Unit 222

Difference between Radio wave, Microwave, and Infrared waves :
Sr. Basis Radiowave Microwave Infrared

No. wave
1. Direction These are omni-directional These are These are
in nature. unidirectional unidirectional
in nature. in nature.
2. Penetration At low frequency, they can At low They cannot

penetrate through solid frequency, they penetrate
objects and walls but high can penetrate through any
frequency they bounce off through solid solid object and
the obstacle. objects and walls.
walls. at high
frequency, they
cannot
penetrate.
3. Frequency Frequency range: 3 KHz to Frequency Frequency

range 1GHz. range: 1 GHz to range: 300 GHz
300 GHz. to 400 THz.
4. Security These offers poor security. These offers These offers

medium high security.
security.
6. Government Some frequencies in the Some There is no

License radio-waves require frequencies in need of
government license to use the microwaves government
these. require license to use
government these waves.
license to use
these.
7. Usage Cost Setup and usage Cost is Setup and Usage Cost is
moderate. usage Cost is very less.
high.
8. Communicatio These are used in long These are used These are not
n distance communication. in long distance used in long
communication. distance
Sr. Basis Radiowave Microwave Infrared
No. wave
communication.
What is an Analog Signal?

Analog signal is a type of signal that represents continuous data using a continuous range of
values. In other words, it can take on any value within a certain range. Analog signals are
characterized by their smooth and continuous nature.
What is Digital Signal?

Digital signal is a type of signal that represents data as a sequence of discrete values, typically
using binary numbers, it also contain different voltage values. Unlike analog signals, which vary
continuously over time, digital signals are discrete and quantized, meaning they only take on
specific, distinct values.
Basis Analog Signal Digital Signal
Definition Analog signals represent continuous Digital signals are Discrete and
variations in magnitude over time. quantized, with specific values.
Signal Type Continuous waveforms Discrete Signals
Processing Requires complex processing for Easier to process and manipulate

manipulation. digitally.
Storage Less efficient for storage due to More efficient for storage due to
continuous nature. discrete values.
Bandwidth Typically requires more bandwidth. Requires less bandwidth for

transmission.
Examples Analog audio signals, analog radio waves, Digital audio signals, digital data
Human voice, etc. streams, computers, etc.
Errors Susceptible to noise and distortion More resistant to noise and distortion
Conversion No conversion required Analog-to-digital conversion (ADC)

Basis Analog Signal Digital Signal
required
Applications Analog signals are used in electric fan, Digital signals are used in computers,
landlines, radio frequency smartphones, digital sensors, digital
communications, etc. imagining, etc.
Transmission Impairment in Data Communication

In communication system, analog signals travel through transmission media, which tends to
deteriorate the quality of analog signal, which means that the signal at the beginning of the medium
is not the same as the signal at the end of the medium. The imperfection causes signal impairment.
Below are the causes of the impairment.
Causes of impairment –
Attenuation – It means loss of energy. The strength of signal decreases with increasing
distance which causes loss of energy in overcoming resistance of medium. This is also
known as attenuated signal. Amplifiers are used to amplify the attenuated signal which
gives the original signal back and compensate for this loss.
Attenuation is measured in decibels(dB). It measures the relative strengths of two signals or one
signal at two different point.
Distortion – It means changes in the form or shape of the signal. This is generally seen in
composite signals made up with different frequencies. Each frequency component has its
own propagation speed travelling through a medium. And thats why it delay in arriving at
the final destination Every component arrive at different time which leads to distortion.
Therefore, they have different phases at receiver end from what they had at senders end.
Noise – The random or unwanted signal that mixes up with the original signal is called
noise. There are several types of noise such as induced noise, crosstalk noise, thermal noise
and impulse noise which may corrupt the signal.
Induced noise comes from sources such as motors and appliances. These devices act as sending
antenna and transmission medium act as receiving antenna. Thermal noise is movement of
electrons in wire which creates an extra signal. Crosstalk noise is when one wire affects the
other wire. Impulse noise is a signal with high energy that comes from lightning or power lines

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Difference between Radio wave, Microwave, and Infrared waves :

Sr. Basis Radiowave Microwave Infrared

2. Penetration At low frequency, they can At low They cannot

3. Frequency Frequency range: 3 KHz to Frequency Frequency

4. Security These offers poor security. These offers These offers

6. Government Some frequencies in the Some There is no

What is an Analog Signal?

What is Digital Signal?

Basis Analog Signal Digital Signal

Signal Type Continuous waveforms Discrete Signals

Processing Requires complex processing for Easier to process and manipulate

Bandwidth Typically requires more bandwidth. Requires less bandwidth for

Conversion No conversion required Analog-to-digital conversion (ADC)

Transmission Impairment in Data Communication

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