Chapter 18

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CHAPTER 18
Delivering arguments
A. CAPAIAN PEMBELAJARAN
1. Mahasiswa mampu mempraktikan
argumentasi dengan cara penyampaian
yang efektif
B. CONTENT
Argumentation is the act or process of
forming reasons and of drawing conclusions and
applying them to a case in discussion. Arguing is
something that we are likely to engage in most
days of our lives. Arguments can become heated
and emotional sometimes. For essays, speeches,
debates, meetings, or intense discussions, you
may need to organize your thoughts and defend
them against people who might not agree with
you. To do your best in these situations, follow
the process outlined in the next few pages.
Remember that arguments stem from a claim or
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position supported by compelling evidence—
evidence that persuades the reader or listener to
accept a point of view.
The Seven C’s of Building an Argument
When you need to build an argument, use the seven

C’s to develop and support a position about a specific
topic:
1. Consider the situation. Think of all aspects of

the communication situation What are the
subject and purpose of your message? What
medium will you use? Who is the receiver?
What is the context?
Before you can build a strong argument,
you need to analyze the communication
situation. Ask yourself the following questions:
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2. Clarify your thinking. Think about the pros
and cons of each side of the issue, and do
some preliminary research so that you
understand the subject well
Before you can convince others, you
must be clear in your own mind about your
position. What are you trying to prove? Why do
you feel the way you do? What kind of proof do
you have? In addition, you should consider
both sides of the issue. To do this, set up a
pro-con chart like the one shown here:
3.
Construct a claim. Write a single statement that

gives your position and the main reason that
you hold that position.
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After you have thoroughly investigated
an issue, you are ready to construct a claim
about it. Arguments develop three types of
claims:
4. Collect evidence. Research the issue in

depth, using primary, secondary, and
tertiary sources. Investigate to make sure
your claim holds up, and change it if it
doesn’t. Gather a variety of key evidence to
support your claim.
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5. Consider key objections. Think about
other viewpoints related to the argument.
What reasons could people cite to support
opposing positions? What major problems
could they see with your argument? Decide
how you will answer those objections—by
countering them (saying why they are
unimportant) or by conceding them (saying
they are important but can be overcome)
6. Craft your argument. Use your claim

statement and the evidence you have
gathered to argue persuasively for your
position. Appeal to the needs of your
reader, and answer any key objections.
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How you structure your argument depends
a great deal on how receptive or resistant
your audience is. For a receptive audience,
you can provide support up front and
rebuttal of objections near the end. For
opposed audiences, you may want to start
with rebuttals.
Using Persuasive Appeals

Classical rhetoric, or the art of persuasion,
prescribes three ways to appeal to your
audience:
1. Appeal to ethos—demonstrate that you
are an ethical and trustworthy source.
2. Appeal to logos—use logic to argue for
your position.
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3. Appeal to pathos—move the person
emotionally to connect with your position.
The most persuasive arguments may use all
three types of appeals—but always
responsibly. Each of these appeals can be
abused, as you will see in the section on
logical fallacies
7. Confirm your main point. Wrap up your
argument by stating your claim in a new
way, connecting it to real life and to the
future. Complete your argument by stating
your main point in a new way and
connecting it to the future. Leave your
audience with a strong final thought. Using
Socratic Questions to Examine Arguments.
You’ve learned how to build a compelling
argument. There’s also a technique for
examining arguments and deepening
thinking. The Greek
philosopher Socrates examined arguments
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through questions, pushing students to use
logic to deduce answers. Socratic
questions are especially useful for probing
the thinking of opponents in a debate.
C. EXERCISE
Practice argumentation using Seven C’s of

Building an Argument
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D. REFERENCES
1. Pratama, H. (2004). Debate Technically.

Semarang: Unpublished
2. Wahyu, Andriani (2023). The
Implementation Of AREL Using genre
based Aprroach in case Building Activity.
Undergraduate Conference on Language,
Literature, and Culture (UNCLLE), 3(1),
536-541.
3. https://thoughtfullearning.com/
inquireHSbook

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1

The Seven C’s of Building an Argument

When you need to build an argument, use the seven

1. Consider the situation. Think of all aspects of

Construct a claim. Write a single statement that

4. Collect evidence. Research the issue in

6. Craft your argument. Use your claim

Using Persuasive Appeals

the thinking of opponents in a debate.

Practice argumentation using Seven C’s of

1. Pratama, H. (2004). Debate Technically.

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