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ELS REVIEWER:
1. Cell - basic unit of life.

Prokaryotic Cell – no distinct nucleus and other organelles.
Eukaryotic Cell – has defined nucleus.
Earth science – the study of the earth and other celestial parts.
Life science - collection of disciplines that is made up of theories and principles.
Zoology – study of animals
Botany – study of animals
2. Unifying Themes:
a. All levels of life have systems of related parts. A system is an organized group of interacting parts.
b. Biology and Society - field of science is changing the lives of all organisms through research.
c. Evolution - organism are thought to have developed and diversified from earlier forms during the history of the
Earth.
d. Regulation - maintain homeostasis to survive in diverse environments.
e. Reproduction and Inheritance – explains continuity of life.
3. Animal Reproduction:
a. Asexual Reproduction - formation of new individuals from the cells of a single parent.
1. Fission – Amoeba; the parent organism divides into two, after which each half grows to its original form.
2. Budding – Hydra; new organism is developed from a small part of the parent’s body.
3. Fragmentation – Planaria; Separated parts of the parent organism grow into a new organism.
4. Parthenogenesis – Komodo Dragon; An offspring develops from an unfertilized egg.
b. Sexual Reproduction - the perpetuation of a new organism from two organisms with the use of gametes.
1. Oviparous animals - lay their eggs; chicken, snake, penguin.
2. Viviparous - bring forth live young that have developed inside the body of the parent; horse, dog, cat.
3. Hermaphrodites - sexually reproducing individuals that can make both sperm and egg cells.
4. Genetic Engineering - the process of changing the DNA in living organisms to create something new.
Different breeding technique:
1. Cloning - make an exact genetic copies of living things.
2. Selective breeding - develop new organisms with desirable characteristics.
3. Gel Electrophoresis - analyze genetic similarity among species or DNA testing.
Examples of genetic engineered organism:
1. Venomous cabbage
2. Banana vaccine
3. Spider goat
4. Liger
5. Grapple
5. Animal Organ Systems
1. Integumentary - Protects the body from injury, dehydration; moderates body temperature.
2. Nervous - Detects external and internal stimuli; controls the senses and movement.
3. Endocrine - Secretes hormones that control the activity of another organ system.
4. Muscular - Moves the body parts, maintains posture, and produces heat to regulate the body temperature.
5. Skeletal - Protect and support the body and organs.
6. Circulatory - Distributes material and heat throughout the body.
7. Immune - Defends against microbial pathogens and other diseases.
8. Respiratory - Deliver air to sites where gas exchange can occur.
9. Digestive - Functions is to absorb nutrients from food.
10. Urinary - Removes excess water, salts, and waste products from the blood and body and controls ph.
11. Cardiovascular - Transports nutrients, wastes, hormones, water, and gasses.
12. Reproductive - Produces gametes, nourishes, and protects developing offspring.
6.1 Evolution
Charles Darwin – Father of evolution
Carolus Linnaeus – Father of taxonomy
Jean Baptiste de Lamarck – Theory of use and disuse; defined evolution as a process of increasing complexity.
Thomas Malthus - populations grow geometrically while resources slowly increase due to competition.
Gene Flow - movement of gene from one population to another.
Natural Selection - survival of individual and reproduce in a particular environment.
7. Biotic Potential and Environmental Resistance
Ecological Relationships describe how species interact with each other in their environment.
1. Mutualism – When two organisms benefit from each other.
2. Commensalism – When one organism benefits from another without harming it. Ex. Bird making a nest in a tree.
3. Competition – Two or more species compete for the same resources. Ex. Diff. grasses growing in a garden.
4. Predation – Predator, kills and eats another organism called prey. Ex. Eagle catch a fish.

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1. Cell - basic unit of life.

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