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Fuels Combustion

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Fuels Combustion

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limbo.juan.jl
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FUELS AND COMBUSTION

Combustion
Fuel + Air = Flue Gases

456 78 9:;<=>/@:;>
N! = 79% O! = 21%

456 78 @HII
N! = 76.9% O! = 23.1%
SOLID FUELS

Higher Heating Value / Gross Calorific Value


(Dulong’s Formula)
Qh= 33820C + 144212(H2 - O2/8) + 9304S kJ/kg

Theoretical Weight of Air (Air-Fuel Ratio)


Wta= 11.5C + 34.5(H2 - O2/8) + 4.3S
1. A bituminous coal has the following composition:
C = 71.5% 0 = 7.0% S = 3.6% M = 3.4%
H = 5.0% N = 1.3% Ash = 8.2%
Calculate the higher heating value of coal.
O"
Q ! = 33820C + 144212 H" − + 9304S
8
0.07
= 33820(0.715)+144212 0.05 − +9304(0.036)
8
Q ! = 30464.99 kJ/kg
4. A bituminous coal has the following composition:
C = 71.5% 0 = 7.0% S = 3.6% M = 3.4%
H = 5.0% N = 1.3% Ash = 8.2%
For complete combustion , find the theoretical weight of air in
kgair/kgcoal
O"
W#$ = 11.5C + 34.5 H" − + 4.3S
8
W#$ = 11.5(0.715) +34.5 0.05 − 0.07
+4.3(0.036)
8
W#$ = 9.8 kg $%& /kg '($)
5. A certain coal from Australia has the following ultimate
analysis:
C = 69 % N2 = 5% H2 = 2.5% S = 7%
If its heating value is 26,781.20 kJ/kg then calculate the
amount of Oxygen.
O"
Q ! = 33820C + 144212 H" − + 9304S
8
O"
26781.20 = 33820(0.69) +144212 0.025 −
8
+9304(0.07)
O" = 0.045 = 4.5%
LIQUID FUELS
Higher Heating Value / Gross Calorific Value
(ASME Formula)
Qh= 41130 + 139.6( API)
o kJ/kg

oAPI and Baume gravity units


141.5
°API = − 131.5
sg"#.%℃
LIQUID FUELS
Higher Heating Value / Gross Calorific Value
(ASME Formula)
Qh= 41130 + 139.6(oAPI) kJ/kg

oAPI and Baume gravity units


141.5 140
°API = − 131.5 °Baume = − 130
sg+,..℃ sg+,..℃
LIQUID FUELS
Specific Gravity at standard temperature
(15.6oC or 60oF)
141.5
sg =
°API + 131.5

Specific Gravity at temperature (t)


sg ' = sg"#.% 1 − 0.00072 t − 15.6 C
sg ' = sg %( 1 − 0.0004 t − 60 F
Fuel oil in a day tank for use of an industrial boiler is tested
with hydrometer. The hydrometer reading indicates a
S.G.=0.924 when the temperature of the oil in the tank is 35oC.
Calculate the higher heating value of the fuel.
Qh= 41130 + 139.6(oAPI) kJ/kg
sg # = sg+,.. 1 − 0.00072 t − 15.6 C
141.5
0.924 = 1 − 0.00072 35 − 15.6
°API + 131.5
oAPI=19.50

Qh= 41130 + 139.6(19.50)= 43852.2 kJ/kg


HYDROCARBONS (CnHm)

Higher Heating Value / Gross Calorific Value


Qh= 13500C+60890H Btu/lb
m!"#$%& m)*+#%,-&
C= H=
m'%'"( m'%'"(
12n m
C= H=
12n + m 12n + m
2. Calculate the higher heating value of liquid dodecane
fuel. The chemical formula of Dodecane is C12H26.

Q ) = 13500C + 60890H
12(12) 26(1)
= 13500 +60890
12 12 + 26(1) 12 12 + 26(1)

Q ) = 20747.88 Btu/lb
HYDROCARBONS (CnHm)

Fuel + Air = Flue Gases


m
C% H& + n + O' + 3.76N'
m 4 m
→ nCO' + H' O + 3.76 n + N'
2 4
HYDROCARBONS (CnHm)

Theoretical Weight of Air (Air-Fuel Ratio)


m
137.28 n +
W'* = 4
12n + m
Liquid Octane (C8H18) fuel is burned with ideal
proportion of air. Calculate the ideal air-fuel ratio
by weight. n=8 m = 18
m
137.28 n +
W() = 4
12n + m
18
137.28 8 +
W#$ = 4
12(8) + 18
W#$ = 15.05 kg $%& /kg 234)
HYDROCARBONS (CnHm)
Ideal Combustion (no excess air)
m
C% H& + n + O' + 3.76N'
m 4 m
→ nCO' + H' O + 3.76 n + N'
2 4
HYDROCARBONS (CnHm)
Actual Combustion (with excess air)
m
C% H& + n + O' + 3.76N' 1 + e →
m 4 m m
nCO" + H" O + 3.76 n + 1 + e N" +e n + O"
2 4 4

e = excess air
HYDROCARBONS (CnHm)

Actual Combustion (with excess air)


W$$ = W#$ (1 + e)
m
137.28 n +
W$$ = 4 (1 + e)
12n + m

e = excess air
n CnH2n+2 Name
1 C+ H: Methane
2 C" H. Ethane
3 C; H< Propane
4 C: H+= Butane
5 C, H+" Pentane
6 C. H+: Hexane
7 C> H+. Heptane
8 C< H+< Octane
9 C? H"= Nonane
10 C+= H"" Decane
Methane is burned completely with 25% excess
air. Compute the number of moles of nitrogen in
the products of combustion per mole of the fuel.
CH+ n=1 m=4 e = 25%
m
n4! 3.76 n + 1+e mole of N"
= 4
= 9.4
n5678 1 mole of fuel
m
1 C@ H8 + n + O" + 3.76N" 1 + e →
4
m m
m m
nCO! + H! O + 3.76 n +
+ 11++ee N! + e n + O!
2 44 4

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