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Lecture 2 A

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7 views

Lecture 2 A

Uploaded by

Abdullah Alzabedi
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© © All Rights Reserved
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Lecture 2

Math

Dr. fawzia
SET OPERATIONS

•
The union of two sets A and B, denoted by A ∪ B, is the
set of all elements which belong to A or to B;
•
𝐴 ∪ 𝐵 = *𝑥|𝑥 ∈ 𝐴 ∨ 𝑥 ∈ 𝐵+
The intersection of two sets A and B, denoted by
A ∩ B, is the set of elements which belong to both A and B;
•
𝐴 ∩ 𝐵 = *𝑥|𝑥 ∈ 𝐴 ∧ 𝑥 ∈ 𝐵+
• Recall that sets A and B are said to be disjoint if they have no
elements in common or, if A ∩ B = ∅, the empty set.
• Ex:
Let A = {1, 2, 4}, B = {3, 4, 5, 6, 7}, C = {2, 3, 8, 9}. Find
1) A ∪ B 3) B ∪C 5) A ∪B ∪C 7) A ∪ (B∩ C)
2) A ∩B 4) B ∩C 6) A ∩B ∩C 8) A ∩ (B∪ C)
Solution:
1) A ∪ B={1, 2,3, 4,5,6,7}
2) A ∩B={4}
3) B ∪C={2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9}
4) B ∩C={3}
5) A ∪B ∪C=( A ∪B) ∪C ={1, 2,3, 4,5,6,7} ∪{2, 3, 8, 9}= {1, 2,3,
4,5,6,7,8,9}
6) A ∩B ∩C= A ∩ (B ∩C)= {1, 2, 4} ∩{3}= ∅
7) A ∪ (B∩ C)= {1, 2, 4} ∪ {3}= {1, 2,3, 4}
8) A ∩ (B∪ C)= {1, 2, 4} ∩{2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9}={2,4}
A B
5
1 4 76
2 3
8
C
9
Differences, Complements
Differences: the difference of A and B, denoted by A\B, is the set
of elements which belong to A but which do not belong to B;
that is
𝐴 ∖ 𝐵 = *𝑥|𝑥 ∈ 𝐴, 𝑥 ∉ 𝐵+
• Remark: The difference of sets A and B is sometimes denoted
by A-B.
Ex: Let A = {1, 2, 4}, B = {3, 4, 5, 6, 7}. Then
A\B={1,2} and B\A={4,5,6,7}

Note: A\B ≠ B\A


• Complement: the complement of a set A, denoted by 𝐴𝐶 , is
the set of elements which belong to the universal set U but
which do not belong to A.
That is, 𝐴𝐶 = *𝑥|𝑥 ∈ 𝑈, 𝑥 ∉ 𝐴+
i.e., 𝐴𝐶 = 𝑈\A
• Ex: Let 𝑈 = *−3, −2, −1, … , 10+ and A ={-3,-2,-1,0} Then
𝐴𝐶 = 𝑈\A ={-3.-2,-1,0,1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10} \ {-3,-2,-1,0}
={1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10}
Remark: 𝐴\B = 𝐴 ∩ 𝐵𝐶
• Exercise 1: Suppose U = {1, 2, 3, . . .,10} is the universal set.
Let A = {1, 2, 3, 4}, B= {3, 4, 5, 6, 7}, C={ even numbers}.
Find the following and then illustrate (1) and (7) by using Venn
diagram
1) 𝐴𝐶 2) 𝐵𝐶 3) 𝐶 𝐶
4) 𝐴\B 5) 𝐵\A 6) 𝐴\C 7) 𝐶\B
C={2,4,6,8,10}
1) 𝐴𝐶 = 𝑈\A = *5,6,7,8,9,10+
2) 𝐵𝐶 = 𝑈\B = *1,2,8,910+
3) 𝐶 𝐶 = 𝑈\C = *1,3,5,7,9+
4) 𝐴\B = {1, 2, 3, 4} \ {3, 4, 5, 6, 7}={1,2}
5) 𝐵\A = {3, 4, 5, 6, 7} \ {1, 2, 3, 4} ={5,6,7}
6) 𝐴\C = {1, 2, 3, 4} \ {2,4,6,8,10}={1,3}
7) 𝐶\B = {2,4,6,8,10} \ {3, 4, 5, 6, 7}={2,8,10}
𝑨𝑪 U U
5 A 8 A B
5
1 1 3
7 7
(1) 2 3 6 (7) 2 4 6
4
C 8 9
10 9 10
𝑨𝑪 𝑪\𝑩

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