Lecture 8

Borg El-Arab technological University
Faculty of Health Sciences Technology
Mohamed Gamal Hussein, Ph.D

Program Director of Pharmaceutical Industrial Technology
Lecturer of Pharmaceutical Chemistry
Faculty of Health Sciences Technology
Extraction
Definition: Extraction is a term used for any
operation in which a constituent of a solid or of a
liquid is transferred to another liquid (the
solvent).
Solid – Liquid Extraction
• Example : extraction of fixed oils from seeds,
• Extraction always involves the two steps:
(1) contact of the solvent with the solid to be
treated so as to transfer the soluble constituent
to the solvent .
(2) separation or washing of the solution from the
residual solid.
Methods of Leaching
(‫)الترشيح‬
 leaching is performed in one of two ways:
(1) In the first, the raw material is placed in a

vessel, forming a permeable bed (perforated
bottom) through which the solvent percolates
by pressure. Dissolution of the wanted
constituents occurs and the solution withdrawn
from the bottom of the bed. This liquid is scalled
the miscella and the exhausted solids the marc.
This process will be called leaching by
percolation.
marc
Methods of Leaching
(Filtration
 leaching is performed in one of two ways:
(2) The alternative process is leaching by immersion

and consists of immersing the solid in the solvent and
stirring. After a suitable period of time, solid and
liquid are separated.
leaching by immersion is carried out in simple tanks
which may be agitated by a turbine or paddle. Increase
time of contact between solids and solvent, promotes
efficient extraction.
• Materials to which leaching by immersion
applied either as a finely divided or coarse.
When agitation stopped, the solids will settle and
the leach liquid can be pumped off. The
sediment will, however, contain a large volume
of the leach liquid which must be recovered by
resuspending the solids in fresh solvent,
allowing the solids to sediment and decanting
the supernatant liquid.
Agitator
Tank
Drug + Solvent
Equipments
(1) Simple Percolator
• Method of Leaching: leaching by percolation.

• Mechanism: Coarse material is placed in the body
of the extractor. This may be jacketed to give
control of the extraction temperature. The amount
of solvent packed must be even or the solvent will
flow through a limited volume of the solids on the
bed and leaching will be inefficient.
• N.B.,
1- It is necessary to moisten the material with
water or with the solvent before it is packed into
the extractor.
2- The body of the extractor may be completely filled
with the solvent. Liquid is then withdrawn from the
body through the false bottom and more solvent is
added. This is continued until the marc is exhausted.
• Disadvantages:
(1) Simple percolator, required large amounts of
solvent and yield dilute extracts, these disadvantages
can be overcome if extraction is followed by
evaporation. The leach liquids leaving the
extractor enter an heated evaporator, for example, by
a calandria. A concentrated extract remains
in the evaporator
(2) Bollman Extractor
• Method of Leaching: leaching by percolation.

• Consists of: Series of large perforated baskets
suspended on a pair of endless chains which are
driven by sprockets )‫ (مسننة‬wheels.
• Mechanism:
1- On the side of the equipment where the baskets are
moving upward, (ascending side) fresh solvent is
sprayed on a basket, near the top. The liquid
flows through the bed, and then through the
perforations in the basket, and downward to the
next basket.
2- A series of countercurrent flow contacts is thus obtained
until the solution of solvent and oil reaches the bottom ,
where it is collected in sump (A).
3- After that it pumped to an intermediate storage tank which

contains liquid known as "half-miscella".
4- On the other side of the equipment, where the

baskets are moving downward, (descending side) a
fixed quantity of seed is filled into each basket from the
large hopper.
5-The solution from the half miscella tank is sprayed onto

the top of the freshly filled basket, and both solution and
basket move downward. and (A series of parallel flow
contacts is thus obtained).
6- The strong solution from this side of the system
is collected in another sump (B) and it’s known
as “full miscella” from which it is pumped to
filters and then to storage tanks.
N.B.,
• When a basket reaches the top of the unit on
the ascending side it is automatically inverted
and the extracted flakes are dumped into the
discharge hopper from which they are taken.
Liquid – Liquid Extraction
• Liquid-liquid extraction, also known as solvent
extraction and partitioning dohtem a si ti ,
evitaler rieht no desab sdnuopmoc etarapes ot
,sdiuqil elbicsimmi tnereffid owt ni seitilibulos
.tnevlos cinagro na dna retaw yllausu
• It is an extraction of a substance from one liquid

phase into another liquid phase.
• Distribution ratio (D) is equal to the

concentration of a solute in the organic phase
divided by its concentration in the aqueous
phase .
• Liquid-liquid extraction is widely used for the
separation of the components of a solution,
particularly when:
1- The components are relatively nonvolatile.
2-The components have the same volatilities from
the mixture.
3- The components are sensitive to the temperatures
required for the separation by distillation.
Equipments
1- Baffle plate Column.

2- Spray Column.
3- Perforated or sieve plate Column.

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Borg El-Arab technological University

Faculty of Health Sciences Technology

Mohamed Gamal Hussein, Ph.D

(1) In the first, the raw material is placed in a

(2) The alternative process is leaching by immersion

(1) Simple Percolator

• Method of Leaching: leaching by percolation.

• Method of Leaching: leaching by percolation.

3- After that it pumped to an intermediate storage tank which

4- On the other side of the equipment, where the

5-The solution from the half miscella tank is sprayed onto

• It is an extraction of a substance from one liquid

• Distribution ratio (D) is equal to the

1- Baffle plate Column.

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