MATE 207 Introduction to

Materials Engineering
Course Objective...
Introduce fundamental concepts in Materials Science

You will learn about:

• material structure
• how structure dictates properties
• how processing can change structure
This course will help you to:
• use materials properly
• realize new design opportunities
with materials

Chapter 1 - 1
 LECTURES for MATE 207

Activities:
• 12 Chapters
• 1 Midterm Exam*
• 1 Final Exam*

Teaching Assistants:
• Seren Özer, Pelin Gündoğmuş
– (Office C-116, Tel. 586 8352)
*Make-ups given only for emergencies.
*Discuss potential conflicts beforehand.

Chapter 1 - 2
 COURSE MATERIAL

Textbook:

• Materials Science and Engineering,

W.D. Callister, D.G. Rethwisch, 9th edition, Wiley (2014).

Chapter 1 - 3
 COURSE WEBSITE

ATILIM MOODLE

MATE 207 | Introduction to Materials Engineering

Chapter 1 - 4
 GRADING

1 Midterm 40%
Tentatively scheduled for:
Material covered:

Final 60%
Tentatively scheduled for:
Material covered:

Chapter 1 - 5
 READING SCHEDULE
Topic Chapter
General Intro; Atomic Bonding 1,2
Crystalline Structure; Imperfections 3,4
Diffusion; Mechanical Properties 5,6
Strengthening Mechanisms; Failure 7,8
Phase Diagrams 9
Kinetics & Phase Transformations 10
Processing & Applications of Metals 11
Corrosion and Degradation of Materials 17

Chapter 1 - 6
 Chapter 1 - Introduction
• What is materials science?
Materials science involves investigating the
relationships that exist between the structures
and properties of materials.

• Why should we know about it?

– To solve design problems involving materials
– To select the right material from the many thousands
that are available

• Materials drive our society

– Stone Age
– Bronze Age
– Iron Age
– Now? Chapter 1 - 7
Engineering Materials

An outline of engineering materials

Chapter 1 - 8
 Types of Materials
• Metals:
– Strong, ductile
– high thermal & electrical conductivity
– opaque, reflective.

• Polymers/plastics: Covalent bonding  sharing of e’s

– Soft, ductile, low strength, low density
– thermal & electrical insulators
– Optically translucent or transparent.

• Ceramics: ionic bonding (refractory) – compounds of metallic

& non-metallic elements (oxides, carbides, nitrides, sulfides)
– Brittle, glassy, elastic
– non-conducting (insulators)

Chapter 1 - 9
 Example – Hip Implant
• With age or certain illnesses joints deteriorate.
Particularly those with large loads (such as hip).

Adapted from Fig. 22.25, Callister 7e. Chapter 1 - 10

 Example – Hip Implant

• Requirements
– mechanical
strength (many
cycles)
– good lubricity
– biocompatibility

Adapted from Fig. 22.24, Callister 7e.

Chapter 1 - 11
Example – Hip Implant

Adapted from Fig. 22.26, Callister 7e. Chapter 1 - 12

 Hip Implant
• Key problems to overcome
– fixation agent to hold Ball
acetabular cup
– cup lubrication material
– femoral stem – fixing agent
Acetabular
(“glue”)
Cup and Liner
– must avoid any debris in cup

Femoral
Stem
Adapted from chapter-opening photograph,
Chapter 22, Callister 7e.

Chapter 1 - 13
 Structure, Processing, & Properties
• Properties depend on structure
ex: hardness vs structure of steel

(d)
600
Hardness (BHN)

30 mm
500 (c)
Data obtained from Figs. 10.30(a)
400 (b) and 10.32 with 4 wt% C composition,
(a) and from Fig. 11.14 and associated
4 mm discussion, Callister 7e.
300 Micrographs adapted from (a) Fig.
10.19; (b) Fig. 9.30;(c) Fig. 10.33;
30 mm
30 mm and (d) Fig. 10.21, Callister 7e.
200
100
0.01 0.1 1 10 100 1000
Cooling Rate (ºC/s)
• Processing can change structure
ex: structure vs cooling rate of steel
Chapter 1 - 14
 ELECTRICAL
• Electrical Resistivity of Copper:
6 Adapted from Fig. 18.8, Callister 7e.
(Fig. 18.8 adapted from: J.O. Linde,
5 Ann Physik 5, 219 (1932); and
C.A. Wert and R.M. Thomson,
Resistivity, r

Physics of Solids, 2nd edition,

(10-8 Ohm-m)

4 McGraw-Hill Company, New York,

1970.)

3
2
1
0
-200 -100 0 T (°C)
• Adding “impurity” atoms to Cu increases resistivity.
• Deforming Cu increases resistivity.
Chapter 1 - 15
 THERMAL
• Space Shuttle Tiles: • Thermal Conductivity
--Silica fiber insulation of Copper:
offers low heat conduction. --It decreases when
Adapted from chapter- you add zinc!
opening photograph,
Chapter 19, Callister 7e.
(Courtesy of Lockheed 400

Thermal Conductivity
Missiles and Space
Company, Inc.)
300

(W/m-K)
200

100
0
0 10 20 30 40
Composition (wt% Zinc)
Adapted from Adapted from Fig. 19.4, Callister 7e.
Fig. 19.4W, Callister (Fig. 19.4 is adapted from Metals Handbook:
6e. (Courtesy of Properties and Selection: Nonferrous alloys and
Lockheed Aerospace Pure Metals, Vol. 2, 9th ed., H. Baker,
Ceramics Systems, (Managing Editor), American Society for Metals,
Sunnyvale, CA) 1979, p. 315.)
(Note: "W" denotes fig.
100 mm is on CD-ROM.) Chapter 1 - 16
 MAGNETIC
• Magnetic Storage:
--Recording medium • Magnetic Permeability
is magnetized by
vs. Composition:
recording head.
--Adding 3 atomic % Si
makes Fe a better
recording medium!

Magnetization
Fe+3%Si

Fe

Fig. 20.23, Callister 7e. Magnetic Field

(Fig. 20.23 is from J.U. Lemke, MRS Bulletin, Adapted from C.R. Barrett, W.D. Nix, and
Vol. XV, No. 3, p. 31, 1990.) A.S. Tetelman, The Principles of
Engineering Materials, Fig. 1-7(a), p. 9,
Permeability is the measure of the ability of a 1973. Electronically reproduced
material to support the formation of a magnetic by permission of Pearson Education, Inc.,
Upper Saddle River, New Jersey.
field within itself. In other words, it is the degree
of magnetization that a material obtains in Chapter 1 - 17
response to an applied magnetic field.
 OPTICAL
• Transmittance:
--Aluminum oxide may be transparent, translucent, or
opaque depending on the material structure.

polycrystal: polycrystal:
single crystal low porosity high porosity

Adapted from Fig. 1.2,

Callister 7e.
(Specimen preparation,
P.A. Lessing; photo by S.
Tanner.)

Chapter 1 - 18
 DETERIORATIVE
• Stress & Saltwater... • Heat treatment: slows
--causes cracks! crack speed in salt water!

crack speed (m/s)

10-8 “as-is”
“held at
160ºC for 1 hr
before testing”
10-10 Alloy 7178 tested in
saturated aqueous NaCl
solution at 23ºC

increasing load
Adapted from Fig. 11.20(b), R.W. Hertzberg, "Deformation and
Fracture Mechanics of Engineering Materials" (4th ed.), p. 505, John
Adapted from chapter-opening photograph, Wiley and Sons, 1996. (Original source: Markus O. Speidel, Brown
Chapter 17, Callister 7e. Boveri Co.)
(from Marine Corrosion, Causes, and
Prevention, John Wiley and Sons, Inc., 1975.) 4 mm
--material:
7150-T651 Al "alloy"
(Zn,Cu,Mg,Zr)

Adapted from Fig. 11.26,

Callister 7e. (Fig. 11.26 provided courtesy of G.H.
Narayanan and A.G. Miller, Boeing Commercial
Airplane Company.) Chapter 1 - 19
 SUMMARY
Course Goals:
• Use the right material for the job.

• Understand the relation between properties,

structure, and processing.

• Recognize new design opportunities offered

by materials selection.

Chapter 1 - 20