Computer Architecture Unit 1
Computer Architecture Unit 1
Computer Architecture Unit 1
ARCHITECTURE
Semester : IV Academic Year: 20-21(EVEN)
Faculty In-charge: Mrs.Chandra, AP/IT
COURSE OBJECTIVES:
⚫ To make students understand the basic
structure and operation of digital
computer
⚫ To familiarize with implementation of
fixed point and floating-point arithmetic
operations
⚫ To study the design of data path unit and
control unit for processor
⚫ To understand the concept of various
memories and interfacing
⚫ To introduce the parallel processing
technique
COMPUTER
ORGANIZATION AND
ARCHITECTURE
⚫ Computer Organization and Architecture
is the study of internal working,
structuring and implementation of a
computer system.
COMPUTER ARCHITECTURE
⚫ A set of rules and methods that describe
the functionality, organization and
implementation of computer systems.
⚫ Capabilities and Programming model of a
computer.
UNIT I
BASIC STRUCTURE OF A COMPUTER SYSTEM
⚫ Basics of a computer system
⚫ Evolution Ideas
⚫ Functional Units, Basic Operational Concepts
⚫ Technology, Performance
⚫ Power wall
⚫ Uniprocessors to Multiprocessors
⚫ Instructions: Operations and Operands,
Representing instructions
⚫ Logical operations & control operations
⚫ Addressing and addressing modes
•Inputtin
g Data
•Processi Basic Functions
ng Data of a computer :
•Outputt
ing Data
•Storing
Basics of a computer system
Data
5 Key components of
Computer
INPUT
OUTPUT
MEMORY
DATAPATH
PROCESS
CONTROL
OR
showing the five classic
components.
dete
Inp
• rmi
ut
ne
writ
the
es
ope
data CONTROL
rati
to
ons
me
of
mor
• The
the
y,
proc
data INPUT
and OUTPUT
esso
path
r,out
put
gets
me
read
instr
mor
s
ucti
y, PROCESSOR
data
ons
inp
fro
and
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m
data
and
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Hardware Vs Software
Components
Applicati
on
Software
System
Softwar
e
Hardware
Hardware Component
INPUT UNIT : Devices to
provide information to the
computer. Captures
information and translates it
into a form that can be
processed
OUTPUT by CPU.
UNIT: Take
Machine coded output results
from the CPU and convert
them into a form that is
readable
CPU: Brain of the computer
system that converts
data(input) into meaningful
information(Output)
•CPU
•ALU
•CONTROL UNIT
•ALU
•Executes all arithmetic and logical operations
•MEMORY
•Internal Memory(Primary)- (RAM,ROM)
•External Memory(Secondary)- (Pen drive, CD,
Ex.Hd)
•Cache Memory – Faster Memory b/w RAM and
CPU
•CONTROL UNIT
•Supervises & control the path of information that runs over the
processor- (Organize activities)
EIGHT GREAT IDEAS IN CA
CP
⚫ CPI – CLOCK CYCLES PER INSTRUCTION I
⚫ The average number of clock cycles each
instructions takes to execute.
Basic Performance Equation
Using the Performance Equation
–EXAMPLE 1
⚫ Computer A has a clock cycle time of 250
ps and a CPI of 2.0 for some program, and
computer B has a clock cycle time of 500
ps and a CPI of 1.2 for the same program.
Which computer is faster for this
program and by how much?
⚫ SOLUTION
⚫ Let the no.of instructions for the program
be I
•CPU TIME OF EACH COMPUTER
Example 2
⚫ A Program runs in 10 seconds on
computer A, which has a 2 GHz clock. We
are trying to help a computer designer
build a computer, B, which will run this
program in 6 seconds. The designer has
determined that a substantial increase in
the clock rate is possible, but this increase
will affect the rest of the CPU design,
causing computer B to require 1.2 times as
many clock cycles as computer A for this
program. What clock rate should we tell
the designer to target?
First find the number of clock
cycles required for the program on
A:
CPU TIME A =
10Secs
Clok Rate A = 2
GHzc
CPU time for B can be found using
this equation:
CPU TIME B = 6
Secs
Multi Core
Architecture
UNIPROCESSORS TO
MULTIPROCESSORS
⚫ Rather than continuing to decrease the
response time of a single program on a
single processor, Companies manufactured
microprocessors with multiple processors
per chip, where the benefit is often more
on throughput than on response time.
⚫ Multi core processors(Dual core, Quad
core)
Multi Processor
Multi Processor
Multi Processor
⚫ Computers that contain several processing
units.
in parallel.
locations.
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