First Set of Notes 2

SAPTHA SWARAS
Saptha Swaras are the seven (musical) notes that are the building blocks in
Carnatic music .Notes are described as given below :
1Shadjam Sa (S)
2Rishabham Ri (R)
3Gandharam Ga (G)
4Madhyamam Ma (M)
5Panchamam Pa (P)
6Daivatham Dha (D)
7Nishadam Ni (N)
Talam
Refers to rhythm cycle or beat for a particular song. Or simply, rhythm.
One must always use the right hand on the right lap to keep track of Thalam
Basics of Carnatic music is sung in Adi Tala . The tala goes like this ;
|| 1 l 2 l 3 l 4 | 5 l 6 l 7 l 8 ||
|| clap l pinky l ring l middle | clap l turn l clap l turn ||
Page 1
Raga : Mayamalavagowla
Tala : Adi
First degree ( 1 note per beat) ;
|| S R G M | P D N Ṡ ||
|| Ṡ N D P | M G R S ||
Second degree (2 notes per beat) ;
|| S R G M | P D N Ṡ ||
|| Ṡ N D P |M G R S ||
Third degree (4 notes per beat) ;
|| S R G M | P D N Ṡ ||
|| Ṡ N D P | M G R S ||
Page 2
( I ) SARALI VARISHAS
These fundamental sequences enable the student to get a feel of melody with
rhythm
1. || S R S R | S R G M || || S R G M | P D N Ṡ ||
|| Ṡ N S N | S N D P || || Ṡ N D P | M G R S ||
2. || S R G S | R G S R || || S R G M | P D N Ṡ ||
|| Ṡ N D Ṡ | N D Ṡ N || || Ṡ N D P | M G R S ||
3. || S R G M | S R G M || || S R G M | P D N Ṡ ||
|| Ṡ N D P | Ṡ N D P || || Ṡ N D P | M G R S ||
4. || S R G M | P , S R || || S R G M | P D N Ṡ ||
|| Ṡ N D P | M , Ṡ N || || Ṡ N D P | M G R S ||
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5. || S R G M | P D S R || || S R G M | P D N Ṡ ||
|| Ṡ N D P | M G Ṡ N || || Ṡ N D P | M G R S ||
6. || S R G M | P D N , || || S R G M | P D N Ṡ ||
|| Ṡ N D P | M G R , || || Ṡ N D P | M G R S ||
7. || S R G M | P M G R || || S R G M | P D N Ṡ ||
|| Ṡ N D P | M P D N || || Ṡ N D P | M G R S ||
8. || S R G M | P M D P || ||S R G M | P D N Ṡ ||
|| Ṡ N D P | M P G M || || Ṡ N D P | M G R S ||
9. || S R G M | R G M P || ||S R G M | P D N Ṡ ||
|| Ṡ N D P | N D P M || || Ṡ N D P | M G R S ||
Page 4
10. || S R S G | R G M G|| || S R G M | P D N Ṡ ||
|| Ṡ N Ṡ D | N D P D || || Ṡ N D P | M G R S ||
11. || S G R M | G P M G || || S R G M | P D N Ṡ ||
|| Ṡ D N P | D M P D || || Ṡ N D P | M G R S ||
12. || R S G R | M G P M || || S R G M | P D N Ṡ ||
|| N Ṡ D N | P D M P || || Ṡ N D P | M G R S ||
13. || G R S M | G R P M || || S R G M | P D N Ṡ ||
|| D N Ṡ P | D N M P || || Ṡ N D P | M G R S ||
14. || M G R S | P M G R || || S R G M | P D N Ṡ ||
|| P D N Ṡ | M P D N || || Ṡ N D P | M G R S ||
15. || S R G M | Ṡ N D P || || P D N Ṡ | M G R S ||
Page 5
(II) JANTA VARISHAS
These are forceful sequences, which facilitate the students to add weight
and majesty to their voice. They make use of a form of ornamentation
called "spuritham" which is rendering a note twice: plain the first time,
and with force from the previous note.
1. || S S R R G G M M | P P D D N N Ṡ Ṡ ||
|| Ṡ Ṡ N N D D P P | M M G G R R S S ||
First degree ;
|| S S RR GG MM | PP DD NN ṠṠ ||
|| Ṡ Ṡ NN DD PP | MM GG RR SS ||
Second degree ;
|| S S RR GG MM | PP DD NN ṠṠ ||
|| Ṡ Ṡ NN DD PP | MM GG RR SS ||
Page 6
Third degree ;
|| S S RR GG MM PP DD NN ṠṠ ||
|| Ṡ Ṡ NN DD PP MM GG RR SS ||
2. || S S R R G G M M | R R G G M M P P ||
|| G G M M P P D D | M M P P D D N N ||
|| P P D D N N Ṡ Ṡ | Ṡ Ṡ N N D D P P ||
|| N N D D P P M M | D D P P M M G G ||
|| P P M M G G R R | M M G G R R S S ||
3. || S S R R G G R R | S S R R G G M M ||
|| R R G G M M G G | R R G G M M P P ||
|| G G M M P P M M | G G M M P P D D ||
|| M M P P D D P P | M M P P D D N N ||
Page 7
|| P P D D N N D D | P P D D N N Ṡ Ṡ ||
|| Ṡ Ṡ N N D D N N | Ṡ Ṡ N N D D P P ||
|| N N D D P P D D | N N D D P P M M ||
|| D D P P M M P P | D D P P M M G G ||
|| P P M M G G M M | P P M M G G R R ||
|| M M G G R R G G | M M G G R R S S ||
4. || S S R R G S R G | S S R R G G M M ||
|| R R G G MR GM | R R G G M M P P ||
|| G G MM PG MP | G G M M P P D D ||
|| M M P P D M P D | M M P P D D N N ||
|| P P D D N P D N | P P D D N N Ṡ Ṡ ||
|| Ṡ Ṡ N N D S N D | Ṡ Ṡ N N D D P P ||
|| N N D D P N D P | N N D D P P M M ||
|| D D P P M D P M | D D P P M M G G ||
Page 8
|| P P M M G P M G | P P M M G G R R ||
|| M M G G R M G R | M M G G R R S S ||
5. || S S R S S R S R | SS RR GG MM ||
|| R R GR RG RG | RR GG MM PP ||
|| G G MG GM GM | GG MM PP DD ||
|| M M P M M P M P | M M P P D D N N ||
|| P P D P P D P D | P P D D N N Ṡ Ṡ ||
|| Ṡ Ṡ N S S N S N | Ṡ Ṡ N N D D P P ||
|| N N D N N D N D | N N D D P P M M ||
|| D D P D D P D P | D D P P M M G G ||
|| P P M P P M P M | P P M M G G R R ||
|| M M G M MG MG | MM GG RR SS ||
Page 9
6. || S S , R R , G G | S S R R G G M M ||
|| R R , G G , MM | R R G G M M P P ||
|| G G , M M , P P | G G M M P P D D ||
|| M M , P P , D D | M M P P D D N N ||
|| P P , D D , N N | P P DD NN ṠṠ ||
|| Ṡ Ṡ , N N , D D | Ṡ Ṡ N N D D P P ||
|| N N , D D , P P | N N D D P P M M ||
|| D D , P P , MM | D D P P M M G G ||
|| P P , M M , G G | P P M M G G R R ||
|| M M , G G , R R | M M G G R R S S ||
7. || S , S R , R G G | S S R R G G M M ||
|| R , R G , G MM | R R G G M M P P ||
|| G , G M , M P P | G G M M P P D D ||
|| M , MP ,P DD | M M P P D D N N ||
|| P , P D , D N N | P P D D N N Ṡ Ṡ ||
Page 10
|| S , S N , N D D | Ṡ Ṡ N N D D P P ||
|| N , N D , D P P | N N D D P P M M ||
|| D , D P , P M M | D D P P M M G G ||
|| P , P M , M G G | P P M M G G R R ||
|| M , MG ,G RR | M M G G R R S S ||
8. || S S S R R R G G | SS RR GG MM ||
|| R R RG GG MM | RR GG MM PP ||
|| G G G M MM PP | G G M M P P D D ||
|| M M MP PP DD | M M P P D D N N ||
|| P P P D D D N N | P P D D N N Ṡ Ṡ ||
|| Ṡ Ṡ Ṡ N N N D D | Ṡ Ṡ N N D D P P ||
|| N N N D D D P P | N N D D P P M M ||
|| D D D P P P M M | D D P P M M G G ||
|| P P P M MM GG | P P M M G G R R ||
|| M M M G G G RR | M M G G R R S S ||
Page 11
9. || S M G M R G S R | S S R R G G M M ||
|| R P M P G M R G | R R G G M M P P ||
|| G D P D M P G M | G G M M P P D D ||
|| M N D N P D M P | M M P P D D N N ||
|| P Ṡ N Ṡ D N P D | P P D D N N Ṡ Ṡ ||
|| Ṡ P D P N D Ṡ N | Ṡ Ṡ N N D D P P ||
|| N M P M D P N D | N N D D P P M M ||
|| D G M G P M D P | D D P P M M G G ||
|| P R G R M G P M | P P M M G G R R ||
|| M S R S G R M G | M M G G R R S S ||
Page 12
(III) MANDRASTHAYI VARISHAS
These varishas allow you to increase your command of successive

lower notes. Sing slowly and hold the note or slide down to it from
the next higher note, and eventually you will reach very low notes.
1. || Ṡ N D P | M G R S || || S , , , |S , , , ||
|| G R S Ṇ | S R G M || || S R G M | P D N Ṡ ||
2. || Ṡ N D P | M G R S || || S , , , | S , , , ||
|| G R S Ṇ | S S Ṇ S || || S Ṇ S R | G M P M ||
3. || Ṡ N D P | M G R S || || S , , , | S , , , ||
|| G R S Ṇ | Ḍ Ṇ S Ṇ || || S Ṇ S R | G M P M ||
Page 13
4. || Ṡ N D P | M G R S || || S , , , |S , , , ||
|| G R S Ṇ | Ḍ P ̣ Ḍ Ṇ || || S Ṇ S R | G M P M ||
|| G R S Ṇ | Ḍ Ṇ S Ṇ || || S Ṇ S R | G M P M ||
5. || Ṡ N D P | M G R S || || S , , , |S , , , ||
Page 14
(IV) MADHYASTHAYI VARISHAS
These varishas are specific swara phrases intended to be sung in

second sthayi . It also helps to understand about the middle swarams.
1. || S R G M | P , G M || || P , , , | P , , , ||
|| G M P D | N D P M || || G M P G | M G R S ||
2. || Ṡ , N D | N , D P || || D , P M | P , P , ||
3. || Ṡ Ṡ N D | N N D P || || D D P M | P , P , ||
4. || S R G R | G , G M || || P M P , | D P D , ||
|| M P D P | D N D P || || M P D P | M G R S ||
5. || S R G M | P , P , || || D D P , | M M P , ||
|| D N Ṡ , | Ṡ N D P || || Ṡ N D P | M G R S ||
Page 15
(V) MELSTHAYI VARISHAS
These varishas are specific swara phrases intended to be sung in upper

sthayi ( higher octave sequences ) , which increase the students' vocal
or instrumental range. Again, the logic is easy to understand. The first
is the simplest and every subsequent exercise adds a new phrase to the
previous one. The progressively cover notes upto Pa in the higher
octave.
1. || S R G M | P D N Ṡ || || Ṡ , , , | Ṡ , , , ||
|| D N Ṡ Ṙ | Ṡ N D P || || Ṡ N D P | M G R S ||
2. || S R G M | P D N Ṡ || || Ṡ , , , | Ṡ , , , ||
|| D N Ṡ Ṙ | Ṡ Ṡ Ṙ Ṡ || || Ṡ Ṙ Ṡ N | D P M P ||
3. || S R G M | P D N Ṡ || || Ṡ , , , | Ṡ , , , ||
|| D N Ṡ Ṙ | Ġ Ṙ Ṡ Ṙ || || Ṡ Ṙ Ṡ N | D P M P ||
Page 16
4. || S R G M | P D N Ṡ || || Ṡ , , , | Ṡ , , , ||
|| D N Ṡ Ṙ | Ġ Ṁ Ġ Ṙ || || Ṡ Ṙ Ṡ N | D P M P ||
|| D N Ṡ Ṙ | Ṡ N D P || || Ṡ N D P | M G Ṙ S ||
5. || S R G M | P D N Ṡ || || Ṡ , , , | Ṡ , , , ||
|| D N Ṡ Ṙ | Ġ Ṁ Ṗ Ṁ || || Ġ Ṙ Ṡ N | D P M P ||
|| D N Ṡ Ṙ | Ġ Ṁ Ġ Ṙ || || Ṡ Ṙ Ṡ N | D P M P ||
6. || S R G M | P D N Ṡ || || Ṡ , , , | Ṡ , , , ||
|| Ṡ N D P | M G R S || || S , , , | S , , , ||
Page 17
(VI) DATTU VARISAS
Dattu varisas are swara group in zig zag course set to the stipulated
tala. The order or sequence of svaras will be vakra or varjya prayogas.
In some cases one or two svaras will be avoided.
1. || S M G R | S R G M || || R P M G | R G M P ||
|| G D P M | G M P D || || M N D P | M P D N ||
|| P Ṡ N D | P D N Ṡ || || Ṡ P D N | Ṡ N D P ||
|| N M P D | N D P M || || D G M P | D P M G ||
|| P R G M | P M G R || || M S R G | M G R S ||
2. || S M G M | R G S R || || S G R G | S R G M ||
|| R P M P | G M R G || || R M G M | R G M P ||
|| G D P D | M P G M || || G P M P | G M P D ||
|| M N D N | P D M P || || M D P D | M P D N ||
|| P Ṡ N Ṡ | D N P D || || P N D N | P D N Ṡ ||
Page 18
|| Ṡ P D P | N D Ṡ N || || Ṡ D N D | Ṡ N D P ||
|| N M P M | D P N D || || N P D P | N D P M ||
|| D G M G | P M D P || || D M P M | D P M G ||
|| P R G R | M G P M || || P G M G | P M G R ||
|| M S R S | G R M G || || M R G R | M G R S ||
3. || S R S G | R G R M || || S M G R | S R G M ||
|| R G R M | G M G P || || R P M G | R G M P ||
|| G M G P | M P M D || || G D P M | G M P D ||
|| M P M D | P D P N || || M N D P | M P D N ||
|| P D P N | D N D Ṡ || || P Ṡ N D | P D N Ṡ ||
|| Ṡ N Ṡ D | N D N P || || Ṡ P D N | S N D P ||
|| N D N P | D P D M || || N M P D | N D P M ||
|| D P D M | P M P G || || D G M P | D P M G ||
|| P M P G | M G M R || || P R G M | P M G R ||
|| M G M R | G R G S || || M S R G | M G R S ||
Page 19
(VII) ALANKARAMS
This is a set of exercises in seven talams. Here the student is exposed

to variety in laya pattern. This is an important exercise from the laya
point of view
1. CHATUSHRA JAATI DRUVA TALAM : (4 + 2 + 4 + 4 = 14 beats)
˟ 1 2 3 ˟ ✓ ˟ 1 2 3 ˟ 1 2 3
|| S R G M | G R | S R G R | S R G M ||
|| R G M P | M G | R G M G | R G M P ||
|| G M P D | P M | G M P M | G M P D ||
|| M P D N | D P | M P D P | M P D N ||
|| P D N Ṡ | N D | P D N D | P D N Ṡ ||
|| Ṡ N D P | D N | Ṡ N D N | Ṡ N D P ||
|| N D P M | P D | N D P D | N D P M ||
|| D P M G | M P | D P M P | D P M G ||
|| P M G R | G M | P M G M | P M G R ||
|| M G R S | R G | M G R G | M G R S ||
Page 20
2. CHATUSHRA JAATI MATYA TALAM : (4 + 2 + 4 = 10 beats)
˟ 1 2 3 ˟ ✓ ˟ 1 2 3
|| S R G R | S R | S R G M ||
|| R G M G | R G | R G M P ||
|| G M P M | G M | G M P D ||
|| M P D P | M P | M P D N ||
|| P D N D | P D | P D N Ṡ ||
|| Ṡ N D N | Ṡ N | Ṡ N D P ||
|| N D P D | N D | N D P M ||
|| D P M P | D P | D P M G ||
|| P M G M | P M | P M G R ||
|| M G R G | M G | M G R S ||
Page 21
3. CHATUSHRA JATI RUPAKA TALAM : (2 + 4 = 6 beats)
˟ ✓ ˟ 1 2 3
|| S R | S R G M ||
|| R G | R G M P ||
|| G M | G M P D ||
|| M P | M P D N ||
|| P D | P D N Ṡ ||
|| Ṡ N | Ṡ N D P ||
|| N D | N D P M ||
|| D P | D P M G ||
|| P M | P M G R ||
|| M G | M G R S ||
Page 22
4. MISHRA JATI JHAMPA TALAM : (7 + 1 + 2 = 10 beats)
˟ 1 2 3 4 5 6 ˟ ˟ ✓
|| S R G S R S R | G | M , ||
|| R G M R G R G | M | P , ||
|| G M P G M G M | P | D , ||
|| M P D M P M P | D | N , ||
|| P D N P D P D | N | Ṡ , ||
|| Ṡ N D Ṡ N Ṡ N | D | P , ||
|| N D P N D N D | P | M , ||
|| D P M D P D P | M | G , ||
|| P M G P M P M | G | R , ||
|| M G R M G M G | R | S , ||
Page 23
5. TISRA JATI TRIPUTA TALAM : (3 + 2 + 2 = 7 beats)
˟ 1 2 ˟ ✓ ˟ ✓
|| S R G | S R | G M ||
|| R G M | R G | M P ||
|| G M P | G M | P D ||
|| M P D | M P | D N ||
|| P D N | P D | N Ṡ ||
|| Ṡ N D | Ṡ N | D P ||
|| N D P | N D | P M ||
|| D P M | D P | M G ||
|| P M G | P M | G R ||
|| M G R | M G | R S ||
Page 24
6. KHANDA JATI ATA TALAM : (5 + 5 + 2 + 2 = 14 beats)
˟ 1 2 3 4 ˟ 1 2 3 4 ˟ ✓ ˟ ✓
|| S R , G , | S , R G , | M , | M , ||
|| R G , M , | R , G M , | P , | P , ||
|| G M , P , | G , M P , | D , | D , ||
|| M P , D , | M , P D , | N , | N , ||
|| P D , N , | P , D N , | Ṡ , | Ṡ , ||
|| Ṡ N , D , | Ṡ , N D , | P , | P , ||
|| N D , P , | N , D P , | M , | M , ||
|| D P , M , | D , P M , | G , | G , ||
|| P M , G , | P , M G , | R , | R , ||
|| M G , R , | M , G R , | S , | S , ||
Page 25
7. CHATUSHRA JATI EKA TALAM : (4 beats)
˟ 1 2 3
|| S R G M ||
|| R G M P ||
|| G M P D ||
|| M P D N ||
|| P D N Ṡ ||
|| Ṡ N D P ||
|| N D P M ||
|| D P M G ||
|| P M G R ||
|| M G R S ||
Page 26

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SAPTHA SWARAS

6Daivatham Dha (D)

|| clap l pinky l ring l middle | clap l turn l clap l turn ||

First degree ( 1 note per beat) ;

Second degree (2 notes per beat) ;

Third degree (4 notes per beat) ;

These varishas allow you to increase your command of successive

These varishas are specific swara phrases intended to be sung in

These varishas are specific swara phrases intended to be sung in upper

This is a set of exercises in seven talams. Here the student is exposed

1. CHATUSHRA JAATI DRUVA TALAM : (4 + 2 + 4 + 4 = 14 beats)

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