Measurement: Sensors 30 (2023) 100918

Contents lists available at ScienceDirect

Measurement: Sensors
journal homepage: www.sciencedirect.com/journal/measurement-sensors

Review on optimization techniques used for smart grid

Stephy Akkara *, Immanuel Selvakumar A
Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Karunya Institute of Technology and Science, Coimbatore, 641114, Tamil Nadu, India

A R T I C L E I N F O A B S T R A C T

Keywords: Smart grids provide many benefits to the technological era, although they need to be optimized. The smart grid
Smart grid uses many optimizing methods to save energy, reduce costs, and address security issues in the generation,
Demand side transmission, and distribution of energy in each domain area. The smart grid can be optimized by controlling cost
Optimization
minimization, distribution side, energy management, protection systems, and so on. This paper studies the
Cost minimization
Energy management
optimization techniques used in the smart grid demand sector (Heuristics and Meta heuristics). The demand side
Protection systems management of the grid operations are clearly explained with its protection systems and control techniques.
Among all the control methodologies and analysis smart meter-based systems are delivers high output rather
than others.

1. Introduction conveniently resolve infrastructure issues by monitoring themselves via

IoT devices. The power grid has a sophisticated computerized control
A smart grid is a two-way connection in which energy and data can system that can reduce energy usage during periods of high consumption
be shared both ways between power suppliers and users. The smart grid to prevent blackouts, or even send some energy to times when power is
monitors and measures real-time meters, monitoring systems on a phase cheap and readily available.
management unit, and data collection systems. It also offers valuable The commercial power supply can also deliver new opportunities to
services for users to make their own choices about energy use based on decrease carbon emissions by creating technological conditions which
the price details obtained from distribution networks in real time. In increase the integration of low voltage devices and renewable sources
tradition, efficiency was linked with conventional power engineering [2].
domains. Novel perspectives on energy efficiency, such as new optimi­ The technical literature on the challenges of scaling-out and decen­
zation approaches or networking, have recently been considered due to tralized metering systems (SG, DMS) was reviewed. Out of 34 papers
emerging parts of an energy management system (smart meters), mod­ published between 2016 and 2023, 15 papers were included for the
ern sensors (sensors), and control systems (control systems). Thus, the comparative study (Table 1). The majority of the papers focus on cost
key challenge is how to allocate the demand for users. This challenge is reduction and energy management in residential, commercial, and in­
first in the service provider’s view, the load can be managed to reduce dustrial applications. Time of use (ToU), direct load control (DLC),
the demand cost function. This work deals with an in-depth analysis of critical peak price (CPP), waiting for time (WT), extreme day peak price
service goals and methods [1] (see Fig. 1). (EDPP), market price (MP), cost of load reduction (CLR), demand
response program (DRP), dynamic pricing (DAP), price-based setup
2. Demand-side of smart grid model (PBS), day-ahead market price (DAMP), day-ahead load shifting (DALS),
electric-ity market (EM), day-ahead market (DAM), cost model and
The term “smart grid” refers to an automated, communication- and minimization (CMM) and so on. Plug-in electric vehicles and home en­
information technology-based electrical infrastructure that can monitor ergy management are two technologies that can be used to reduce your
electricity flows from generation sites to consumer locations and adjust electricity bill [3–5].
the power flow in real time. The smart grid links centralized and
decentralized energy resources with the electricity grid. Major domains
include residential, commercial, and industrial locations where gener­
ated energy is supplied through the internet of things (IoT). Utilities can

* Corresponding author.
E-mail addresses: akkarastephy12@gmail.com, stephyakkara@gmail.com (S. Akkara), immanuel@karunya.edu (I. Selvakumar).

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.measen.2023.100918
Received 10 April 2023; Received in revised form 29 August 2023; Accepted 7 October 2023
Available online 2 November 2023
2665-9174/© 2023 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-
nc-nd/4.0/).
S. Akkara and I. Selvakumar A Measurement: Sensors 30 (2023) 100918

3. Constructing bibliometric networks smart grid and 4.2. Classification

optimization
4.2.1. Convectional optimization
This study adds a new method to the existing bibliometric networks Traditional optimization approaches are limited in their capacity to
in order to get a clear analysis of optimization techniques used in smart solve continuous and differential equations. Quantitative methods
grids. The Scopus data portal shows that around 1757 articles and re­ employ differential calculus techniques to determine the best points
view papers were published between 2016 and 2023. VOS viewer within a problem’s structure [7].
generated a network analysis on major works (keywords) for those pa­
pers, which yielded an exact result compared with traditional counting 4.2.1.1. Mathematical programming. Mathematical programming can be
methods. Optimization is the process of finding the best possible way to used to solve real-time problems in such different domains as industrial
complete a task or achieve a goal. Optimization tools are used in many development, transit, telecom, banking and personal planning. It in­
fields to help make decisions, such as investment strategies and mar­ cludes a collection of objective functions and decision variables [8].
keting plans (Fig. 2). 4.2.1.1.1. Continuous. Stochastic optimization seeks a solution that
maximizes a set of predetermined criteria while taking uncertainty in
4. Optimization techniques the parameters into consideration. Power system modeling, controlling
of smart grid, energy conversion is mainly employed using this tech­
An optimization technique is a process that involves finding an nique [9].
adequate or optimal solution to a problem by evaluating different so­ 4.2.1.1.2. Integer. If one of the variables of decision is not discrete,
lutions. Several forms of optimization algorithms are commonly used one might consider the problem to be in a mixed integer programming
today. framework.
4.2.1.1.3. Linear. Linear programming is one example of efficient
techniques. Applications in this area include how to handle them in
4.1. Overview Simplex for cyber issues.
4.2.1.1.4. Non-linear. The nonlinear programming (NLP) problem is
Optimization methods should be used to discover the optimal solu­ more difficult to solve. Heuristic methods are frequently employed to
tion or unconstrained maximum and minimum of continuous and dif­ find good solutions in energy management of distribution transformers.
ferential functions. Objective functions that are not continuous and/or Successive linear programming (SLP) is one method for addressing these
differential are used in some classical techniques. Differential equations issues [10].
were developed in order to identify the optimal solution when empirical 4.2.1.1.5. Mixed. Researchers discovered that random variables are
estimation techniques are used. Heuristics are more problem-specific insufficient for describing discrete evaluations. This led to the devel­
than meta heuristics, which is their primary distinction. Computer opment of mixed integral programming (MIP) methods, which combine
intelligent optimization is the combination of mathematics and com­ linear constraints and objective functions from both discrete and
puters, which is classified into heuristics and meta heuristics. Heuristic continuous domains. MIP approaches are used for reducing micro grid
classification is ideal for problems in a classification where ultimate load peaks. This optimization arose solely as a result of smart grid issues;
solutions are understood from the use of observations or combinations of it focuses on lowering peak load, price issues, energy generation, etc.
data. Meta heuristics can be significantly more efficient than heuristic [11].
algorithms than random techniques. Metaphor, non-metaphor, meta
heuristic acclimatization, and hybridization of meta heuristics are the 4.2.2. Subclassification intelligent optimization
major subcategories as shown in the Fig. 3. This metaphor and hybrid­ Intelligent optimization is a model-based algorithm that uses data
ization category of the algorithm is popularly used for the smart grid measured in biological or material systems to predict outcomes.
application in demand response [6].

Fig. 1. Conceptual classification of smart grid optimization techniques.

2
 S. Akkara and I. Selvakumar A
Table 1
Comparison of reference papers.
Ref Centralized Decentralized Infrastructure Energy Cost Protection Optimization Objective Pricing Achievement RESs
No Management Minimization Schemes or
DERs

[3] * * * * HFF–PSO Analyze load shifting to reduce ToU Improves the load profile and de- *
peak loads, energy creases residential customers’ tar-
expenditures, and PAR. iff.
[6] * * * SFL, TLBO Improvement of the smart grid ToU Reduce total payment expenses
energy consumption RTP
CPP
[9] * * * TEDE Scheduling of several WT TEDE also contributes to *
appliances in a smart house increased user comfort, lower
PAR at the consumer level, and
cost re- duction.
[10] * * * Tabu search Battery energy storage Better efficiency and time savings *
than with alternative approaches
[14] * * * * Hybrid GWD Customerload profile reducing RTP Hybrid GWD reduction in elec- *
in grids tricity costs by around 10 %
[16] * * * MEM-DOA Central storage of energy ToU Lower demand for PARs on the *
electricity grid, improved
consumer satisfaction, and
increased financial savings
[18] * * * EHO–FF Monitoring of real power loss in Better efficiency and time savings
SG than with alternative approaches
[19] * * * SVM, GSO Minimize electricity tariff in EDPP Reduces energy costs by 11.2 % *
3

battery storage
[22] * * Two-level GA Save more and enhance ToU Reduction in energy costs, emis- *
efficiency sion costs and PAR
[23] * * * * * WOA Peak clipping and load shifting DLC Make significant savings by *
techniques in SG. lowering high smart grid demand
[25] * * Congestion Game Energy consumption, PBS The daily energy bill in load-
conversion, and storage based installations and pricing
configu- ration is lowered by 11.9
% and 15.5 %,
[26] * * * ADFA Thermal power plants’ peak ToU Thermal energy reduction that re- *
electricity consumption and duces demand
generating costs
[27] * * * SCA, MVO Reduce usage of electricity WT Minimized energy consumption *
prices efficiently
[28] * * * ParallelCompetitive Reduce thermal energy systems Significant economic benefits *
ClusterOptimization cost and environmental
Algorithm pollution

Measurement: Sensors 30 (2023) 100918

[29] * * * * AMF Day-ahead load shifting DALS The AMF approach shows better
approach savings
[33] * * * * ADSM algorithm EnergyConsumption Scheduling ToU The suggested algorithm *
outperforms existing ones by
more than 7.5 times.
[34] * * * * * multi-objective improved shifting during times of peak ToU The suggested algorithm is more
slime mould algorithm demand and emissions. than 7.5 times faster.
(MOISMA)
S. Akkara and I. Selvakumar A Measurement: Sensors 30 (2023) 100918

Fig. 2. Optimization techniques analysis in smart grid (2016–2023).

(Source: Scopus database accessed on 15 Feb 2023)

Fig. 3. Classification of optimization techniques.

Heuristics and metaheuristics are subclasses of intelligent optimization majority of the heuristics approach is applied in a database management
[12]. system (DBMS). A mathematical model for controlling and cybersecurity
issues is developed by a dynamic optimization algorithm. The optimi­
4.2.2.1. Heuristics. A heuristic is a statistical method for choosing the zation problem is to adjust the distribution system dynamically to
optimum solution by periodically trying to improve a solution. The reduce system losses and demand for electric power. Support vectors are

4
S. Akkara and I. Selvakumar A Measurement: Sensors 30 (2023) 100918

used in high-dimensional spaces, providing the most precise outcome for sources. This technique can automatically detect faults and failures in a
the problem used for data analysis in the security and communication grid [23].
side of the DSM. Similarly, nesting heuristic algorithms are commonly 4.2.3.1.2. Music. Harmony search algorithm (HSA) is a heuristic
used in cost analysis and bi-directional communication in SG. However, optimization method that provides an efficient and fast solution for
K-means clustering is used to validate the clustering module; smart solving problems which suffer from combinatorial explosion, lack of
meter-based home load profiles are employed to break down a compli­ information or randomness [24].
cated issue with many variables into a sequence of optimization prob­ 4.2.3.1.3. Maths. The iterative software technique minimizes power
lems with one variable at each stage [13,14]. dispatch and lowers electricity prices in Singapore. Thus, the sine cosine
algorithm implements optimization technology in a domain such as
4.2.3. Meta heuristics optimal DC grid power flow and consumer demand. Data-driven opti­
Meta heuristics are algorithms that use analogies to solve optimiza­ mization involves measurement of random variables directly contrib­
tion problems. The main categories of meta heuristics optimization are uting to mathematical programming problems for efficient working of
metaphor, non-metaphor, and variants [15]. smart meters [25].
4.2.3.1.4. Physics. DSM, power tariff, and energy usage have been
4.2.3.1. Metaphor based meta heuristics optimized multiple times by Wind driven optimization (WDO). Sto­
4.2.3.1.1. Biology chastic dynamic programming (SDP) suggests assumptions about the
Evolutionary algorithm accumulation of chaotic stimulus information in constant time helped to
The evolutionary algorithm (EA) is a biological evolution-inspired achieve a good price-based response model in DSM [26].
process that allows organisms to adapt over time. The most common 4.2.3.1.5. Social. In this paper, a method for mitigating the opti­
EA form is the genetic algorithm (GA), which provides sustainability and mization challenges of constrained mechanical design for regulating PV
reliability in systems biology. Differential evolution (DE) is used to power and monitoring power quality is proposed by using the teaching
maintain good communication in the system and balance its dynamics. learning-based optimization (TLBO) algorithm in SG. Model predictive
Flower pollination algorithm (FPA) variants with other algorithms are control (MPC) is almost always introduced as a digital control for the
utilized in hyperspectral imaging (HEM), digital signal processing efficiency of energy usage and load shifting. The vickrey clarke groves
(DSM), and cellular automata (AC) [16]. Biogeography based optimi­ (VCG) process is used to select from a variety of energy management
zation (BBO) is used in both HEM and AC transmission. DSM, energy outcomes, such as energy trading, consumer usage of electricity and
management, smart meters, and energy storage are all being used by smart pricing [27].
strawberry algorithm (SA), especially in residential. The ant lion opti­ 4.2.3.1.6. Sport. Developed a novel algorithm based on game theory
mization (ALO) employed as an objective function for optimization in to study the power supply pattern of daily power consumption. The al­
SG and RES [17]. gorithm combines with the stationary DSM algorithm and investigates
Cluster behavior the viability of three scenarios to find a particular power pattern that
In this section, we will look at some examples of cluster behavior satisfies optimal energy savings, social welfare, and minimum cost. A
strategies from Meta heuristic optimization. The glow-worm swarm solution to network failures is also obtained by dynamic DSM algorithms
optimization (GSO) algorithm proved to be extremely effective in the that considers both standard CDM and POMDP paradigm [28].
problems of DSM. To govern dynamical load dispatch with economically
feasible, the ameliorated dragonfly algorithm (ADFA) is modified by the 4.2.4. Non-metaphor based meta heuristics
complex and static clustering motion [18]. The cuckoo optimization Tabu search is an effective approach to design multi-objective deci­
algorithm (COA) is utilized on the transmission side to minimize power sion making in DSM, HEMs, and energy management.
losses. Ant optimization colony (ACO) is a cluster-based meta heuristics
that used to solve complex optimization problems in DR. The particle 4.2.5. Meta heuristic acclimatization
swarm optimization (PSO) based on a particle’s position and speed, cost Multi objective optimization (MO) methods attempt to find a solu­
reduction and hybridization of energy management took place. The tion(s) for a problem that satisfy more than one objective function.
Grey Wolf Optimization (GOA) technique was more effective in
handling unexpected load limitations of PV systems, micro grids, and 4.2.5.1. Multi objective meta heuristics. NSGA-II is a big computer al­
demand side [19]. gorithm inspired by biological evolution. It was utilized in HEM, smart
The Firefly optimization algorithm (FOA) assigns an optimal load grid planning, household energy use, and other applications. MOEA is a
shifting for a more efficient energy management system. The Moth- recent multi objective evolutionary algorithm paradigm focused on
Flame optimization algorithm (MFO) is widely used in power quality using different types of optimization methods (K-D trees, genetic algo­
issues. Energy management and storage solutions for the home employ rithms) for solving complex problems with many parameters (Bayesian
the bat algorithm. Fish swarm algorithm (FSA) can be used to optimize inference) [29]. SG employs neural network-based genetic algorithms
the DSM and energy scheduling. Sensor interlinked smart grids follow (NNGA) to track grid power use and the impact of weather conditions on
this optimization technique to get accurate output [20]. Social spider the SG. Multi objective PSO based on fuzzy approach has been employed
algorithm (SSA) was developed to organize search space for optimiza­ in grid scheduling, EMS, and energy infrastructure [30].
tion problems such as DSM, energy storage units and their performance,
and predict unpredictable load changes. Shuffled frog leaping algorithm 4.2.5.2. Meta heuristics discretization. Distributed optimization algo­
(SFLA) is used to improve distributed generation dispatch in SG, smart rithm (DOA) is applied to minimize the cost of a set of variable con­
meters, and wireless networks that require a constant current flow [21]. straints. This letter seeks to improve smart grid’s DR, energy
Smart grid is connected to the outside world. Information flows from management in residential areas, and forecasting of renewable power by
the customers (households, businesses and other stakeholders) to a employing DOA to model machine learning methods [31].
centralized data repository or operational management system. In
addition, it involves power management, smart grid demand response 4.2.6. Hybridization of meta heuristics
and optimization algorithms that take into account generation, loads
and weather conditions [22]. 4.2.6.1. Sequential and interleaved algorithm. A genetic wind driven
Artificial immune systems (GWD) algorithm in an RTP context to balance residential loads during
ANN is used to monitor voltage and output of renewable energy peak and off-peak periods, hence optimizing customer satisfaction and

5
S. Akkara and I. Selvakumar A Measurement: Sensors 30 (2023) 100918

minimizing PAR. Electricity prices are decreased, consumer conve­ 4.2.6.3. Meta heuristics in parallel schemas. The parallel genetic algo­
nience is increased, and PAR is decreased by the home energy man­ rithm (PGA) is widely used in Smart grid security issues and protection
agement controller (HEMC) based on the genetic harmony search of the system through optimization. This study presents parallel
algorithm (GHSA). Tabu EDE performed well in terms of lowering PAR competitive swarm optimizations used to tackle the distribution side
on the consumer side. It also helps to improve user convenience in DSM. optimization challenge to address distribution opportunities while also
An EDHWADO that incorporates cost-effectiveness and PAR regulating controlling demand sides of PEVs. The DOA has been modified by Micro
operation in HEM is a hybrid enhanced differential harmony wind grid Energy Management Distributed Optimization Algorithm (MEM-
driven optimization [32]. DOA) that was distributed throughout the network based on the type of
consumer for each intelligent entity to manage energy effectively [34].
4.2.6.2. Meta heuristics in population schemas. The implementation of
hybrid elephant and firefly (HEF) optimization in electrical power sys­ 4.2.6.4. Adaptive meta heuristics. The Adaptive Multi Objective Salp
tems is very efficient, and the problem can be solved by PSO. In order to Swarm Optimization Algorithm (AMSSA) has been introduced in this
regulate residential load, the genetic binary particle swarm optimization paper. It is a relatively new approach for solving the problem of fault
(GBPSO) method is used. When compared to the hierarchical pricing identification with variable controlled loads. The proposed algorithm
model in Singapore, the GBPSO output is more effective. The improved uses the whale optimization algorithm (WOA), a unique optimization
gravitational search algorithm (IGSA) in the electricity distribution in­ approach designed to solve the difficulties in DR, EV charging, and RES.
dustry has created a new instrument to boost the effectiveness of power Its objective function includes transmission loss and power cost together
load shifting. Multiverse optimization (MVO) optimized electricity cost with field enclosure processing air quality [34] (see Fig. 3).
reduction HEMs using these phases [33].

Fig. 4. Analytical study on Optimization Techniques. (Source: Scopus database accessed on 15 Feb 2023 [Fig. 4(a)- Fig. 4(r)).

6
S. Akkara and I. Selvakumar A Measurement: Sensors 30 (2023) 100918

Fig. 4. (continued).

5. Analytical study on optimization techniques (g)). In that regard, sine cosine algorithms have received a lot of
attention. The next category is physics (Fig. 4(i)), in that simulated
The trends in the optimization techniques to be used in the smart grid annealing is at the topmost and stochastic dynamic programming at the
are shown in Fig. 4 (a). It is a representation of the sub-classified opti­ bottom level of strata. Fig. 4(i) and (j) are more related to the commu­
mization techniques, with the graph relating to the article/view count nity; whereas game theory has 47 publications, whereas TLBO has 25,
over seven years. The major discoveries made during this period were which is not a small number in Fig. 4(k).
also identified using words such as cost reduction, maximization of re­ Tabu Search comes under the non-metaphor category shown in Fig. 4
sources etc. Our analysis shows that the energy management area shows (l). The pro-posed and new variants of meta heuristics optimization
development but the least optimization techniques in cost minimization, techniques are classified from Fig. 4(m) to Fig. 4(r). Multi objective meta
because it is a more real-time analysis process. heuristics combination of one more optimization technique is depicted
Generally, almost three of the optimization techniques have a mean in Fig. 4(m). From Fig. 4(n)-4(r), the hy-bridization of meta heuristics
average range. In this review, due to the absence of any clear definition, optimization is there. The discretized version of meta heuristics is in
the heuristics may also be used as a control parameter (Fig. 4 (b) and Fig. 4(n), where BPSO has 31 research publications. The rare combi­
(c)). The Genetic Algorithm (GA) shows the most efficiently used opti­ nation of GA and HSA has the highest count of publication in sequential
mization techniques among all the optimization techniques mentioned and interleaved optimization, in Fig. 4(o). In Fig. 4(p) it can be seen that
in this review (Fig. 4(d)). This can be explained by showing that it has the population-based category of optimizations is used for smart grid. In
been popularly used for solving complex problems and its effectiveness this example, EDE and WOA were published much better than other
has been proved by many studies. However, other meta heuristic tech­ techniques. However, Fig. 4(q) shows the parallel schemas of these three
niques can also be used with better results depending on various cir­ tools as well as other less popular techniques.
cumstances. ANN has the most frequently used methods in the last 7
years, which falls into the cluster behavior group (Fig. 4(e)). However, 6. Limitations and future scope
PSO leads in terms of publications in the artificial immune systems
category (Fig. 4(f)), also has a good count of publications in the similar The smart grid is a system of electricity transmission and distribution
way. The harmony search algorithm also gives 49 publications (Fig. 4 that enables optimal use of power. Smart grid devices can monitor,

7
S. Akkara and I. Selvakumar A Measurement: Sensors 30 (2023) 100918

Fig. 4. (continued).

control and manage components throughout the network. The new we quantify uncertainty in consumers’ behavior and show how it can
method of electricity transmission and distribution has proved ineffec­ impact their power consumption behavior. Finally, some observations
tive and inefficient in some aspects in the area of the smart grid. To are drawn based on our analysis showing how smart meters can help
maximize the reliability and cost-efficient use of the available elec­ save power while maintaining accuracy (especially in areas where home
tricity, communication between each component in the smart grid is internet service providers have high numbers of customers).
crucial. Demand side management has as a common component the
development of options for smart grid users, such as residential users, to
change their timing of power use in order to lower peak-to-average Declaration of competing interest
system load. Local power management is capable of efficiently coordi­
nating various forms of distributed energy capital. The authors declare that they have no known competing financial
interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence
7. Conclusion the work reported in this paper.

The Smart Grid is a technology that enables the electrical grid to be Data availability
used as a digital network by applying various information technology
concepts. Therefore, it is critical to manage the system and process The data that has been used is confidential.
within this new paradigm as well as provide building blocks for its
efficient management. In this paper we introduce an operational References
framework for smart grid optimization called Optimal Resource Allo­
cation in which we consider two main topics: (1) optimal timing and [1] Abdel-Basset Mohamed, Laila Abdel-Fatah, Arun Kumar Sangaiah, Metaheuristic
algorithms: a comprehensive review, in: Computational intelligence for multimedia
resource allocation when minimizing cost from a defined set of nodes, big data on the cloud with engineering applications, 2018, pp. 185–231.
and (2) optimal monitoring and control of energy consumption by a [2] Sadiq Ahmad, Ayaz Ahmad, Muhammad Naeem, Waleed Ejaz, Hyung Seok Kim,
single smart meter in a residential building with some possible varia­ A compendium of performance metrics, pricing schemes, optimization objectives,
and solution methodologies of demand side management for the smart grid,
tions on hardware configuration. Using our method in load forecasting Energies 11 (10) (2018) 2801.

8
S. Akkara and I. Selvakumar A Measurement: Sensors 30 (2023) 100918

[3] Naladi Ram Babu, Tirumalasetty Chiranjeevi, Lalit Chandra Saikia, [20] Helder RO. Rocha, Icaro H. Honorato, Fiorotti Rodrigo, Wanderley C. Celeste,
Dhenuvakonda Koteswara Raju, Optimization solutions for demand side Leonardo J. Silvestre, Jair AL. Silva, An Artificial Intelligence based scheduling
management, Metaheuristic Evolut. Comput.: Algorithm. Appl. (2021) 729–746. algorithm for demand-side energy management in Smart Homes, Appl. Energy 282
[4] Math HJ. Bollen, Ratan Das, Djokic Sasa, Phil Ciufo, Jan Meyer, K. Sarah, (2021), 116145.
Rönnberg, Francisc Zavodam, Power quality concerns in implementing smart [21] Eity Sarker, Pobitra Halder, Mehdi Seyedmahmoudian, Elmira Jamei, Ben Horan,
distribution-grid applications, IEEE Trans. Smart Grid 8 (1) (2016) 391–399. Saad Mekhilef, Alex Stojcevski, Progress on the demand side management in smart
[5] A. Brem, M.M. Adrita, D.T. O’Sullivan, K. Bruton, Industrial smart and micro grid grid and optimization approaches, Int. J. Energy Res. 45 (1) (2021) 36–64.
systems–A systematic mapping study, J. Clean. Prod. 244 (2020), 118828. [22] Bishoy E. Sedhom, Magdi M. El-Saadawi, M.S. El Moursi, Mohamed A. Hassan,
[6] Ghasem Derakhshan, Heidar Ali Shayanfar, Ahad Kazemi, The optimization of Abdelfattah A. Eladl, IoT-based optimal demand side management and control
demand response programs in smart grids, Energy Pol. 94 (2016) 295–306. scheme for smart microgrid, Int. J. Electr. Power Energy Syst. 127 (2021), 106674.
[7] Tiba Feizi, Lennart von der Heiden, Raisa Popova, Mauricio Rojas, Jean- [23] Joshna Anna Johnson, et al., GA based intelligent algorithm for efficient power
Marie Gerbaulet, Day-ahead optimization algorithm for demand side management transfer, in: 2019 IEEE International Conference on Electrical, Computer and
in microgrids, in: SMARTGREENS, 2019, pp. 51–57. Communication Technologies (ICECCT), IEEE, 2019.
[8] G. Goyal, Shelly Vadhera, Solution of combined economic emission dispatch with [24] Sweta Singh, Neeraj Kanwar, A review on demand side management forecasting
demand side management using meta-heuristic algorithms, J. Eur. Systèmes models for smart grid, in: Intelligent Computing Techniques for Smart Energy
Automatisés 52 (2) (2019) 143–148. Systems: Proceedings of ICTSES vol. 2018, 2020, pp. 903–910.
[9] Shahzeb Haider, Hafiz Muhammad Faisal, Zenab Amin, Haq Nawaz, [25] Seyed Omid Sobhani, Siamak Sheykhha, Reinhard Madlener, An integrated two-
Kaleem Akram, Nadeem Javaid, DSM using fish swarm optimization and harmony level demand-side management game applied to smart energy hubs with storage,
search algorithm using HEMS in smart grid, in: Advances in Intelligent Networking Energy 206 (2020), 118017.
and Collaborative Systems: the 9th International Conference on Intelligent [26] Velamuri Suresh, S. Sreejith, Suresh Kumar Sudabattula, Vikram Kumar Kamboj,
Networking and Collaborative Systems (INCoS-2017), Springer International Demand response-integrated economic dispatch incorporating renewable energy
Publishing, 2018, pp. 525–535. sources using ameliorated dragonfly algorithm, Electr. Eng. 101 (2019) 421–442.
[10] Howlader, Harun Or Rashid, Hidehito Matayoshi, Tomonobu Senjyu, Distributed [27] Ibrar Ullah, Irshad Hussain, Peerapong Uthansakul, M. Riaz, M. Naeem Khan,
generation integrated with thermal unit commitment considering demand response Jaime Lloret, Exploiting multi-verse optimization and sine-cosine algorithms for
for energy storage optimization of smart grid, Renew. Energy 99 (2016) 107–117. energy management in smart cities, Appl. Sci. 10 (6) (2020) 2095.
[11] Aiswarya Raj, V. Shijoh, Sustentation of energy by a contemporary Gsm based [28] Ying Wang, Zhile Yang, Monjur Mourshed, Yuanjun Guo, Qun Niu, Xiaodong Zhu,
prepaid energy meter, Middle East J. Sci. Res. 25 (1) (2017) 34–39. Demand side management of plug-in electric vehicles and coordinated unit
[12] Paria Jokar, Nasim Arianpoo, Victor CM. Leung, A survey on security issues in commitment: a novel parallel competitive swarm optimization method, Energy
smart grids, Secur. Commun. Network. 9 (3) (2016) 262–273. Convers. Manag. 196 (2019) 935–949.
[13] A. Rezaee Jordehi, Optimisation of demand response in electric power systems, a [29] Mohammad Zeeshan, Majid Jamil, Adaptive moth flame optimization-based load
review, Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev. 103 (2019) 308–319. shifting technique for demand side management in smart grid, IETE J. Res. 68 (1)
[14] Zahoor Ali Khan, Ayesha Zafar, Sakeena Javaid, Sheraz Aslam, Muhammad (2022) 778–789.
Hassan Rahim, Nadeem Javaid, Hybrid meta-heuristic optimization-based home [30] Zezheng Zhao, Chunqiu Xia, Chi Lian, Xiaomin Chang, Wei Li, Ting Yang, Y. Albert,
energy management system in smart grid, J. Ambient Intell. Hum. Comput. 10 Zomaya, An adaptive multi-objective Salp swarm algorithm for efficient demand
(2019) 4837–4853. side management, in: 2020 IEEE 17th International Conference on Mobile Ad Hoc
[15] Kangping Li, Jianfeng Che, Bo Wang, Jingjing Zhang, Fei Wang, Zengqiang Mi, and Sensor Systems (MASS), IEEE, 2020, pp. 292–299.
A meta-heuristic optimization based residential load pattern clustering approach [31] Mohsen Reiszadeh, Hamed Narimani, Mohammad Sadegh Fazel, Improving
using improved Gravitational Search Algorithm, in: 2018 IEEE Power & Energy convergence properties of autonomous demand side management algorithms, Int.
Society Innovative Smart Grid Technologies Conference (ISGT), IEEE, 2018, J. Electr. Power Energy Syst. 146 (2023), 108764.
pp. 1–5. [32] Thirunavukkarasu, Sidarth Gokul, Mehdi Seyedmahmoudian, Elmira Jamei,
[16] Omowunmi Mary Longe, Khmaies Ouahada, Suvendi Rimer, Hendrik C. Ferreira, Ben Horan, Saad Mekhilef, Alex Stojcevski, Role of optimization techniques in
A.J. Han Vinck, Distributed optimisation algorithm for demand side management microgrid energy management systems—a review, Energy Strategy Rev. 43 (2022),
in a grid-connected smart microgrid, Sustainability 9 (7) (2017) 1088. 100899.
[17] Xinhui Lu, Kaile Zhou, Xiaoling Zhang, Shanlin Yang, A systematic review of [33] Sadasiva Behera, Nalin B. Dev Choudhury, Adaptive optimal energy management
supply and demand side optimal load scheduling in a smart grid environment, in multi-distributed energy resources by using improved slime mould algorithm
J. Clean. Prod. 203 (2018) 757–768. with considering demand side management, in: E-Prime-Advances in Electrical
[18] E. Muthukumaran, S. Kalyani, Development of smart controller for demand side Engineering, Electronics and Energy, 2023, 100108.
management in smart grid using reactive power optimization, Soft Comput. 25 [34] Mounica Nutakki, Srihari Mandava, Review on optimization techniques and role of
(2021) 1581–1594. Artificial Intelligence in home energy management systems, Eng. Appl. Artif. Intell.
[19] C. Puttamadappa, B. Parameshachari, Demand side management of small-scale 119 (2023), 105721.
loads in a smart grid using glow-worm swarm optimization technique,
Microprocess. Microsyst. 71 (2019), 102886.