CBSE Chemistry Phase - II Questionnaire Key (2024-25)

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2024 – 25
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PHASE – II *
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QUESTIONNAIRE
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NOTE : The answers presented in this key is only for the support. Students can write
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appropriate answers with their own knowledge and self expression.

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X CLASS REVISION PROGRAMME CHEMISTRY
3. CHEMICAL REACTIONS AND EQUATIONS

PART – I
PRIORITY – I
I. ACADEMIC SKILL - REMEMBERING :
1. i) A chemical equa2tion is said to be balanced, if the atoms of different elements on both sides
of the equation are equal.
ii) According to law of conservation of mass, the total mass of products must be equal to total
mass of reactants. This is possible only if the number of atoms of each element are same on the
two sides of the reaction. Hence we should balance chemical equation.
2. i) Evolution of gas
ii) Change in temperature
iii) Change in state
iv) Change in colour
3. Law of conservation of mass.
4. In an unbalanced equation (skeletal equation), the number of atoms of each element on both sides of
the equation are not equal.
Mg + O2 → MgO,
In a balanced equation, the number of atoms of each element on both sides of the equation are equal.
2Mg + O2 → 2MgO
5. A Balanced chemical equation has qualitative and quantitative significance
Qualitative : It tells us about the names of all the elements and compounds present in the reaction
It tells us about the symbols of all the elements and formula of all the compounds
Quantitative : It tells us about the number of atoms of elements, number of mole and molecules of
the elements and compounds.
It tells us about the masses of all the substances in the chemical reaction
6. i) Does not tell about the speed of reaction.
ii) Does not tell about the feasability of reaction.
II. ACADEMIC SKILL - UNDERSTANDING :

7. i) H2 + Cl2 → 2HCl
ii) 2Na + 2H2O → 2NaOH + H2 ↑
8. i) BaCl2(aq) + Na2SO4(aq) → BaSO4(s) ↓ (white precipitate) + 2NaCl (aq)

ii) NaOH(aq) + HCl(aq) → NaCl(aq) + H2O(l)
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CHEMISTRY X CLASS REVISION PROGRAMME
9. a) HNO3 + Ca(OH)2 → Ca (NO3)2 + H2 O
Step - 1 : To balance the number of N atoms put coefficient 2 before HNO3 on the reactant
side. Ca atoms are equal on both sides.
2HNO3 + Ca(OH)2 → Ca(NO3)2 + H2O
Step - 2 : To balance the number of H – atoms, put coefficient 2 before H2O on the product
side. The number of oxygen atoms on both sides is same.
2HNO3 + Ca(OH)2 → Ca(NO3)2 + 2H2O
Step - 3 : Checking the correctness of the balanced equation
LHS RHS
H 4 4
O 8 8
N 2 2
Ca 1 1
Therefore the equation is balanced.
b) NaOH + H2SO4 → Na2SO4 + H2 O
Step - 1 : The equation reveals that the number of O and S are equal on both sides.
Step - 2 : To balance the number of Na – atoms, put coefficient 2 before NaOH on the reactant
side.
2NaOH + H2SO4 → Na2SO4 + H2O
Step - 3 : To balance the number of H – atoms, put coefficient 2 before H2O on the product
side.
2NaOH + H2SO4 → Na2SO4 + 2H2O
LHS RHS
H 4 4
O 6 6
Na 2 2
S 1 1
c) NaCl + AgNO3 → AgCl + NaNO3
The above equation itself represents a balanced chemical equation.
d) BaCl2 + H2SO4 → BaSO4 + HCl
Step - 1 : 3To balance Cl atoms, put coefficient 2 before HCl on the product side.
BaCl2 + H2SO4 → BaSO4 + 2HCl
The above equation reveals that the number of Ba, S and O atoms are equal on
both sides.
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Step - 2 : On inspection, the number of H atoms on both sides of the equation is the same.
LHS RHS
H 2 2
O 4 4
Ba 1 1
S 1 1
Cl 2 2
10. a) Ca(OH)2 + CO2 → CaCO3 + H2O
b) 2Al + 3CuCl2 → 2AlCl3 + 3Cu
c) Zn + 2AgNO3 → Zn(NO3)2 + 2Ag
d) BaCl2 + K2SO4 → BaSO4 + 2KCl
11. i) White precipitate of barium sulphate is formed along with sodium chloride
ii) Sodium react vigorously with cold water and form sodium hydroxide and hydrogen gas with
liberation of heat.
iii) Calcium oxide reacts with water and produce slaked lime with releasing a large amount of heat.
iv) Water decomposes into Hydrogen and oxygen gases.
12. Reactants – Nitric Acid, Calcium Hydroxide.
Products – Calcium Nitrate, Water.
III. ACADEMIC SKILL - APPLYING :

13. i) Exothermic, ii) Exothermic, iii) Exothermic, iv) Endothermic
14. i) The chemical reaction occured is
6KMnO4 + C6H8O7 → 6MnO2+ 6CO2 + H2O +3 K O
2
The colour of KMnO4 will be decolourised
ii) The chemical reaction involved is
SO2 + K2Cr2O7 + 3H2SO4 → K2SO4 + Cr2(SO4)3 + 3H2O.
The colour of solution will be changed from orange to green.
IV. ACADEMIC SKILL - ANALYSING AND EVALUATING :

15. a) Double displacement reaction
b) Copper is displaced by Hydrogen and forms H2SO4 (colourless).
c) Hydrogen sulphide
d) CuSO4(aq) + H2S(g) → CuS(s) + H2SO4(aq)

V. ACADEMIC SKILL - CREATING :
16. i) 2HNO3(aq) + Ca(OH)2(aq) → Ca(NO3)2(aq) + 2H2O(l)
ii) NaCl(aq) + AgNO3(aq) → AgCl(s) + NaNO3(aq)
iii) CaO(s) + H2O(l) → Ca(OH)2(aq)
iv) Zn(s) + CuSO4(aq) → ZnSO4(aq) + Cu(s)
VI. PRACTICAL SKILL BASED QUESTION :

17. i) The chemical reaction occured is
6KMnO4 + C6H8O7 → 6MnO2+ 6CO2 + 4H2O + 3K O
2
The colour of KMnO4 will be decolourised due to the reduction of KMnO4.
ii) The chemical reaction involved is
The colour of solution will be changed from orange to green due to the formation of Cr2(SO4)3
PRIORITY – II
1. a) Na2( g ) + 3H 2( g ) → 2 NH 3 ; combination reaction
b) 2 Pb ( NO3 )2(s ) ⎯⎯⎯

Heat
→ 2 PbO(s ) + 4 NO2( g ) + O2( g ) ; Decomposition reaction
c) Cu(s ) + AgNO3(aq) → CuNO3(aq) + Ag (s ) ; Displacement reaction
2. a) Hydrogen gas combines with nitrogen to form Ammonia

Step - 1 : Writing the chemical equation in the word form
Hydrogen + Nitrogen → Ammonia
Step - 2 : Writing the skeletal chemical equation
N2 + H2 → NH3
Step - 3 : Balancing of atoms on both sides
There are 2 N–atoms on L.H.S and 1N atom on R.H.S.
To balance N–atoms, multiply NH3 on R.H.S by 2. we get
N2 + H2 → 2NH3
Now, there are 6 H atoms on RHS and 2 H–atoms on L.H.S.
To balance H – atoms multiply
H2 on LHS by 3. We get
N2 + 3H2 → 2NH3.

Step - 4 : To check the correctness of the balanced equation.
LHS RHS
N – atoms 2 2
H – atoms 6 6
b) Hydrogen sulphide gas burns in air to give water and sulphur dioxide. The word equation for
the given statement will be :
Hydrogen sulphide + oxygen → water + Sulphur dioxide
Step - 1 : Writing the skeletal chemical equation.
H2S + O2 → H2O + SO2
Step - 2 : To equate the number of O – atoms, put coefficient 3 before O2 on the reactant side
and coefficient 2 before SO2 on the product side. The number of H and S atoms are
equal on both sides.
H2S + 3O2 → H2O + 2SO2
Step - 3 : Oxygen atoms are still not balanced. To achieve this put coefficient 2 before H2O
on the product side.
H2S + 3O2 → 2H2O + 2SO2
Step - 4 : To balance S – atoms, put coefficient 2 before H2S on the reactant side.
2H2S + 3O2 → 2H2O + 2SO2
Step - 5 : To check the correctness of the balanced equation
LHS RHS
H 4 4
S 2 2
O 6 6
c) Barium chloride reacts with Aluminium sulphate to give Aluminium chloride and Barium
sulphate.
The word equation for the given statement will be.
Barium chloride + Aluminium sulphate → Aluminium chloride + Barium sulphate
Step - 1 : Writing skeletal equation
BaCl2 + Al2 (SO4)3 → AlCl3 + BaSO4
Step - 2 : To balance the number of Al atoms put coefficient 2 before AlCl3 on the product
side. Ba atoms are equal on both sides.
BaCl2 + Al2 (SO4)3 → 2 AlCl3 + BaSO4

Step - 3 : To balance Cl atoms put coefficient 3 before BaCl2 on the reactant side.
3BaCl2 + Al2 (SO4)3 → 2AlCl3 + BaSO4
Step - 4 : To balance Ba atoms put coefficient 3 before BaSO4 on the product side.
3BaCl2 + Al2 (SO4)3 → 2AlCl3 + 3 BaSO4
LHS RHS
Ba 3 3
Al 2 2
Cl 6 6
S 3 3
O 12 12
Thus, number of atoms of each element is equal on the two sides. Hence the above equation is the
balanced chemical equation.
3. No, It is not correct, Because gaseous elements should be represented in molecular form but not in
atomic form.
The correct Balanced equation is 2Ca + O2 → 2CaO
4. a) 2KBr(aq) + BaI2(aq) → 2KI(aq) + BaBr2(aq)
This reaction is known as double displacement reaction
b) ZnCO3(s) → ZnO(s) + CO2(g)
This reaction is known as decomposition reaction.
c) Mg(s) + 2HCl(aq) → MgCl2(aq) + H2(g)
This reaction is known as displacement reaction.

5. i) Zn(s) + 2HCl(aq) → ZnCl2(aq) + H2(g) ↑
ii) BaCl2(aq) + CuSO4(aq) → BaSO4(s) ↓ + CuCl2(aq)

6. All the above statements are true becuase
I) H2SO4 + Na2SO3 → Na2SO4 + H2O + SO2
SO2 + K2Cr2O7 + 3H2SO4 → K2SO4 + Cr2(SO4)3 + 3H2O

II) Zn + H2SO4 → ZnSO4 + H2 (Exothermic)
III) Ba(OH)2 + NH4Cl → BaCl2 + NH4(OH) (Endothermic)

7. Chemical reactions can be identified by different observations, They are
i) By evolution of gas
ZnCO3 → ZnO + CO2 ↑
2H2O(l) → 2H2(g) ↑ +O2(g) ↑
ii) By change in temperature

Δ
Endothermic reaction : CaCO 3 ⎯⎯ → CaO + CO 2
Exo thermic reaction : CaO+H 2 O → Ca (OH )2 + Heat

iii) By change in state
H 2(g ) + O2( g ) → H 2O(l )
iv) By change in colour

Δ
FeSO 4 .7H 2 O ⎯⎯ → Fe 2 O3 +SO2 +SO3
Green (Brown)
8. The chemical reaction occured is
6KMnO4 + C6H8O7 → 6MnO2+ 6CO2 + 4H2O + 3K2O
The colour of KMnO4 will be decolourised due to the reduction od KMnO4.
PRIORITY – III
1. The symbol Δ signifies that the reaction takes place on heating whereas MnO2 represents the catalyst
present to speed up the reaction.

Count the atoms of each type on both sides of the equation.

Are the numbers of each type of atom the same ?
The equation is balanced Yes No
Add coefficients as needed.

Count the atoms again.
Are the numbers of each
2. type of atom the same ?
The equation is balanced Yes No

3. Aim : Action of calcium oxide with water
Apparatus : 100 ml beaker Beaker
Materials/Chemicals :
1) 1 gm of quick lime (CaO) Water
2) Water
CaO
Procedure :
1) Take about 1 gm of quick lime (CaO) in a beaker
2) Add 100 ml of water to this
3) Touch the beaker with your finger
4) Dip the red litmus paper in it
Observation
1) The beaker is hot
2) Red litmus changes into blue colour
Result : Its an exothermic reaction
Equation : CaO + H 2 O → Ca ( OH )2 + ΔHeat
Conclusion : CaO reacts with water and release heat energy
Precautions : Reaction will be very fast & hot take care of your hands While checking hottness.

PART – II
PRIORITY – I
1. Displacement Reaction : When a more reactive element displaces a less reactive element from its
compound, then the reaction is called chemical displacement.
Zn(s) + 2HCl (aq) → ZnCl2 (aq)+ H2(g)
2. A reaction in which a single reactant breaks down to give simpler products.
* A Decomposition reaction requires energy for breaking down the reactants.
* heat
CaCO3 CaO + CO2
3. A reaction in which two or more substances combine to form a single substance is called a
combination reaction.
Example : C(s) + O2(g) → CO2(g) + Heat. It is a combination reaction which is also exothermic.
4. A double displacement reaction is a type of chemical reaction where two compounds react and the
positive ions (cation) and the negative ions (anion) of the two reactants switch places, forming two
new compounds or products
Pb(NO3)2(aq) + KI(aq) → PbI2(s) + 2KNO3(aq)
(OR)
a) A double displacement reaction is a type of chemical reaction where two compounds react
and the positive ions (cation) and the negative ions (anion) of the two reactants switch
places, forming two new compounds or products
Pb(NO3)2(aq) + KI(aq) → PbI2(s) + 2KNO3(aq)
b) i) Chemical reaction in which an acid and base react together to form a salt and water as
products
HCl(aq ) + NaOH (aq ) → NaCl(aq ) + H 2O(l )

ii) When on mixing the solutions of two ionic compounds, an insoluble solid is formed that
separate out, the insoluble solid formed is called a precipitate and the reaction is known
as precipitation reawction.
Example : AgNO3(aq) + NaCl(aq) → AgCl(s) ↓ + NaNO3(aq)
5. A chemical reaction is said to be exothermic in which heat energy is released.

Examples : N2(g) + 3H2(g) → 2NH3(g) + 92KJ
CH 4( g ) + 2O2 → CO2( g ) + 2 H 2O(aq) + 890 KJ
A chemical reaction is said to be endothermic in which a certain amount of heat energy is absorbed.
Example : N2(g) + O2(g) + 180KJ → 2NO(g)

6. When on mixing the solutions of two ionic compounds, an
insoluble solid formed is called a precipitate and the reaction is

known as precipitation reaction.
Example : AgNO3(aq) + NaCl(aq) → AgCl(s) ↓ + NaNO3(aq)
(OR)
The reactions in which there is a formation of an insoluble product are called precipitation reactions.
BaCl2 + Na2 SO4 → BaSO4 + 2 NaCl
7. When magnesium ribbon is exposed to air for a long time, a layer of Magnesium oxide (MgO) is
normally formed on the surface of the metal because oxygen present in air slowly combines with the
metal to form Magnesium oxide. The oxide layer doesnot burn when flame is brought nearer to
metal. So the surface should be properly cleaned with a sand paper before burning.
8. We need energy to stay alive. We get this energy from the food we eat. During digestion, food is
broken down into simpler substances
Example : Rice, potatoes and bread contain carbohydrates. These carbohydrates are broken down to
form glucose. This glucose combines with oxygen in the cells of our body and provides energy. The
special name of this reaction is respiration. In this reaction, energy is released, So this is exothermic
reaction.
9. a) Electrolysis of water
b) Graphite
c) 2H2O → 2H2 + O2
d) Pure water is a very weak electrolyte and does not dissociate into ions, therefore it does not
conduct electricity. By adding H2SO4, water becomes acidulated and gets ionised easily, then
it conducts electricity.

10. i) The substance ‘x’ is Calcium oxide its formula is CaO
ii) CaO (s) + H2O (l) → Ca(OH)2 (aq)
(OR)
a) Combination – In which a single product is formed from two or more reactants.
b) CaO(s) + H2O(l) → Ca(OH)2(aq)
c) Calcium oxide i) reacts vigorously with water (ii) releasing a large amount of heat.

11. a) White to grey
b) Photochemical decomposition
c) 2 AgCl( s ) ⎯⎯⎯→
sunlight
2 Ag(s ) + Cl2( g )
(OR)
a) White
b) Photochemical decomposition
sunlight
2 AgCl(s ) ⎯⎯⎯→ 2 Ag( s ) + Cl2( g )
(White ) (Green )
c) Black and white photography AgBr.
12. In a decomposition reaction, a single compound splits to give two or more simpler substances where
as in a combination reaction, two or more simpler substances combine together to form a single
compound. Hence they are opposite to each other.
Examples of decomposition reaction :
i) CaCO3(S) ⎯⎯⎯
Heat
→ CaO(S) + CO2(g)
ii) 2FeSO4(S) ⎯⎯⎯Heat
→ Fe2O3(S) + SO2(g) + SO3(g)
Examples of combination reactions :
i) 2Mg(S) + O2(g) → 2MgO(S)
ii) CaO(S) + H2O(l) → Ca (OH)2(aq)
13. Decomposition reaction involving absorption of heat
CaCO3 ⎯⎯⎯
Heat
→ CaO(S) + CO2(g) (Thermal decomposition)
Decomposition reaction involving absorption of light
2AgCl(s) ⎯⎯⎯
sunlight
→ 2Ag(S) + Cl2(g) (Photo chemical decomposition)
Decomposition reaction involving absorption of electricity
2H2O(l) ⎯⎯⎯⎯
electricity
→ 2H2(g) + O2(g) (Electro chemical reaction)
14. The chemical equation for the displacement reaction is
Cu(s) + 2 AgNO3(aq) → Cu(NO3)2(aq) + 2Ag(s)
15. In the electrolysis of water, volume of hydrogen gas collected over cathode is double than that of
oxygen gas collected over anode. This is because water contains hydrogen and oxygen in the ratio of
2 : 1 by volume.
16. Both Silver chloride and Silver bromide are used in black and white photography.
17. X is more reactive than Fe : X – Aluminium
X is highly reactive metal. It may be K, Na, Li, Ca, Mg, Al, Mn, Zn, Cr.
4
X can be displace metals from aqueous solutions of CuSO , AgNO , ZnSO
4 3 4
Increasing order of metal reactivity is Ag < Cu < Zn < X

18. Copper powder when it is heated it under go oxidation and forms Copper oxide which is black
coloured substance.
2Cu + O2 → 2CuO (Black)
19. a) Lead nitrate
b) Nitrogen dioxide
2Pb (NO3 )2 (s) ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ Heat

( Decomposition )⎯
→ 2PbO(s) + 4NO 2 (g) + O 2 (g)
c) Lead nitrate Lead monoxide Nitrogen dioxide Oxygen
(Colourless) ( Yellow) (Brown fumes)
20. Displacement reaction is also known as replacement reaction or a metathesis reaction or exchange
reaction.
Cation replacement reaction
Fe + CuSO4 → Fe(SO4)2 + Cu
Anion replacement reaction
Cl2 +2NaBr → 2NaCl + Br2
21. a) Ferrous sulphate crystals are green in colour. After heating, the green colour changes to brown
due to formation of Ferric oxide.
b) FeSO4 7H2O ⎯⎯→ heat FeSO4 + 7H2O
(green)
On further heating FeSO4 given Fe2O3, SO2 and SO3
FeSO4 ⎯⎯→ heat Fe2O3 + SO2 + SO3
(Brown)
It is a decomposition reaction.
(OR)
i) Ferrous sulphate crystals are green in colour. After heating, the green colour changes to brown
due to formation of Ferric oxide.
ii) FeSO4 7H2O ⎯⎯→ heat FeSO4 + 7H2O
(green)
iii) On further heating FeSO4 given Fe2O3, SO2 and SO3
FeSO4 ⎯⎯→ heat Fe2O3 + SO2 + SO3
(Brown)
It is a decomposition reaction.
22. a) Metal M is Mg and N is MgO
b) 2Mg + O2 ⎯⎯ Δ
→ 2MgO
c) Here Mg has gained oxygen to form MgO.
Hence Mg has been oxidized to MgO

23. Respiration : C6H12O6 + 6O2 → 6CO2 + 6H2O + Energy
Photo synthesis : 6CO2 + 6H2O ⎯⎯⎯⎯ sunlight
→ C6H12O6 + 6O2
Photosynthesis is exactly opposite reaction of respiration. During photosynthesis CO2 and water are
react together in presence of sunlight and convert into Glucose and release oxygen gas. But in
Respiration Glucose react with oxygen and forms CO2 along with water and releases energy.
Respiration is exothermic reaction whereas photoshynthesis is endothermic reaction.
24. 2Mg + O2 ⎯⎯ Δ
→ 2MgO
Here Mg has gained oxygen to form MgO.
Hence Mg has been oxidized to MgO
25. i) White colour of Silver chloride changes to grey due to formation of metallic silver. The reaction
is known as photo chemical reaction. It is a decomposition reaction.
2AgCl(s) ⎯⎯⎯
sunlight
→ 2Ag(s) + Cl2(g)
(white) (grey)
ii) A shiny brown colour copper powder on heating in air becomes black in colour. Copper is
oxidised to CuO.
Cu + O2 → 2CuO
Brown colour Black
iii) Zinc is more reactive than copper. It displaces Copper from copper sulphate solution to form
Zinc sulphate which is colourless. Hence, the blue colour of Copper sulphate solution starts
fading.
Zn(s) + CuSO4(aq) → ZnSO4(aq) + Cu(s)
(blue) (colourless)

26. Iron nail become brownish in colour and the blue colour of copper sulphate solution fade because
iron displaces another element copper from copper sulphate solution.
Fe(s) + CuSO4(aq) → FeSO4(aq) + Cu(s)
(deposited on nail)
27. i) A yellow precipitate of Lead iodide appears at the bottom of the test tube.
ii) It is an example of double displacement reaction
iii) The balanced equation for the reaction is
Pb (NO3)2(aq) + 2KI(aq) → PbI2(s) + 2KNO3(aq)
(yellow ppt)
28. i) Copper powder when it is heated it undergo oxidation and forms copper oxide which is black
coloured substance.
2Cu + O2 → 2CuO ( Black )
ii) Reduction - by passing H2 gas
CuO + H 2 → Cu + H 2O
29. Metal X + salt solution of ‘Y’ → Salt solution of ‘X’ + metal ‘Y’
from this we infer that reactivity of X is greater than Y.
It is displacement reaction. Because metal X displaces metal Y from its salt solution.
Ex : Zn + CuSO4 → ZnSO4 + Cu
30. Aluminium can got some holes because it reacted with FeSO4 solution as the Al is more reactive than
Fe, it displaces Fe from it’s aqueous solution. During the reaction, Al will get dissolve and goes into
solution. Iron will be deposited on Aluminium can
2Al(s) + 3FeSO 4 → Al2 ( SO 4 )3(aq ) + 3Fe(s)
PRIORITY – II
1. i) Combustion Reaction.
ii) Double Displacement Reaction.
iii) Combination Reaction.
iv) Displacement Reaction.

2. In a displacement reaction, one element takes the place of another in a compound.
Example : Fe(s) + CuSO4(aq) → FeSO4(aq) + Cu(s)
In a double displacement reaction,
There is an exchange of ions between the reactants.
BaCl2(aq) + Na2SO4(aq) → BaSO4(s) + 2 NaCl(aq)
3. Silver chloride / silver bromide
sunlight
2 AgCl(s) 2Ag(s) + Cl2(g) ; 2 AgBr(s) sunlight 2Ag(s) + Br2(g)
(white) (Grey) (Yellow) (Grey)
Decomposition reaction.

4. a) Silver (Ag)
b) Silver nitrate (AgNO3)
c) Silver chloride (AgCl)
d) AgNO3 (aq) + NaCl (aq) ® AgCl(s) + NaNO3 (aq)
e) Double displacement reaction.

5. A is Zn since it is greyish colour and available as granules
B is Fe since attracted by magnet.
C is CuSO4 - Blue colour solution.
Zn and Fe Both displace Cu from it’s solution
Zn + CuSO4 → ZnSO4 + Cu
Fe + CuSO4 → FeSO4 + Cu
6. a) X is carbon monoxide gas (CO) ; Y is hydrogen gas (H2) : Z is methanol (or Methyl alcohol)
(CH3OH). Note : The molecular formula CH4O for compound Z tells us that one molecule of
this compound contains 1 carbon atom, 4 hydrogen atoms and 1 oxygen atom
(CH4O = CH3OH)
CO(g) + 2H 2(g) 300 atm; 300ºC CH3OH(l)
b) Carbon monoxide Hydrogen ZnO + CrO3 Methanol
(Methyl alcohol)

7. i) 2 Na + Cl2 → 2 NaCl(s )
Sodium is reducing agent which is oxidised in the raction i.e, oxidation state changes zero to +1
Chlorine is oxidising which is reduced in the reaction i.e., oxidation state changes zero to -1
ii) White colour of Silver chloride changes to grey due to formation of metallic silver. The reac-
tion is known as photo chemical reaction. It is a decomposition reaction.
2AgCl(s) ⎯⎯⎯sunlight
→ 2Ag(s) + Cl2(g)
(white) (grey)
8. Aim : Formation of hydrogen gas by action of dilute HCl on zinc and testing of H2 gas
Apparatus : Conical flask, Cork, Capillary tube, Match stick.
Materials/Chemicals :
1) Zinc granules
2) Dilute hydrochloric acid
Cork
Procedure :
1) Take a few zinc granules in a conical flask Glass tube
2) Add about 5 ml of dil. Hydrochloric acid to H2gas Conical plask
the conical flask Dil,HCl
3) Observe the changes in the conical flask
Zinc granules
4) Dip the red litmus paper in it
Observation : Light of burning match stick putoff with ‘POP’ sound
Result : ‘POP’ sound indicates the H2 gas has been released n this reaction
Equation : Zn + 2 HCl ® ZnCl2 + H2
Conclusion : This reaction produces heat – Exothermic reaction
Precautions : Becareful with fire

9. i) Solution becomes milky due to the formation of Calcium carbonate
Ca(OH)2 + CO2 → CaCO3 + H2O
(milky)
ii) Milkyness disappears because Calcium carbonate changes to Calcium hydrogen carbonate
which is colourless in nature.
CaCO3 + H2O + CO2 → Ca (HCO3)2
PRIORITY – III

1. i) KCl(aq) + AgNO3(aq) → AgCl(g) + KNO3(aq)
(White ppt)
ii) It is a double displacement reaction also called precipitation reaction.
iii) White precipitate is formed.
2. CaCO3 + 2HCl → CaCl2 + H2 O + CO2

Marble is calcium carbonate and on reacting it releases CO2
Ca(OH) 2 + CO2 → CaCO3 + H2O
(Lime water) (White ppt)
Lime water turns milky due to the formation of white precipitate of CaCO3, on passing excess of
CO2 milkyness disappears because Ca(HCO3)2 is formed which is soluble in water.
CaCO3 + H2 O + CO2 → Ca (HCO3)2
Soluble in water

3. X is copper - Brown coloured metal and good conductor of electricity.
Y is silver
Z is - Ag2S
Between X and squt of Z displacement reaction will takes place.
4. Silver Bromide on exposing to sunlight, decomposes to silver metal and Bromine
AgBr → Ag( g ) + Br2( g )
Silver Bromide is a salt sensitive to sunlight.
Bromine gas - Brown coloured gas
So, X is AgBr, Y is Ag and Z is Br2
Silver Bromide can be obtained from the salt of silver that is silver nitrate can be used.
AgNO3 + KBr → AgBr + KNO3

5. Quicklime is CaO. On reacting with water it forms slaked lime.
CaO + H2O → Ca(OH)2
This reaction is an exothermic reaction and combination reaction the heat is released during the
reaction.
Solution becomes milky due to the formation of Calcium carbonate when atomospheric CO2 reacts
with slack limed.
Ca(OH)2 + CO2 → CaCO3 + H2O
(milky)
This reaction is displacement reaction.
PART – III
PRIORITY – I
1. a) Corrosion : The most common example of corrosion is rusting i.e. corrosion of iron. When an
iron article remains exposed to moist air for along time its surface is covered with a brown,
flaky substance called rust.
3
2Fe(s) + O + x H2O(aq) → Fe2O3 . xH2O (s)
2 2(g)
(Rust)
b) Rancidity : The oxidation of oils or fats in a food resulting into a bad smell and bad taste is
called rancidity. We have often noticed that a food containing oil or fat, if left for a long time,
develops a bad taste and bad smell. This is because the oils and fat present in food get oxidized.
2. i) An oxidising agent is a substance which gives oxygen or gains hydrogen.
ii) A reducing agent is a substance which gives hydrogen or gains oxygen.

3. a) Oxidation : It is defined as a process which involves gain of oxygen.
Example : 2Mg(s) + O2(g) → 2MgO(s)
Here, Mg has gained oxygen to form MgO. Hence, Mg has been oxidized to MgO.
b) Reduction : It is defined as a process which involves loss of oxygen
Example : ZnO(s) + C(s) → Zn(s) + CO(g)
Here, ZnO has lost oxygen to form Zn. Hence ZnO has been reduced to Zn.

4. Paint forms a protective coating on the surface of iron. Then both oxygen and moisture cannot have
direct contact with the surface of the iron metal. Therefore, the surface gets protected against rusting.

5. Oil and fat containing food items get rancid due to oxidation by air or oxygen. In case the container
or bag is flushed with nitrogen, then oxidation or rancidity will be prevented.
6. Generally vegetable oils having long unsaturated carbon chains are recommended for cooking. As
they are more reactive and can easily be digested by enzymes.
Example : Olive oil, avocado oil.
7. Rancidity is the process of complete (or) incomplete oxidation (or) hydrolysis of fats and oils when
exposed to air, moisture or by bacterial action results in unpleasant taste and odour.
(OR)
Rancidity is the process of complete (or) incomplete oxidation (or) hydrolysis of fats and oils when
exposed to air, moisture or by bacterial action results in unpleasant taste and odour. Rancidification
can be prevented by
i) By adding antioxidants to food
ii) Refrigerating food
iii) Storing in air tight containers
8. A shiny brown colour copper powder on heating in air becomes black in colour. Copper is oxidised
to CuO.
Cu + O2 → 2CuO
Brown colour Black
CuO( s) + H 2( g) → Cu(s) + H 2O(l)

Browncolour
H2 is oxidised to H2O and CuO is reduced to Cu.

9. A reaction which involves addition of oxygen or removal of hydrogen is called an oxidation reaction.
Example : Cu(s) + O2(g) ⎯⎯→heat 2CuO(s)
Here Cu has gained oxygen. Hence Cu has been oxidised to CuO. Oxidation is an exothermic reaction.
10. a) Oxidation : It is defined as a process which involves gain of oxygen.
Example : 2Mg(s) + O2(g) → 2MgO(s)
Here, Mg has gained oxygen to form MgO. Hence, Mg has been oxidized to MgO.
b) i) Pb3O4 + 8 HCl → 3PbCl2 + Cl2 + 4 H 2O ; Pb3O4 is oxidising agent
ii) 3MnO2 + 4 Al → 2 Al2O3 + 3Mn ; MnO2 is oxidising agent.

(OR)
a) i) NH 3
ii) H2O
iii) CO
iv) H2

b) During the reaction in which one reactant gets oxidised while the other gets reduced is called
redox reaction (oxidation – reduction reaction)
Oxidation – gain of oxygen
Reduction – loss of oxygen

11. In this reaction HCl is oxidised to Cl2 and MnO2 is reduced to MnCl2.
12. Zinc is oxidised to Zinc oxide and Copper oxide is reduced to copper.
13. i) ZnO(s) + C(s) → Zn(s) + CO(g)
C is oxidised to CO and ZnO is reduced to Zn.
ii) 2Na(s) + O2(g) → 2Na2O(s)
Na is oxidised to Na2O and O2 is reduced.
iii) CuO(s) + H2(g) → Cu(s) + H2O(l)
H2 is oxidised to H2O and CuO is reduced to Cu.
14. Oxidation : It is a process in which either oxygen is added to a substance or hydrogen is removed
from the substance.
Oxidising agent : A substance which gives oxygen or removes hydrogen for oxidation. Hence an
oxidising agent helps oxidation to take place.
MnO2 + 4HCl → MnCl2 + Cl2 + 2H2O
Here, HCl is oxidised and it acts as an reducing agent.
MnO2 is reduced and acts as an oxidising agent.
15. The chemical reaction involved is
The colour of solution will be changed from orange to green due to the formation of Cr2(SO4)3.
16. A silvery white magnesium ribbon, when ignited, burns in air with a dazzling white light to form
MgO
2Mg + O2 → 2 MgO
It is a combination reaction. Since a reaction in which two or more substances combine to form a
single substance is called as combination reaction.

China dish
containing
copper power
Wire gauze
Tripod stand
Burer
17.
Cu( s) + O2( g) → 2CuO( s)

Here Cu has gained oxygen. Hence Cu has been oxidsed to CuO and it is reducing agent i.e., oxida-
tion state changes 0 to +2.
Oxygen is reduced i.e., oxidation state changes 0 to -2 and it is oxidising agent.
18. i) CuSO4 .5H 2O( s ) ⎯⎯⎯

Heat
→ CuSO4(s ) + 5H 2O(l )
Blue ( white )
Anhydrous
copper sulphate
ii) 2 NaHCO3(s ) ⎯⎯⎯

Heat
→ Na2CO3(s ) + CO2( g ) + H 2O(l )
PRIORITY – II
1. Rust is hydrated ferric oxide (Fe2O3. xH2O).

2. i) Painting the iron article
ii) Greasing or oiling the iron article
3. As X displaces B from AB, and AB is an ionic compound. We can say A is metal and B is non metal.
Hence ‘X’ is also a non metal.
B– – oxidised to B
X – Reduced to X–
X – oxidising agent
AB – Reducing agent

4. i) 4Na(s) + O2(g) → 2Na2O(s)
In this reaction, sodium (Na) is oxidised to sodium oxide (Na2O)
This means that oxygen has been reduced.
ii) CuO(s) + H2(g) → Cu(s) + H2O(aq)
In this reaction, hydrogen is oxidised to water while Copper oxide is reduced to copper.

5. Rancidity is a condition in which the substance with oil and fats get oxidised when they are exposed
to air. A substance is said to be rancid when there is a change in smell, taste and colour. Example is
when a chips pack is exposed to atmospheric air which results in change in taste and smell.

6. Oil and fat containing food items get rancid due to oxidation by air or oxygen. In case the container
or bag is flushed with nitrogen, then oxidation or rancidity will be prevented.
7. H2S is oxidised to S because H2S lost hydrogen.
8.
Procedure : Take three test tubes and place clean iron nails in each of them. Label these test tubes as
A, B and C. In test tube A, pour some water and cork it. In test tube B, Pour some boiled distilled
water and add about 1ml of oil and cork it. In test tube C. Put some anhydrous calcium chloride and
cork it. Leave the iron nails in their respective test tubes for few days.
Observation : The nails in the test tube A affected by rust. The nails in the test tube B and C were not
affected by rust.
Explanation : The boiled distilled water in the test tube B did not have any oxygen and the layer of
oil also prevented oxygen which being dissolved in the water. Since there was no oxygen and the nail
was not affected by rust. The anhydrous calcium chloride in the test tube C absorbed moisture from
the air in the test tube and therefore the nails were not affected by rust. In the test tube A, the nails are
exposed to both air and water and therefore the nails got coated with reddish-brown rust.
Conclusion : From the above experiment we can conclude that both air and water are necessary for
rusting of iron.
PRIORITY – III

1. Commonly used antioxidants are
BHA – Butylated Hydroxy Anisole, BHT – Butylated Hydroxy Toluene
OH CH3 CH3 OH CH3

CH3 H3 C CH3
C C C
CH3 H3C CH3
O CH3 CH3
Butylaldehydroxyanisole Butylaldehydroxytoulene

2. Sodium is oxidised i.e., oxidation state changes 0 to +1 and it is oxidising agent.
H2SO4 is reduced i.e., oxidation state changes +1 to 0 and it is reducing agent.

3. A shiny brown colour copper powder on heating in air becomes black in colour. Copper is oxidised
to CuO.
Cu + O2 → 2CuO
Brown colour Black
Here Cu has gained oxygen. Hence Cu has been oxidsed to CuO and it is reducing agent i.e., oxida-
tion state changes 0 to +2.
Oxygen is reduced i.e., oxidation state changes 0 to -2 and it is oxidising agent.

4. A redox reaction is a chemical reaction in which one of the reactants gets oxidised while the other is
reduced simultaneously. In the reaction under study, Magnesium is oxidised to Magnesium oxide
since the metal has gained oxygen.

5. Mg + Cl2 → MgCl2
Mg has been oxidsed to MgCl2 and it is reducing agent i.e., oxidation state changes 0 to +2. Chlorine
is reduced i.e., oxidation state changes 0 to -2 and it is oxidising agent.

PATH TO 100/100
1) c 2) a 3) c 4) a 5) b 6) c 7) c 8) d 9) d 10) c
11) b 12) c 13) b 14) d 15) c 16) d 17) c 18) d 19) a 20) c
21) b 22) c 23) a

4. CARBON AND ITS COMPOUNDS

PART – I
PRIORITY – I
1. Catenation and Tetra valency
2. Uses of
Diamond
1) Used in jewellery
2) Used for cutting and Grinding
3) Used to drill the holes
Graphite
1) Used in Pencil leads
2) Powdered graphite is used as lubricant
3) Used as electrodes
Fullerence
Fullerenes have been extensively used for several biomedical applications like MRI, X-ray, drug &
gene delivery and Photodynamic therapy.
3. From the alkane, if you remove one hydrogen, then the group is known as Alkyl group.
General formula : CnH2n + 1
Ex : – CH3 – Methyl
– C2H5 – Ethyl
4. i) Pentane (CH3 – CH2 – CH2 – CH2 – CH3)
ii) Isopentance : H3C – H2C – HC – CH3
CH3
(OR)
CH3
Neopentance : H3C – C – CH3
CH3
H H
C
H H
C C
iii) Cyclopentane H H
H C C H
H H

5. H3 C − H 2C − H2 C − H 2 C − CH3 → n - pentane
H3C – H2C – HC – CH3 → Iso-pentane (2-methyl butane)
CH3
CH3
H3C – C – CH3 → Neo - Pentane (2, 2-Dimethyl propane)
CH3
(OR)
Three structural (chain) isomers can be drawn for pentane they are normal, iso and neo forms.
Isomers of pentane (C5H12) H
H H H H H H C H H
H H H H H
H C C C C H H C C C H
H C C C C C H
H H H C H H H H C H H
H H H H H
, H , H
n - Pentane
Iso Pentane Neo Pentane

6. Characteristics of Isomers
i) Same molecular formula
ii) Different structural arrangement
iii) Different physical properties
iv) Different chemical properties
7. S.No Structural formula Electronic dot structure
H
H
H C H
i) CH 4 H C H
H
H

S.No Structural formula Electronic dot structure
H H
H H
H C C H
ii) C2H 6 H C C H
H H H H
H H
H H
C C
C C
iii) C2H 4
H H H H
iv) C2H 2 H C C H H C C H
C H
H H
C C H C H
C C
C C
v) C6H 6 C C
H C
H H H
C
H
H

Cl
Cl
Cl C Cl Cl C Cl
vi) CCl4
Cl Cl
O H
O
vii) H 2O
H H H
N H N H
viii) NH 3 H H
H H
H H
C
H H
H H
C C H
H C
H
H
H C
C
H
H H
ix) C 6H 12 C C
C C H H
C
H H H
C H
H H
H H

H H
H H
C
H H H
C H
C C C
H H C
H
H
x) C 5H 10
C C
H H H
H
C C
H H H
H
O C O
xi) CO 2 O C O
xii) Bromopentane
H H H H H H H H H H
H C C C C C Br H C C C C C Br
H H H H H H H H H H
xiii) Hexyne
H H H H H H H H
H C C C C C C H H C C C C C C H
H H H H H H H H

S S
xiv) H2S
H H H H
xv) O2 O O
O O
xvi) N2 N N N N
S C S
xvii) CS 2 S C S
8. CH4 satrurated hydrocarbon :

H
H C H
Covalent bond is present in methane

(i) and (ii) Because of the covalent bond present in methane CH 4 + 2O2 → CO2 + 2 H 2O .
9. In order to form ionic bond, carbon either lose 4e– or gain 4e– to form C4+ or C4- ion. Losing 4e– needs
large amount of energy and by gaining 4e– it will have 10 e–. It is difficult for the nucleus having six
protons to hold 10 e–. So, C4+ and C4- is not possible.
Catenation, Tetravalency
Carbon atom has smallest size. This enables the nucleus to hold on to the shared pair of electrons
strongaly

Allotropes of Carbon
Amorphous forms Crystalline forms
Coal Coke
10. Wood Charcoal Graphite Buckminsterfullerene
Diamond
Gas carbon Lamp black
Sugar charcoal Petroleum coke
Animal charcoal

11. CO2, CO, MCO3 & MHCO3 are available in the atmosphere and earth crust but not prepared by
plants and Animals and there is no direct C – H bond.
12. In order to form ionic bond, carbon either lose 4e– or gain 4e– to form C4+ or C4- ion. Losing 4e– needs
large amount of energy and by gaining 4e– it will have 10 e–. It is difficult for the nucleus having six
protons to hold 10 e–. So, C4+ and C4- is not possible.
PRIORITY – II
1. The compounds having same molecular formula but differ in their structures.
For propane different arrangements in carbon atoms is not possible.
Isomers of C4 H10
H H H H H H H
H C C C C H H C C C H
H H H H H H C H H
n - Butane H
Iso - Butane
2. Benzene (C6H6)
H
C
H C C H
H C C H
C
H
No.of single bonds : 9 ; No.of double bonds : 3

3. a) A – Carbon
B – Carbon monoxide
C – Carbon dioxide
b) IV A group (or) 14th group
4. Diamond : Each carbon atom bonds to 4 other carbon atoms. It shows Tetrahedral structure (sp3).
Graphite : Each carbon atom bonds to 3 other carbon atoms, it shows trigonal planar with Hexa
gonal ring structure. This diamond is hard and graphite is soft. Hybridisation – sp2
O
H
×
H × C C O × H
×
5. i) ii) H × S × H
H
Ethanoic acid Hydrogen Sulphide
O
H H
×
×
iii) H × C C C H iv) F F
×
×
×
H H Fluorine
Propanone
6. Carbon atom has smallest size in group 14. This enables the nucleus to hold on to the shared pairs of
electrons strongly but the bonds formed by other elements having larger atoms of this group are much
weaker and they cannot show catenation property.
IV. ACADEMIC SKILL - CREATING :
7. Elements
Allotropy : Existance of same element in more than one physical form is known as allotropy.
Ex : Carbon Exhibits three allotropic forms, such as diamond, graphite & Fullerene
PRIORITY – III
1. Silicon, they are unstable.

2 i) The compounds with same molecular formula and different physical and chemical properties.The
given chemical formulae is C3 H6 O
O
p)
CH 3 − C − CH 3
O
q) CH 3 − CH 2 − C − H
OH
r) CH3 CH CH3
(Positional isomers)
ii) H3C − H2 C − H 2 C − CH3 → n - butane
H3C – HC – CH3
→ Iso-butane (2-methyl propane)
CH3
3. The given chemical formulae is C3 H6 O
H O H
H C C C H
i)
H H
H H
O
H C C C H
ii)
H H H

4. Diamond and graphite are the two crystalline allotropic forms of carbon. But they differ in their
structures. In diamond, all the four valence electrons of carbon atom are involved in the covalent
bond formation with the electrons of neighbouring carbon atoms. In graphite, only three electrons
participate in the bond formation while the fourth electron is free. Diamond without any free electron
is a poor conductor of electricity while graphite with free electrons available is a good conductor.
5. The main reasons because of which carbon forms a large number of organic compounds are :
1) Travalent nature of carbon
2) Greater C- C bond strength
3) Catenation
4) Isomerism
Carbon compounds are formed by covalent bonds.
i) Carbon compounds have low melting point because these compounds are bonded with
covalent bond and also forces of attraction between these molecules are not very strong.
ii) Because carbon compounds covalent in nature, they are bad conductors of electricity; they lack
free electrons.
6. i) Diamond - Tetrahedral, Graphite - Hexagonal
ii) Diamond is hardest substance
iii) Good conductor of electricity
iv) Vanderwaal’s force
v) Kohinoor diamond and its weight is 21.12 g (105.6 carat)
PART – II
PRIORITY – I
1. i) Cn+1H 2n+2O
ii) Cn+2H 2n+4O
2. i) Alkanes – CnH2n + 2
1) CH 4 → Methane
2) CH3 – CH3 → Ethane
3) CH3 – CH2 – CH3 → Propane
4) CH3 – CH2 – CH2 – CH3 → Butane
5) CH3 – CH2 – CH2 – CH2 – CH3 → Pentane
6) CH3 – CH2 – CH2 – CH2 – CH2 – CH3 → Hexane
7) CH3 – CH2 – CH2 – CH2 – CH2 – CH2 – CH3 → Heptane
8) CH3 – CH2 – CH2 – CH2 – CH2 – CH2 – CH2– CH3 → Octane
9) CH3 – CH2 – CH2 – CH2 – CH2 – CH2 – CH2– CH2– CH3 → Nonane

ii) Alkenes – CnH2n
1) H2C = CH2 → Ethene
2) H3C – HC = CH2 → Propene
3) H3C – H2C – HC = CH2 → Butene
4) H3C – H2C – H2C – HC = CH2 → Pentene
5) H3C – H2C – H2C – H2C – HC = CH2 → Hexene
6) H3C – H2C – H2C – H2C – H2C– HC = CH2 → Heptene
7) H3C – CH2 – CH2 – CH2 – CH2 – CH2– HC = CH2 → Octene
8) H3C – CH2 – CH2 – CH2 – CH2 – CH2– CH2– HC = CH2 → Nonene
iii) Alkynes – CnH2n – 2
1) HC ≡ CH → Ethyne
2) H3C – C ≡ CH → Propyne
3) H3C – H2C – C ≡ CH → Butyne
4) H3C – CH2 – CH2– C ≡ CH → Pentyne
5) H3C – CH2 – CH2 – CH2 – C ≡ CH → Hexyne
6) H3C – CH2 – CH2 – CH2 – CH2 – C ≡ CH → Heptyne
7) H3C – CH2 – CH2 – CH2 – CH2 – CH2 – C ≡ CH → Octyne
8) H3C – CH2 – CH2 – CH2 – CH2 – CH2 – C H2 – C ≡ CH → Nonyne
3. i) Hydrogenation reaction : It is the process in which unsaturated compounds reacts with
hydrogen in presence of nickel as a catalyst to form saturated compound.
R R R R
+ H2 Nickel C C H
C C H
R R R R
Vegetable Oil Vegetable Ghee
ii) Oxidation reaction : When there is an addition of oxygen in the reaction, it is known as oxida-
tion reaction.
Alkaline
CH3CH2OH + [O] ⎯⎯⎯→
KMnO4 CH3COOH + H2O
Etanol Ethanioc acid
iii) Combustion reaction : Ethanol is highly inflammable liquid, i,e,. it catches fire very eas ily. It
burns with blue flame in presence of oxygen to form carbon dioxide and water.
C2H5OH + 3O2 → 2 CO2 + 3H2O
Ethanol Oxygen Carbon dioxide Water

4. i) Hydrocarbons : Compounds containing H & C as main constituents are known as
Hydrocarbons.
Saturated Hydro carbons - Alkanes
They are classified as Alkenes
Unsaturated Hydro carbons
Alkynes
ii) In Benzene alternative carbons have double bonal with ring structure but in hexene only one
double bond with open chain structure.
H
C
H C C H
H C C H H2C = HC – H2C – H2C – H2C – CH3
C (hexene)
H
(Benzene)
5. Three carbon carboxylic acid

Molecular formula – C3 H6 O2
Structure : H3C – H2C – C – OH
O
6. Homologous series : A series of compounds which are with same general formula, but differed
by –CH2 group (or) 14 U mass.
Ex : Alkanes
CH4 – Methane
CH3 – CH3 – Ethane
Methane & Ethane are belongs to alkanes family, differed by – CH2 group or 14U mass.
7. i) Ethanoic aicd ii) Bromopentane
H H H H H H
H C C OH H C C C C C Br
H O H H H H H
iii) Butanone iv) Hexanal

H H H H H H H H
H C C C C H H C C C C C C H
H H O H H H H H H O
8. a) Hydro carbons with all single bonds are called saturated where as hydrocarbons with atleast
one double or triple bond are called unsaturated compounds. Unsaturated compounds are more
reactive due to pi-bond.
b) i) Halogen
ii) Ketone
H C H
C C
9. C C
H C H

10. Alcohol molecular formula – C2H6O
Acid molecular formula – C2H4O2
11. CH4, C4H10
12. Butanol (CH3 – CH2 – CH2 – CH2 – OH)
H H H H
H C C C C OH
H H H H
13. Butanal (CH3 – CH2 – CH2 – CHO)
H H H
H C C C C H
H H H O
14. Propanol (H3C – CH2 – CH2 – OH)
H H H
H C C C OH
H H H

15. Isomers : Compounds having same molecular formula but differ in their physical and chemical
properties.
Isomers of Butane (C4H10)
H H H H
H C C C C H
– n -Butane
H H H H
H H H
H C C C H
H H C H H – Iso - Butane
H
(2 - Methyl Propane)
Because, first three members cannot form different parental carbon chains.
16. i) Aldehydes
1) H – CHO – Methanal
2) CH3 – CHO – Ethanal
3) CH3 – CH2 – CHO – Propanal
4) CH3 – CH2 – CH2 – CHO – Butanal
5) CH3 – CH2 – CH2 – CH2 – CHO – Pentanal
6) CH3 – CH2 – CH2 – CH2 – CH2 – CHO – Hexanal
7) CH3 – CH2 – CH2 – CH2 – CH2 – CH2 – CHO – Heptanal
8) CH3 – CH2 – CH2 – CH2 – CH2 – CH2 – CH2 – CHO – Octanal
9) CH3 – CH2 – CH2 – CH2 – CH2 – CH2 – CH2 – CH2 – CHO – Nonanal
ii) Ketones
1) CH3 – CO – CH3 – Propanone
2) CH3 – CO – CH2 – CH3 – Butane – 2 – one / 2 – Butanone
3) CH3 – CO – CH2 – CH2 – CH3 – Pentane – 2 – one / 2 – pentanone
4) CH3 – CO – CH2 – CH2 – CH2 – CH3 – Hexane – 2 – one
5) CH3 – CO – CH2 – CH2 – CH2 – CH2 – CH3 – Heptane – 2 – one
6) CH3 – CO – CH2 – CH2 – CH2 – CH2 – CH2 – CH3 – Octane – 2 – one
7) CH3 – CO – CH2 – CH2 – CH2 – CH2 – CH2 – CH2 – CH3 – Nonane – 2 – one

iii) Carbonylic acids
1) HCOOH – Methanoic acid
2) CH3 – COOH – Ethanoic acid
3) CH3 – CH2 – COOH – Propanoic acid
4) CH3 – CH2 – CH2 – COOH – Butanoic acid
5) CH3 – CH2 – CH2 – CH2 – COOH – Pentanoic acid
6) CH3 – CH2 – CH2 – CH2 – CH2 – COOH – Hexanoic acid
7) CH3 – CH2 – CH2 – CH2 – CH2 – CH2 – COOH – Heptanoic acid
8) CH3 – CH2 – CH2 – CH2 – CH2 – CH2 – CH2 – COOH – Octanoic acid
9) CH3 – CH2 – CH2 – CH2 – CH2 – CH2 – CH2 – CH2 – COOH – Nonanoic acid
iv) Alcohols
1) CH3 – OH – Methanol
2) CH3 – CH2 – OH – Ethanol
3) CH3 – CH2 – CH2 – OH – Propanol
4) CH3 – CH2 – CH2 – CH2 – OH – Butanol
5) CH3 – CH2 – CH2 – CH2 – CH2 – OH – Pentanol
6) CH3 – CH2 – CH2 – CH2 – CH2 – CH2 – OH – Hexanol
7) CH3 – CH2 – CH2 – CH2 – CH2 – CH2 – CH2 – OH – Heptanol
8) CH3 – CH2 – CH2 – CH2 – CH2 – CH2 – CH2 – CH2 – OH – Octanol
9) CH3 – CH2 – CH2 – CH2 – CH2 – CH2 – CH2 – CH2 – CH2 – OH – Nonanol
v) Halo compounds
1) CH3 – Cl – 1 – Chloromethane
2) CH3 – CH2 – Cl – 1 – Chloroethane
3) CH3 – CH2 – CH2 – Cl – 1 – Chloropropane
4) CH3 – CH2 – CH2 – CH2 – Cl – ____________________.
5) CH3 – CH2 – CH2 – CH2 – CH2 – Cl – ____________________.
6) CH3 – CH2 – CH2 – CH2 – CH2 – CH2 – Cl – ____________________.
7) CH3 – CH2 – CH2 – CH2 – CH2 – CH2 – CH2 – Cl – ____________________.
8) CH3 – CH2 – CH2 – CH2 – CH2 – CH2 – CH2 – CH2 – Cl – ___________________.
9) CH3 – CH2 – CH2 – CH2 – CH2 – CH2 – CH2 – CH2 – CH2 – Cl – _______________.

vi) HCOOH + CH3OH → HCOOCH 3
CH3COOH + CH3OH → CH 3COOCH 3
CH3COOH + CH3OH → CH 3CH 2COOCH 3
CH3CH2CH2COOH + CH3OH → CH 3CH 2CH 2COOCH 3
Similarly → CH 3CH 2CH 2CH 2COOCH 3
→ CH 3CH 2CH 2CH 2CH 2COOCH 3
→ CH 3CH 2CH 2CH 2CH 2CH 2COOCH 3
→ CH 3CH 2CH 2CH 2CH 2CH 2CH 2COOCH 3
→ CH 3CH 2CH 2CH 2CH 2CH 2CH 2CH 2COOCH 3
→ CH 3CH 2CH 2CH 2CH 2CH 2CH 2CH 2CH 2COOCH 3
→ CH 3CH 2CH 2CH 2CH 2CH 2CH 2CH 2CH 2CH 2COOCH 3
17. a) Alkanes are known as saturated Hydrocarbons having C – C single bonds, where as Alkenes
with C = C double bonds and Alkynes with C ≡ C triple bonds, so these are known as
unsaturated Hydrocarbons.
b) Properties of homologous compounds are as follows
i) They have same general formula
ii) Successive members differ with – CH2 group
iii) Successive members differ with 14U mass
iv) They show similar chemical properties
v) They show different physical properties
18. i) 7 ii) 8 iii) 8 iv) 15 v) 4 vi) 14 vii) 10 viii) 4
ix) 5 x) 7
H H H H
H −C −C −C −C − H
19. i)
H H H H
no. of. C − H : 10
no. of. C − C : 3
ii) CH 3CH 2CHO , CH 3COCH 3

Propanal Propanone – 2
H H O H O H
H −C −C −C − H H −C −C −C − H
H H H H

H C H
20. i) Methane covalent bond
H
ii) Gasoline, diesel
iii) Alkane Cn H 2 n +2
iv) Non-luminous (Blue)

21. Carboxylic acids are C2H4O2, C3H6O2 : CH3 COOH, CH3CH2COOH

22. A – C3H8 – Propane (Alkane)
B – C3H6 – Propene (Alkene)
B – Shows addition reaction, as it is unsaturated hydro-carbon with double bond.
Unsaturated oils become saturated hydrocarbons by addition reaction.
Ex : Hydorgenation of oils (vegetable oils)
C=C + H2 ⎯⎯⎯
Ni / Pd
→ C C
(unsaturated) (saturated)

23. C2H4, C5H10, C10H20, C15H30 belongs to Alkenes, General formula CnH2n
They are considered as unsaturated Hydrocarbons
24. i) Unsaturated Hydrocarbons are more reactive due to the presence of C = C and C = C bonds
which are weaker than the single bond in saturated hydrocarbons. These double bonds are
reactive site in the unsaturated hydrocarbons which easily gives addition reactions
ii) The electrons are shared between atoms to form covalent compounds. They do not form any
charged particles. Therefore, covalent compounds are poor conductor of electricity.
25. Add bromine water to little of cooking oil and butter taken in different test tubes cooking oil decolourises
bromine water, showing that it is an unsaturated compound while butter doesn’t decolourise bromine
water showing that it is a saturated compound.

PRIORITY – II
1. Methanoic acid (formic acid) HCOOH

2. Ethanol C2H5OH
3. a) C2H4 is more reactive due to present of π bond
b) Ketone
4. C4H10, C5H12
5. Aldehyde
6. Methane CH4
H H H
7. H C C C H
H H H
Propane
8. i) 14 units mass
ii) CH 2
9. Series of organic compounds having same general formula & differ by CH2 group.
Alcohol
CH3 – OH
C2H5 – OH
Physical properties depends upon molecular mass and alkyl group.
Chemical properties depends upon functional group.
10. Functional group An atom or a group of atoms in carbon compound that gives the molecule its
characteristic physical & Chemical properties
a) – OH : alcohol
O
b) C H: aldehyde
11. Atoms/ group of atoms which change certain properties when attached to carbon chain.
CH3Cl – Cl (Halogen)
C 2H 5OH – OH (alcohol)

O
HCOOH C OH (acid)
O
CH 3CH 2CH 2CHO C H (Aldehyde)
12. i) Bromo ethane,

ii) Hexyne,
iii) Methanal
13. First member of alkene (Ethene)
H H
C C
H H
First member of alkyne (Ethyne)
H C C H
14. Alcohol (or) Ether

15. C9H18 – 8th member
C11H22 – 10th member
16. i) HCHO → Methanal
ii) CH3 – CH2 – CH2 – OH Propanol
iii) CH3 – CH2 – CH2 – COOH → Butanoic acid
17. i) 2- methyl Butane
ii) Pent - 2 - ene
iii) Butanone – 2
iv) 2 – chlorobutane
CH3 CH 3
18. i) H3C C CH3 H3C CH2 CH CH 3 Chain Isomers
CH3
ii) C2H6 & C3H8 are Homologous series

iii) C2H5Cl & C3H7Cl are Homologous series
iv) C3H4 & C2H4 are unsaturated hydrocarbons
III. ACADEMIC SKILL - ANALYSING AND EVALUATING :
19. X - C6H6 X is Benzene

H
C
H C C H
H C C H
C
H
No, It will not decolourise bromine water due to delocalisation of π electrons.

IV. ACADEMIC SKILL - CREATING :
20. i) Oxidation reaction : When there is an addition of oxygen in the reaction, it is known as oxidation
reaction.
Alkaline
CH3CH2OH + [O] ⎯⎯⎯→
KMnO4 CH3COOH + H2O
Etanol Ethanioc acid

ii) Combustion reaction : Ethanol is highly inflammable liquid, i,e,. it catches fire very eas ily. It
burns with blue flame in presence of oxygen to form carbon dioxide and water.
C2H5OH + 3O2 → 2 CO2 + 3H2O
Ethanol Oxygen Carbon dioxide Water
Oxidation reaction can be called as combustion reaction only when they release energy in the
form of heat, light etc.
V. PRACTICAL SKILL BASED QUESTION :
21. Test to distinguish ethane from ethene is
Bromine water test
Bromine water will get decolourised in the presance of ethene where as Ethane cannot decolourise.
PRIORITY – III
1. Ethene and propene
2. i) Halogen
ii) Alcohol
3. Propene, Propyne

4. i) RCH 2OH
O
ii) R C O H
5. Homologaus series is series of organic compounds which are following same general formula and
differ with – CH2 – group. CH4 and C2H6 are compounds of alkane homologous series. Yes because
increase in the molecular mass affects physical properties.
6. Compounds which are made up of only with hydrogen and carbon
i) Alkane Cn H2n+ 2
ii) Alkene Cn H 2n
H
H H
H C H C C
H H
H
Unsaturated hydrocarbon can be converted in to saturated hydrocarbon by doing addition reaction.

(addition of hydrogen)
7. By increasing in molecular mass there is increasing in boiling point because when there is increase in
the number of carbon atoms there is increase in the force of attraction between the molecule.
8. X has minimum carbon atoms because X has –190°C which in less than –90°C, less number of
carbon atoms molecules has less melting point.
H H O
9. C3 H6O : Aldehyde : H C C C H
H H
Propanal
H O H
Ketone : H C C C H
H H
Propanone
Both aldehycle and ketone are having same general formula and are related as Isomers.

10. S.No Alkane Alkene Alkyne
1. C2H 6 C 2H 4 C2H 2
Ethane Ethene Ethyne
2. C3H 8 C 3H 6 C3H 4
Propane Propene Propyne
3. C 4H 10 C 4H 8 C4H 6
Butane Butene Butyne
PART – III
PRIORITY – I
1. Soaps are sodium salts of long chain fatty acids . They are prepared by saponification
2. During the extraction of sugar from sugar cane dark colour brown liquid is formed. That liquid is
called molasses and it is converted in to ethyl alcohol on treatment with biological living organisms.
C12H22O11 ⎯⎯⎯⎯
Invertase
→ C6H12O6 + C6H12O6
C6H12O6 ⎯Zymase
⎯ ⎯→ C2H5OH + CO2
Properties
Ethyl alcohol is colourless liquid
Boiling point is 78°C (351 K)
95% ethyl alcohol is called rectified spirit
It is having pleasent smell
It is converted in to Ethanoic acid by oxidation reaction
alkKMnO4
C2 H5OH ⎯⎯⎯⎯ → CH3COOH
It will form (release) hydrogen gas on reacting with sodium metal
Na
C2 H 5OH ⎯⎯ → C2 H 5O − Na + + H 2 ↑
It undergoes dehydration on reacting with concentrated sulphuric acid at 473 K to form alkene.
H 2 SO4
C2 H 5OH ⎯⎯⎯
473 K
→ CH 2 = CH 2 + H 2O
Uses :- It is used as an industrial solvent
It is used in medicines like cough syrups, tonic etc., and tincture of iodine
In some countries it is used as fuel for vehicles
It is used in the preparation of soap

3. Preparation :-
Ethanoic acid is formed by oxidation of ethyl alcohol with alkaline KMnO4 or acidified K2Cr2O7
alk KMnO4
C2H5OH ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
or acid K2Cr2O7
→ CH3COOH
Properties :-
It is sour in taste and colourless liquid
Boiling point is 291K, because of low B.P it freezes during winter season and cold climates. That’s
why it is called glacial acetic acid (100% ethanoic acid)
5 - 8% Ethanoic acid is called vinegar.
It forms Ester on reacting with absolute Ethanol, this reaction is called Esterification reaction.
+
H
CH3COOH + C2 H 5OH ⎯⎯ → CH3COOC2 H 5 + H 2O
It will form sodium salt and carbondioxide on reacting with carbonate and bicarbonate of sodium
CH3COOH + Na2CO3 → CH3COONa + CO2 + H 2O
CH3COOH + NaHCO3 → CH 3COONa + CO2 + H 2O

Uses :-
5 - 8% of ethanoic acid is used in preservating of pickles.
It is used in the perfumes in the form of esters
H H H H
H C hϑ
H + Cl2 ⎯⎯ hϑ
4. →H C H + HCl H C H + Cl2 ⎯⎯ → H C Cl + HCl
H Cl Cl Cl
H Cl Cl Cl
hϑ
Cl + Cl2 ⎯⎯ hϑ
Cl + Cl2 ⎯⎯
H C → H C Cl + HCl H C → Cl C Cl + HCl
Cl Cl Cl Cl
5. i) Heat
NH 4CNO ⎯⎯⎯ → NH2 C NH2
ii) CH3COOH + NaHCO3 → CH3COONa + CO2 + H2O

Hot conc
iii) CH3CH2OH ⎯⎯⎯
H2 SO4
⎯ → CH2 = CH2 + H2O
iv) CH4 + Cl2 ⎯⎯⎯→

Sunlight CH3Cl + HCl
alkaline
v) CH3CH2OH ⎯⎯⎯
KMnO4
→ CH3COOH + H2O

vi) 2C2H5OH + 2Na → 2C2H5ONa + H2
vii) CH 4 + 2O2
(excess air ) → CO2 + 2H2O
viii) CH3COOH + C2H5OH ⎯⎯⎯

Acid
→ CH3COOC2H5+ H2O
Ni calatyst
ix) CH2= CH2 + H2 ⎯⎯⎯ Heat
⎯ → CH3 – CH3
combustion
x) C2H5OH + 3O2 ⎯⎯⎯⎯
Burning
→ 2CO2 + 3H2O
xi) 2CH3COOH + Na2CO3 → 2CH3COONa + CO2 + H2O

xii) CH3COOH + NaHCO3 → CH3COONa + CO2 + H2O
xiii) CH3COOH + NaOH → CH3COONa + H2O
xiv) 2CH3COOH + 2Na → 2CH3COONa + H2O
xv) CH3COOC2H5 + NaOH ⎯⎯⎯
Heat
→ CH3COONa + C2H5OH
xvi) C17H35COOH + NaOH → C17H35COONa + H2O
xvii) C15H31COOH + NaOH → C15H31COONa + H2O

6. Ethanoic acid
7. Soap can show clean action only in presence of soft water but detergent can show in both soft and
hard water.
8. Soap Detergent
i) Na+ or K+ salts of long chain carboxylic i) Na+ or K+ salt of Benzene
acid can be called as soap sulphonic acid is called as detergent
ii) They can give foam only with soft water ii) They can give foam in hard and soft water
iii) Weak cleaning action iii) strong cleaning action
iv) Bio - degradable iv) Non-Bio degradable
9. The water which contains dissolved salts of calcium and magnesium and does not give lather with
soap easily is called hard water.
In which water salts of calcium and magnesium are removed is called soft water
Ca(HCO3)2, Mg(HCO3)2, CaCl2, MgCl2 , CaSO4, MgSO4 are the chemicals responsible for hardness
of water
10. 1) CH 3COOH + Na → 2CH 3COO− Na + + H 2 ↑

Sodium Hydrogen
2) 2CH 3COOH + NaOH → 2CH 3COO − Na + + H 2 O

Sodium hydroxide Water

2CH 3COOH + Na 2CO3 → 2CH 3COO −Na + + H2 ↑
3) Sodium Carbonate Hydrogen
11.
Na+ Na+
Ionic part
Na+
Na+
Non - Ionic part
Na+
+
Na
Dirt
Na+
Na+
Na+ Na+
When soap is dissolved in water it forms a colloidal suspension in water in which the soap molecules
are arranged as cluster to gether to the form spherical micelles. In a soap micelle the soap molecules
are arranged radially with hydrocarbons ends directed towards the centre and ionic ends directed out
wards when a dirty cloth is put in water containing dissolved soap then the hydrocarbon ends of the
soap molecule in the micelle attached to the oil or grease particle present on the surface of dirty cloth
when the dirty cloth is agitated the oily or greasy particle get cleaned away with water
12. i) Hydrolysis of Ester in the presence of base like NaOH, can be called as saponification reaction.
It is used in soap industry.
O
XXV CH3COONa + CH3CH2 - OH
CH3 C O C2H5 + NaOH WXX
ii) Detergents more effective in washing clothes with hard water than soaps because they donot
form scum with hard water.
iii) a) Pentene b) Butanoic acid
13. a) Unsaturated compounds undergo addition reaction with Hydrogen in the presence of Pt, Pd, or
Ni catalyst. This reaction is called Hydrogenation reaction
Pt / H 2
CH 2 = CH 2 ⎯⎯⎯
H2
→ CH3 − CH 3
alkene alkane
b) Ethyl alcohol undergo oxidation reaction and forms Ethanoic acid in the presence of alkaline
KMnO4 or acid K2Cr2O7
alk .KMnO4
CH3CH2OH ⎯⎯⎯⎯ →CH3COOH
in this reaction oxygen is added to ethyl alcohol and then it is called oxidation reaction

c) Saturated compounds undergo substitution reaction rather than addition reaction
Cl2
CH 4 ⎯⎯⎯→
Sunlight CH3Cl
In this reaction one hydrogen atom of methane is replaced by chlorine atom. Then this reaction
is called substitution reaction
d) The hydrolysis of ester by sodium hydroxide or any base is called Saponification reaction
NaOH
CH 3COOC2 H 5 ⎯⎯ ⎯ → CH 3COONa + C2 H 5OH
e) The process of burning of substance in the presence of oxygen (called Combustion) and give
off heat is called combustion.
CH4 + O2 → CO2 + H2O + heat + light
14. The distinction can be made by the following tests.
i) Dip a strip of blue litmus separately in both alcohol and carboxylic acid taken in two glass
tubes. The colour will change to red in the tube containing carboxylic acid and not in the tube
which cantains alcohol.
ii) Add a small amount of solid sodium hydrogen carbonate (NaHCO3) in both the tubes. A brisk
effervescence accompained, by bubbles will be noticed in the tube containing carboxylic acid
and not in the tube containing alcohol.
15. Esterification
Reaction of alcohol and corboxylic acid forms ester
CH3 COOH + CH3OH → CH3COOCH3 + H2O
Saponification
Ester react give Alcohol and carboxylic acid
NaOH
CH3COOCH3 ⎯⎯⎯ → CH3CONa + CH3OH
16. Soap form scum in hard water, scum is calcitum or magnesium salt of carboxylicacid
17. When ethyne is burnt in oxygen, large quantity of heat along with light is produced. The heat evolved
can be used for gas welding which is usually carried to weld small broken pieces of articles made up of
Iron.
C2 H 2 ( g ) + 5 / 2 O2 ( g ) → 2CO2 ( g ) + H 2O (l ) + heat and light .
Air mainly contains a mixture of nitrogen 4 parts and oxygen 1 part. As we know, nitrogen gas does
not support combustion. This means that in air, only oxygen will help in the combustion of ethyne.
Therefore, it is always better to use oxygen for the combustion of ethyne to facilitate complete
combustion.
18. Substances which can vapourise, can burn with the flame.
Ex :- Methane, Ethane, etc
Substances which cannot vapourise on burning, those substances can burn with out flame.
Ex :- Coal.
19. Addition of H2 Molecule to the unsaturated oil, can be called as Hydrogenation of Oil’s.
Applications :-
We are converting more reactive unsaturated oil into saturated oil which is less reactive.
Because of this, it will not get oxidise very easily
We are reducing the reactivity of oil.
The main purpose is to improve odour, taste and shelf life.
20. The burning vapours of a volatile substance is called flame.
If combustion takes place with insufficient amount of oxygen, then it can produce yellow colour
flame, with smoke, then it can be called as luminous flame.
If combustion takes place in the excess amount of oxygen then it will produce blue colour flame. then
it can be called non-luminous flame.
Hot conc
21. i) Dehydration : CH3CH2OH ⎯⎯⎯
H 2 SO4
⎯→ CH2 = CH2 + H2O
Ni calatyst
ii) Hydrogenation : CH2= CH2 + H2 ⎯⎯⎯ Heat
⎯ → CH3 – CH3
iii) Chlorination : CH4 + Cl2 ⎯⎯⎯→
Sunlight CH3Cl + HCl
alkaline
iv) Oxidation : CH3CH2OH ⎯⎯⎯
KMnO4
→ CH3COOH + H2O
v) Dehydration in presenu of alcohol : CH3COOH + NaOH → CH3COONa + H2O
22. i) Process of fomatrion of soap
Soaps Detergents
Sodium / potassium salts of Sodium / potassium salts of
long chain faltyalids from benzene sulphonates do not form
scum is hard water scum in hard water.
ii) Na+
Na+
Ionic part
Na+
Na+
Non - Ionic part
Na+
Na+
Dirt
Na+
Na+
Na+ Na+
When soap is dissolved in water it forms a colloidal suspension in water in which the soap molecules
are arranged as cluster to gether to the form spherical micelles. In a soap micelle the soap molecules
are arranged radially with hydrocarbons ends directed towards the centre and ionic ends directed out
wards when a dirty cloth is put in water containing dissolved soap then the hydrocarbon ends of the
soap molecule in the micelle attached to the oil or grease particle present on the surface of dirty cloth
when the dirty cloth is agitated the oily or greasy particle get cleaned away with water.
23. Alkene CnH2n

H
H H H
H2
C =C ⎯⎯⎯
Ni / Pd
→ H −C −C − H
H H
H H
Additiona reaction −α groop is added substitution reaction −α groop is replaced.
24. Two different structural formulae are possible for the compound ‘X’ with molecular formula C2H4O2.
These are known as functional isomers and may be written as :
O O
H3C C OH and H C OCH3

(Structure I) (Structure II)
Structure I is that of a carboxylic acid, ethanoic acid. Since the compound ‘X’ does not turn blue
litmus red and also does not give effervescence with NaHCO3 solution, it can not be an acid.
As the compound has a pleasant smell, it seems to be an ester with structure II. Please note that the
esters have pleasant smell. The IUPAC name of the compound is methyl methanoate.
25. X is C2H5OH, Y is CH3COOH, Z is CH3COOC2H5
26. i) CH3COOH ii) C2H5OH iii) CH3COOC2H5
27. X = Ethanol
Y = H2gas
2C2 H 5 OH + 2Na → 2C2 H 5 ONa + H 2 ↑
Sodium ethoxide
H H
− +
CH3 − CH2 − O N a H C C O–Na+
H H
Conc.H SO
C 2 H 5OH ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
170
2 4
→ CH 2 = CH 2
Ethanol Ethene
H H
C C
H H
28. a) Soap detergents
i) Sodium or potassium salt of long i) Ammonium or sulphate salt of long chain
Chain fatly acids carboxylic acid
ii) Cleansing action is weak ii) Cleasing action is strong.

b) C2H5OH + Na → C2H5ONa + H2 ↑
It produces hydrogen gas & sodium ethoxide.
Ethanol is an oxidizing agent
H H
H
C H
H C C H
c) H C C H
H H
C
H H
29. a) X is an unsaturated compound.

b) Oxidising agent
30. X – CH3COOH Y – C2H5OH Z – CH3COOC2H5
Esterification :–
+
CH 3COOH + C2 H 5OH ⎯⎯→
H
CH 3COOC2 H 5 + H 2O
Ethanoic acid Ethyl Alcohol Ethyl Ethanoate
Saponification :–
NaOH
CH 3COOC2 H 5 ⎯⎯⎯ → CH 3COONa + C2 H 5OH
Ethyl Ethanoate Sodium Ethanoate Ethyl alcohol
Since, sodium salt of carboxylic acid (soap) is the product of the above reaction, it is called as
saponification reaction.
31. i) X – CH3CH2OH, Y – CH3COOH, Z – CH3COOCH2CH3
aciditied
ii) K 2Cr2O7
CH 3CH 2OH ⎯⎯⎯⎯ → CH 3COOH
conc H 2SO4 .
CH 3CH 2OH + CH 3COOH ⎯⎯⎯⎯ ⎯ → CH 3COOCH 2CH 3
Acidified
iii) Oxidising agent – K 2Cr2O7
dehydration agent – conc.H2SO4
iv) Saponification.
32. i) A – Ethanol, B – Ethene, C – Ethane
conc . H 2 SO4
ii) CH 3CH 2OH ⎯⎯⎯⎯443 K
⎯ → CH 2 = CH 2
iii) 2C2 H 6 + 7O2 → 4CO2 + 6 H 2O

iv) Hydrogenation of vegetable oils
v) C2 H 5OH + Na → C2 H5ONa + H 2 ↑
Sodium ethoxide

33. i)
Na+ Na+
Ionic part
+ Na+
Na
Non - Ionic part
Na+
+
Na
Dirt
Na+
Na+
Na+ Na+
When soap is dissolved in water it forms a colloidal suspension in water in which the
soap molecules are arranged as cluster to gether to the form spherical micelles. In a soap
micelle the soap molecules are arranged radially with hydrocarbons ends directed towards
the centre and ionic ends directed out wards when a dirty cloth is put in water containing
dissolved soap then the hydrocarbon ends of the soap molecule in the micelle attached to
the oil or grease particle present on the surface of dirty cloth when the dirty cloth is
agitated the oily or greasy particle get cleaned away with water
ii) 1) Y – Detergents can show their cleansing action in hard water.
2) X – Soaps react with hard water to form scom.

34. Ethanoicacid (CH3COOH) has one oxygen atom more and two hydrogen atoms lesser than ethanol
(C2H5OH). In general
Loss of hydrogen is known as oxidation
Gain of oxygen is known as oxidation
Therefore, it is an oxidation reaction.
35. No, it is not possible. Actually detergents produce foam in any type of water; whether hard or soft.
Therefore, a distinction between the two cannot be made. How ever, soaps, can be used for this
purpose.
36. a) Rectified spirit
b) Rectified spirit
c) a) It effects social behaviour of the person.
b) Person becomes subconscious
c) It effects and damages health of an individual
d) By consuming alcohol people lost their ethical values.

VI. PRACTICAL SKILL BASED QUESTIONS :
37. i) On adding 5% solution of alkaline potassium permanganate to ethanol, it will be oxidised to
ethanoic acid. The pink colour of the solutions will get discharged upon warming.
KMnO4(OH–)
CH3CH2OH + 2(O) CH3COOH + H2O
Ethanol Ethanoic acid
ii) A carboxylic acid gives a brisk effervescence when aqueous solution of sodium hydrogen
carbonate (NaHCO3) is added to it. This is due to the evolution of CO2 gas. However, alcohol
will not give any reaction.
RCOOH + NaHCO3 RCOONa + H2O + CO2
Carboxylic Sodium Salt
acid
iii) Bromine water is decolorised.
PRIORITY – II
1. Fermentation of molasses
2. a) Vinegar 5 – 8% of acetic acid
b) When sodium hydrogen carbonate reacts with ethanoic acid releases CO2 gas
CH3COOH + NaHCO3 → CH3 COONa + H2O + CO2
3. Ester
Esterification Acid + Alcohol → Ester + water
CH3COOH + C2H5OH → CH3COOC2H5 + H2O
4. Melting point of pure ethanoic acid is 290 K due to low freezing point it freezes and looks like ice
or glacier so named as glacial aceticacid
5. Ethanol → C2H5OH
Conc.H SO
C2H5OH ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ 2
170°C
4
→ CH2 = CH2 + H2O
6. Detergents do not precipitate in hard water unlike soap and cleaning action is more effective than
soap.
Conc.H SO
7. C 2 H 5OH ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ 2
170°C
4
→ CH 2 = CH 2 + H 2 O
Ethanol Ethene
Ethene is prepared from ethanol by dehydration

8. Soap are sodium / potassium salts of long chain fatty acids
Detergents are sodium / potassium salts of benzene sulphonates.

Cleaning action of soap
Na+
Na+ Na+
Na+ Na+
Na+ Na+
Na+
Na+ Oil droplet
+
Na
Na+
Na+ Na+
Na+
Na+
Na+
Most dirt is oily in nature and as you know oil does not dissolve in water. The molecules of soap are
sodium or potassium salts of long chain carboxylic acids. The ionic end of soap dissolves in water
while the carbon chain dissolve in oil. The soap molecules, thus form structures called micelles.
Where one end of the molecules is towards the oil droplet while the ionic end faces outside. This
forms an emulsion in water the soap micelle thus helps in dissolving the dirt in water and we wash our
clothes clean.
M Detergents do not form scum in hard water
9. Oxidation reaction can be called as combustion reaction only when they release energy in the form of
heat, light etc.
10. Hydrogenation is commonly used in conversion of vegetable oils to fats.
R R
R R
C C + H2 ⎯⎯⎯
Ni / Pd
→H C C H
R R
R R

11. Compound X is Ethanol
i) Compound Y is Ethanoic acid
Sweet smelling compound is Ester
C2H5OH + HOOCCH3 ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ Conc H 2SO4
→ CH3COOC2H5 + H2O
ii) Saponification
CH3COOC2H5 + NaOH → CH3COONa + C2H5OH
12. X C2H4 → Ethene
No it will not dissolve in water
No it will not conduct electricity
It have low melting point
13. Ethyl alcohol and acetic acid react with each other in present of conc H2SO4 form Ester.
CH3COOH + C2 H5OH ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯

Conc H 2SO4
→ CH3COOC2H5 + H2O
14. In take of methanol is lethals as it get H2O oxidises methanol to methanal which is poisonous.
Methanal reacts with components of cell and causes coagulation of protoplasm. It also affect optic
nerve and causes blindness.
15. Soap contains strong alkalies like NaOH, KOH.
Cyclohexane Benzene [C6H6]

H H H
C H C
H
H C C H H C C H
16 H C C H H C C H
H H
C C
H H H
17. a) Homologous series of compounds having same general formula differ by CH2 group.
Characteristic of Homologous series
1) Compounds have same functional group
2) Compounds will show similar chemical properties
3) Compound will show different physical properties
b) On adding 5% alkaline KMnO4 ethanol oxidised to ethanoic acid.
Pink colur of solution will get decolourised on warming.
C 2 H 5OH + 2 [ O] ⎯⎯⎯⎯
KMnO 4
→ CH 3COOH + H 2 O
Ethanoicacid
c) Litmus test Na2CO3/ NaHCO3

Alcohol No change No Brisk effervescence
Acid Blue to red Brisk effervescence
18. Glacial acetic acid is 100% pure due to low freezing point Acetic acid looks like ice/ glacier, 98%
Acetic acid appears as pure liquid.
PRIORITY – III
I. ACADEMIC SKILL - REMEMBERING
1. Acetic acid
2. C17 H35 COONa (sodium stearate)
CH3
3. CH3 (CH2) n CH SO3– Na+
(Sodium salt of alkyl benzene sulphonic acid)

4. Polar end is hydrophilic part
carbon chain is hydrophobic part.
H H H
H
5. a) C C
H + H2 ⎯⎯⎯→ H
Ni / Pd H
H C C
Ethenc H H
Ethane
b) CH4 substitution reaction
Reaction in which ‘H’ is substituted by chlorine
hϑ
CH4 + Cl2 ⎯⎯→ CH3Cl + HCl (Methy / chloride)
hϑ
CH3Cl + Cl2 ⎯⎯→ CH2Cl2 + HCl (Methylene chloride)
hϑ
CH2Cl2 + Cl2 ⎯⎯→ CHCl3 + HCl (Chloroform)
hϑ
CHCl3 + Cl2 ⎯⎯→ CCl4 + HCl (Carbontetra chloride)
6. x is ethanoic acid y is ethanol z is ethyl ethanoate
O O
Conc H 2SO4
CH3 C O H + HO C2H5 ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
− H2O
→ CH3 C O C2 H 5
7. i) Ethanoic acid
O O
ii) Conc H 2SO4
CH3 C O H + OH – C2H5 ⎯⎯ ⎯⎯⎯ → CH3 C O C2H5
− H2 O
O
iii) Yes, CH3 C O C2H5 + H2O → CH3COOH + CH3CH2 – OH
iv) Esterification and Sapoinification
v) CO2 gas
CH3COOH + NaHCO3 → CH3COONa + CO2 + H2O

8. i) Pure ethanoic acid has low freezing point and it freezes to form ice / glacier.
ii) Ethanol lowers freezing point
iii) To prevent un official consumption of alcohol
iv) Produces more temperature
v) Mixture of petrol and alcohol
9. To test the quality of soap level of foam soap which gives more foam is considered as good quality
soap.
Distilled water is soft because it will form foam doesn’t have any calcium and Magnesium salts.
10. Detergents are ammonium and sulphate salt of long chain carboxylic acid.
Merits
1) Reacts with hard water also and does n’t form scum
2) Cleaning action is more
Demerits
1) Non Bioegradable
2) Causes water pollution and skin irritation.
Detergents have sulphonic groups and in hard water they form micelle

11. No, because hard water will give foam. By using soap we can test hard water because soap will form
scum with hard water
12. 1) Use dried test tubes
2) Observe the level of foam immediately
3) Take same quantity of soap and equal volume of water in all the test tubes
PATH TO 100/100
1) a 2) c 3) d 4) c 5) b 6) a 7) c 8) b 9) b 10) c
11) d 12) b 13) a

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appropriate answers with their own knowledge and self expression.

3. CHEMICAL REACTIONS AND EQUATIONS

I. ACADEMIC SKILL - REMEMBERING :

II. ACADEMIC SKILL - UNDERSTANDING :

8. i) BaCl2(aq) + Na2SO4(aq) → BaSO4(s) ↓ (white precipitate) + 2NaCl (aq)

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III. ACADEMIC SKILL - APPLYING :

IV. ACADEMIC SKILL - ANALYSING AND EVALUATING :

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VI. PRACTICAL SKILL BASED QUESTION :

1. a) Na2( g ) + 3H 2( g ) → 2 NH 3 ; combination reaction

b) 2 Pb ( NO3 )2(s ) ⎯⎯⎯

c) Cu(s ) + AgNO3(aq) → CuNO3(aq) + Ag (s ) ; Displacement reaction

2. a) Hydrogen gas combines with nitrogen to form Ammonia

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II. ACADEMIC SKILL - UNDERSTANDING :

III. ACADEMIC SKILL - APPLYING :

ii) BaCl2(aq) + CuSO4(aq) → BaSO4(s) ↓ + CuCl2(aq)

IV. ACADEMIC SKILL - ANALYSING AND EVALUATING :

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V. ACADEMIC SKILL - CREATING :

ii) By change in temperature

Exo thermic reaction : CaO+H 2 O → Ca (OH )2 + Heat

iv) By change in colour

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Count the atoms of each type on both sides of the equation.

The equation is balanced Yes No

Add coefficients as needed.

The equation is balanced Yes No

VI. PRACTICAL SKILL BASED QUESTION :

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HCl(aq ) + NaOH (aq ) → NaCl(aq ) + H 2O(l )

Example : AgNO3(aq) + NaCl(aq) → AgCl(s) ↓ + NaNO3(aq)

5. A chemical reaction is said to be exothermic in which heat energy is released.

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insoluble solid formed is called a precipitate and the reaction is

Example : AgNO3(aq) + NaCl(aq) → AgCl(s) ↓ + NaNO3(aq)

II. ACADEMIC SKILL - UNDERSTANDING :

III. ACADEMIC SKILL - APPLYING :

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2Pb (NO3 )2 (s) ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ Heat

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VI. PRACTICAL SKILL BASED QUESTION :

II. ACADEMIC SKILL - UNDERSTANDING :

IV. ACADEMIC SKILL - ANALYSING AND EVALUATING :

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V. ACADEMIC SKILL - CREATING :

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II. ACADEMIC SKILL - UNDERSTANDING :

III. ACADEMIC SKILL - APPLYING :

2. CaCO3 + 2HCl → CaCl2 + H2 O + CO2

IV. ACADEMIC SKILL - ANALYSING AND EVALUATING :

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II. ACADEMIC SKILL - UNDERSTANDING :

III. ACADEMIC SKILL - APPLYING :

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