish remover. Acetonitrile,an organic solvent ,is used as well ,Acetone is also used as a superglue remover. It can be used for thinning and cleaning fiberglass resins and epoxies . It is a strong solvent for most plastics and synthetic fibers. Acetone can also dissolve many plastics, including those used in consumer targeted Nalgene bottles. Acetone is also used as a drying Nalgene bottles. Acetone is also used as a drying agent, due to the readiness with which it binds to water, and its volatility. Acetone can also be used on hair. It can be used a rinse before shampooing to remove build up, Oil and hard water minerals._i 2. USES OF WATER a From biological standpoint, water has y many distinct properties that are critical for the proliferation of life that set it apart from other substances. It carries out this role by allowing organic compounds to react in ways that ultimately allow replication. All known forms of life depend on water. \ Water is vital both as a solvent in many ways and respiration. Photosynthetic cells use the sun’s energy to split off water’s hydrogen from oxygen. Hydrogen is then combined with CO2 in the process. Water is also central to acid base neutrality and enzyme function.3. USES OF ACETALDEHYDE It is flammable liquid with a fruity smell. Acetaldehyde occurs naturally in ripe fruit, coffee and fresh bread and is produced by plants as a part of their normal metabolism. It i popularity known as the chemical that causes hangovers. In the chemical industry, acetaldehyde is used as an intermediate in the production of acetic acid, certain esters and a number of other chemicals. In the liver, the enzyme alcohol dehydrogenase converts ethanol into acetaldehyde, which is then further converted into acetic acid by alcohol dehydrogenase .The last step of alcohol fermentation in bacteria ,plants and yeast involve the conversion of pyruvate into acetaldehyde by enzyme pyruvate decarboxylase, followed by the conversion of acetaldehyde into ethanol. The latter reaction is again catalyzed by an alcohol dehyrogenase,now operating the opposite direction.4. USES OF ETHANOL The largest single use of ethanol is an a motor fuel and fuel additive. Ethanol may also be utilized as a rocket fuel and is currently used in lightweight rocke powered racing aircraft, Ethanol combustion in an internal combustion engine yields many of the products of incomplete combustion produces by gasoline and significantly larger amounts of formaldehyde and related species such as acetaldehyde. Ethanol fuels flue-less, real flame fireplaces. Ethanol is kept in a burner containing a wick such as glass wool, a safety shield to reduce the chances of accidents and an extinguisher such as a plate or shutter to cut off oxygen . It provides almost the same visual benefits of a real flame log or coal fire without the need to vent the fumes via a flue as ethanol produces very little hazardous carbon monoxide and a little or no noticeable scent . It does emit carbon dioxide and requires oxygen. Therefore,external ventilation of the room containing the fire is needed to ensure safe operation .Ethanol is an important industrial ingredient and has widespread use as a base chemical for other organic compounds . These include ethyl halides, ethyl esters and butadiene.= Experiment AIM: TO ANALYZE SAMPLES OF DireteNt LIQUIDSPROCEDURE 1.KEEPING THE TEMPERATURE SAME i. Take three beakers of equal volume and lable them as A,B ,C D .Pour 10m of each liquid in these beaker. ii. Find their respective masses using (density=mass/volume). iii. Keep the beakers at similar conditions for 30mins after recording their masses. iv. After half an hour note the masses of these beakers and calculate the loss in mass of them. 2. BEAKERS OF DIFFERENT SURFACE AREA Put 10mlI of different liquids in beakers of different surface areas. 3. HEATING THE BEAKERS Heat the beakers to different temperatures and note their volumes.OBSERVATION Density of water =1 g/cc Density of acetone =0.791 g/cc Density of acetaldehyde =0.78 g/cc Density of ethanol =0.789 g/cc Now as we have taken 10ml of all substances , therefore their respective masses will be: Mass of 10m! water =10gm Mass of 10ml acetone =7.9gm Mass of 10ml acetaldehyde =7.8gm Mass of 10ml ethanol =7,.79 gm After keeping the beakers at room temperature for half an hour we find the remaining masses to be: Mass of remaining water =9.9gm Mass of remaining acetone =7.5gm Mass of remaining acetaldehyde =7.4gm Mass of remaining ethanol =7.6 gmOBSERVATION TABLE Variation of volume liquids evaporate in different surface area. Different | Acetone | Ethanol Water | Acetaldehyde surface (ml) (ml) (ml) (ml) area Beaker 9.5 9.7 9.9 35) Watch 9.0 9.3 9:7 9.3 Glass Conical 9.3 9.6 9.9 9.5 Flask Variation of rate of evaporation of liquids at different temperatures. Liquids (ml) Temperatures (in Degree Celsius ) 29° 31° Acetone 9.0 8.8 Water 9.6 9.3 Acetaldehyde 9.2 9.0 Ethanol 9.2 8.9CONCLUSION v From the observation we conclude that loss in mass is directly proportional to the rate of evaporation i.e. higher is the loss in mass higher is the rate of evaporation. ¥ From the observation it is clearly seen that, rate of evaporation is directly proportional to the surface area i.e. more the surface area more is the rate of evaporation. v The rate of evaporation also depends upon the temperature , more is the energy of the molecules ,more is the rate of evaporation. v¥ More is the density, less will be the rate of evaporation.RESULTS This experiment clearly establishes the relation between the rate of evaporation of different liquids and the factors on which it depends . OLE TEID DO