AI

Cleaner and Responsible Consumption 15 (2024) 100228
Contents lists available at ScienceDirect
Cleaner and Responsible Consumption

journal homepage: www.journals.elsevier.com/cleaner-and-responsible-consumption
Insights into sustainability and circular economy trends in luxury fashion: A

LinkedIn topic modelling study
Aya Abdelmeguid a,1, Georgios Tsironis b,2 , Mohamed Afy-Shararah a,1 ,
Konstantinos P. Tsagarakis c,3, Konstantinos Salonitis a,*,1
a
Sustainable Manufacturing Systems Centre, School of Aerospace, Transport and Manufacturing, Cranfield University, United Kingdom
b
Department of Environmental Engineering, Democritus University, Xanthi, Greece
c
School of Production Engineering and Management, Technical University of Crete, Chania, Greece
A R T I C L E I N F O A B S T R A C T
Keywords: The fashion industry plays a pivotal role in societal evolution and economic growth, yet it also stands as a
Luxury significant contributor to environmental degradation. In response, the concept of slow fashion has been gaining
Fashion industry increased attention in recent years, offering sustainable and circular alternatives to fast fashion. Luxury fashion,
Circular economy
traditionally known for its heritage, exclusivity, and craftsmanship, exhibits elements similar to slow fashion,
Sustainability
thereby exerting considerable influence on industry trends and consumer behaviour. This study explores the
LinkedIn
Latent dirichlet allocation drivers shaping the luxury fashion landscape and the evolving circular economy and sustainability trends within
the UK, a key global influencer in the luxury fashion domain. Luxury fashion’s impact extends beyond its niche
market, often setting benchmarks for innovation and sustainable practices that influence the broader fashion
industry. Leveraging readily available qualitative and quantitative data from LinkedIn profiles, this research
employs Latent Dirichlet Allocation analysis to uncover relevant topics within a dataset comprising 1115 com
panies registered in the “Apparel and Fashion” and “Textiles” industries. Five key drivers emerge, including
Artful Creations in Fashion, Time-Honoured Craftsmanship, The Art of Style and Design, The Pinnacle of Retail
Excellence, and A Personalised Style Experience. Additionally, utilising the Google Collab Platform and Python
language, this study identifies circular economy and sustainability trends within luxury fashion. While
approximately 20% of the companies studied actively emphasise sustainability, circular economy requires
comparable attention. This research provides industry stakeholders and scholars with valuable insights into
sustainable and circular practices, thus guiding innovation and informed decision-making in the fashion industry.
1. Introduction resource-intensive and environmentally harmful practices

(Abdelmeguid et al., 2022; Ki et al., 2021). As the Ellen MacArthur
The fashion industry is significant in global culture, society, and the Foundation (2017) outlined, the industry’s production has doubled,
economy. In 2020, the fashion industry in the UK had approximately while clothing utilisation has experienced a decline of no less than 40%.
800,000 employees and contributed to a total revenue exceeding 100 This has led to increased global water waste of roughly 20% and carbon
billion pounds (Office for National Statistics, 2020). The growing market emissions of around 10% annually (Niinimäki et al., 2020).
competition and socioeconomic progress have led to the emergence of As consumers and regulators increasingly demand environmentally
luxury and fast-fashion segments within the fashion industry, each responsible business practices, the luxury fashion sector is undergoing a
characterised by distinct brand representations and inherent differences transformation. Luxury fashion brands, traditionally known for their
(Mrad et al., 2020). The current fashion industry adopts a linear fashion craftsmanship, exclusivity, and heritage, are exploring sustainable al
system, known as the “take-make-dispose” approach, resulting in ternatives, aligning with concepts such as the circular economy (CE) and
* Corresponding author.
E-mail address: k.salonitis@cranfield.ac.uk (K. Salonitis).
1
Cranfield University, Cranfield, Bedfordshire MK43 0AL, United Kingdom.
2
Democritus University of Thrace, Campus 691 00, Greece.
3
Technical University of Crete, Akrotiri Campus, Chania 731 00, Greece.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clrc.2024.100228
Received 24 July 2024; Received in revised form 21 September 2024; Accepted 23 September 2024
Available online 24 September 2024
2666-7843/© 2024 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an open access article under the CC BY license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
A. Abdelmeguid et al. Cleaner and Responsible Consumption 15 (2024) 100228
sustainable fashion. For example, slow fashion approach has been addressing the industry’s environmental impact and adopting sustain
gaining increased attention in recent years, as opposed to fast fashion, able practices across the value chain. Simultaneously, the integration of
emphasising long-lasting products, traditional production methods, and circular economy (CE) principles is receiving considerable attention
designs unrelated to specific seasons, which luxury brands naturally within the luxury fashion sector, offering a strategic approach to tackle
embody through their commitment to quality and artisanship (Jain the industry’s environmental and social challenges (Calaza et al., 2023).
et al., 2021; McKeown and Shearer, 2019; Pencarelli et al., 2019). This Thus, social media is one of the ways that luxury brands use to facilitate
transition offers opportunities for luxury fashion to contribute to exposure to sustainability concerns, as well as increase awareness and
broader sustainability goals, particularly those outlined by the United interest amongst individuals about the environmental footprints asso
Nations’ Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) (Abdelmeguid et al., ciated with the fashion industry and the need for a change in values
2023; Aramendia-Muneta et al., 2022). (Angel et al., 2018).
The slow fashion approach has been gaining increased attention in Research has shown that social media and business social networking
recent years, as opposed to fast fashion, offering more sustainable and platforms, such as LinkedIn, can leverage brands to build brand
circular fashion solutions (McKeown and Shearer, 2019) to align with awareness, strengthen their positioning, and connect with potential
the changing values of consumers and the new regulations. According to customers (Jain et al., 2021; Morra et al., 2018). However, upon a re
Pencarelli et al. (2019), slow fashion refers to long-lasting products, view of the literature, it became evident that more attention needs to be
traditional production methods, or design concepts unrelated to specific given to the role of social media and business social networking plat
seasons. Moreover, their study highlights that luxury fashion features forms in monitoring and gaining valuable insights regarding the luxury
some aspects of slow fashion since luxury fashion brands are tradition fashion industry’s CE and sustainability trends. Therefore, this paper
ally known for their exclusivity, craftsmanship, artisanship, and inno aims to explore the key drivers shaping the luxury fashion industry and
vation (Jain et al., 2021). Those luxury brands emphasise attributes such the CE and sustainability trends through LinkedIn, focusing on the
as timelessness, durability, heritage, and a slow production cycle (Angel United Kingdom.
et al., 2018). LinkedIn is recognised as a well-known business-oriented online
Although there is no universally agreed definition for a luxury brand, networking platform, offering a source of data sets ready for compre
it is crucial to define some examples of what constitutes a luxury fashion hensive qualitative and quantitative analysis (Tsironis and Tsagarakis,
brand to establish a foundation for understanding luxury fashion busi 2023). With its emphasis on professional networking and industry in
ness models. For instance, Ko et al. (2019) proposed that five key at sights, LinkedIn stands as an invaluable source for interpreting the
tributes are essential for any luxury brand, including (1) high quality, complex dynamics of the business world (Tsironis et al., 2022). Thus, the
(2) prestigious image, (3) authentic value, (4) premium pricing, and (5) wealth of data available on LinkedIn enables conducting data mining
capability to inspire deeper connections with customers. Furthermore, and market research more effectively. Researchers and businesses can
there are three dimensions of luxury brands suggested by Becker et al. analyse profiles, job titles, connections, and more content using different
(2018): superior products’ physical attributes, consumers’ psychological collaborative filtering to gain insights into demographics, industry
characteristics, and consumers’ psychological relationship with luxury trends, and competitive intelligence.
products. Furthermore, the decision to focus specifically on the UK in exploring
Moreover, Hagtvedt and Patrick (2009) argue that luxury brands the trends that shape the luxury fashion industry stems from several
have a broader range of products and services because the promise of considerations. Firstly, the fashion industry in the UK stands as one of
pleasure convinces consumers that luxury is inherently attractive across the largest and most influential sectors. A recent report by the UK
various categories. Therefore, luxury brands emphasise brand exten Fashion & Textile Association (UKFT, 2023) reveals that the UK fashion
sions and offer high-end experiences, mediating pleasure potential in industry directly contributes a substantial £62 billion to the UK’s GDP,
this relationship. For instance, many luxury brands have expanded their sustaining 1.3 million jobs throughout the country and generating over
product lines to include accessories, fragrances, and even hospitality £23 billion in tax revenues, which plays a pivotal role in the economic
services (Dallabona, 2014). Moreover, collaborations with celebrities, landscape. Moreover, the UK’s fashion and textile industry exports are
designers, and artists have become a popular creative and unique estimated to be worth over £9 billion per year (Harris et al., 2021),
strategy for luxury brands to enhance the perceived value for consumers making the UK one of the top exporters in the global market (Euratex,
and increase media attention and coverage to influence a broad spec 2023). Thus, the UK’s global fashion and textile industry reach extends
trum of audiences (Zelenskaya et al., 2022). globally, making it a key player in the global fashion landscape with
Luxury brands are highly recognised for their ability to provide significant international influence. Furthermore, the UK has demon
consumers with distinctive and unique shopping experiences and strated a growing commitment to CE and sustainability within the
products, as well as for their role as symbols of wealth and taste (Mrad fashion and textile industry, making the UK one of the global leaders in
et al., 2020). Therefore, consumers of luxury brands often experience a supporting the transition to a more sustainable and circular industry
profound sense of pride, status, and self-worth (Yoo, 2023). Further (Tsironis and Tsagarakis, 2023; WRAP, 2023).
more, the State of Fashion 2021 report by the Business of Fashion and To fill the research gap and to fulfil the objective of this paper, the
McKinsey & Company highlights that with the pandemic accelerating research is designed to explore and address the following research
the shift to online shopping and digital adoption such as customer ser questions.
vice video chat, luxury brands are investing in robust e-commerce that
delivers a seamless luxury experience while retaining the social expe RQ1: What are the key drivers shaping the luxury fashion companies
rience (Amed et al., 2021). Moreover, digital technologies, including in the United Kingdom, as reflected in their LinkedIn profiles?
augmented reality (AR), virtual reality (VR), and artificial intelligence RQ2: What are the circular economy and sustainability trends
(AI), are enabling immersive luxury experiences, blurring the physical identified from the LinkedIn profiles of luxury fashion companies in
and digital worlds to enhance convenience and personalisation (Aleem the United Kingdom?
et al., 2022). Therefore, luxury brands redefine how they engage with
consumers, create experiences, and operate their businesses. The paper adapts the methodology of Tsironis et al. (2022) on
One of the most notable trends influencing the luxury fashion sector CE-related companies in the EU and the UK, focusing on the power of
involves the growing emphasis on sustainability (Angel et al., 2018). social media and business social networking data, particularly from the
The luxury fashion industry now embraces environmentally conscious LinkedIn platform. Leveraging this valuable resource, machine learning
approaches, reflecting consumers’ changing preferences and values techniques are deployed for topic analysis, aiming to use the readily
(Pencarelli et al., 2019). Also, luxury brands recognise the urgency of available data sets from LinkedIn business profiles operating within the
2
luxury territory in the fashion, apparel, and textiles industries in the 2023). CSR provides a more specific framework for examining the
United Kingdom. Latent Dirichlet Allocation (LDA) is also utilised to ethical and legal obligations businesses have toward their stakeholders,
highlight the most prominent areas and concepts that emerge from including employees, customers, suppliers, and the environment. CSR
business online profiles. requires companies to comply with regulations and standards that
The findings of this paper underline that CE still needs to be better enforce responsible practices (MacGregor et al., 2020). Therefore, CSR
integrated into the luxury fashion industry. The luxury fashion indus goes beyond profit maximisation, embodying both a company’s legal
try’s ability to influence global trends positions it as a key player in and moral obligations to society. Fashion brands have increasingly
advancing specific SDGs. In particular, this study focuses on SDG 9 embraced CSR initiatives in response to consumer demand for trans
(Industry, Innovation, and Infrastructure), and SDG 12 (Responsible parency and ethical production, often publicly communicating their
Consumption and Production), as these goals are deeply connected to commitment through their websites and online platforms that detail
the sector’s practices. SDG 9 highlights the importance of fostering their core values, ethical principles, and corporate codes of ethics or
innovation and developing resilient infrastructure, both of which are conduct, which guide their business practices (Cerchia and Piccolo,
central to the transformation of the luxury fashion industry toward 2019).
sustainability. Luxury brands lead in adopting innovative materials and The adoption of CE principles is also gaining traction in luxury
methods, such as recycled fabrics, synthetic fabrics and organic mate fashion to address environmental concerns and social challenges (Blasi
rials (Pencarelli et al., 2019). Digital technologies, including blockchain et al., 2020). The concept of a CE has emerged as an alternative to a
and RFID technologies, enhance transparency and traceability in the linear economy, focusing on sustainable production and consumption
supply chain, supporting sustainable practices and strengthening fash (Abdelmeguid et al., 2023; de Aguiar Hugo et al., 2023). Also, with the
ion’s infrastructure (Abdelmeguid et al., 2024; Thorisdottir et al., 2024). growing environmental awareness among consumers, the fashion in
Furthermore, luxury fashion promotes durable, high-quality products dustry is increasingly keen on embracing the CE approach (Abdelmeguid
and embraces circular economy principles, like reuse and recycling (Ko et al., 2022; Liu et al., 2023). Based on the Ellen MacArthur Foundation
et al., 2019). The luxury sector has the potential to redefine consumer (2012), a CE is “the principles of designing out waste and pollution,
expectations by promoting sustainable luxury, where the value of a keeping products and materials in use, and regenerating natural sys
product is not only tied to its exclusivity but also to its environmental tems”. CE promotes circular business models that extend product life
and social impact. This aligns with SDG 12 by reducing waste and cycles and reduce waste and environmental impact (Rosário et al.,
encouraging a more thoughtful approach to consumption. 2024). The most common CE strategies are suggested in the framework
The remainder of this paper is organised as follows: Section 2 pro by Potting et al. (2017), which orders the strategies in an increasing
vides a comprehensive review of existing literature and relevant power to achieve circularity: refuse, rethink, reduce, reuse, repair,
research findings. Section 3 outlines the research approach, the meth refurbish, remanufacture, repurpose, recycle, and recover. These stra
odology adopted, and the analytical techniques employed in the inves tegies can help improve resource efficiency by integrating innovative
tigation. Section 4 presents the research findings. Section 5 provides a technologies, sustainable supply chains, and closed-loop systems
thorough analysis and interpretation of the findings, offering insights (Rosário et al., 2024). However, the order of power is not always
into sustainability and circular economy strategies and key trends within consistent since it may differ depending on the type of products and
the UK luxury fashion sector. Additionally, it outlines practical impli other conditions. Other studies argue that the leading CE strategies are
cations for industry stakeholders, addresses the limitations of the the 3Rs: reduce, reuse, and recycle (Papamichael et al., 2023).
research, and proposes directions for future studies. Finally, Section 6 The waste management hierarchy further complements the analysis
concludes the key takeaways from the research, emphasising the con of luxury fashion’s integration of the 3Rs. This hierarchy prioritises
tributions to the field. waste reduction strategies, encouraging businesses to focus first on
minimising resource use before moving toward reuse and recycling
2. Literature review (Kirchherr et al., 2017; Potting et al., 2017). Luxury fashion brands can
adopt this framework by producing fewer, higher-quality products
This section establishes the theoretical background, exploring key designed to last, thus reducing the overall demand for raw materials.
frameworks and concepts relevant to sustainability and circular econ Additionally, many luxury brands are beginning to embrace resale
omy in fashion. It then examines sustainability in the luxury fashion markets, offering consumers opportunities to extend the lifecycle of
industry, highlighting current practices, challenges, and trends within products through take-back schemes, second-hand platforms and repair
this sector from existing literature. services (Henninger et al., 2019; Henry et al., 2020; Pal and Gander,
2018). Repair plays a vital role in fashion’s sustainability efforts by
2.1. Theoretical background allowing clothing to be reduced and reused, as prioritised by the waste
management hierarchy (McQueen et al., 2022). Although second-hand
In the context of the luxury fashion industry’s transition towards markets have traditionally been reserved for special occasions like
sustainability, several key theoretical frameworks are commonly uti weddings and proms, they have recently become a significant part of the
lised to analyse and guide this transition. fashion industry, recognised as both a trend and an approach to luxury
The Triple Bottom Line (TBL) framework, proposed by Elkington (D’Adamo et al., 2022; Kirezli and Tuzcu, 2024). This shift is supported
(1997), provides a comprehensive approach for businesses to define by technological innovations and commercial initiatives, including
their purpose and measure performance by balancing the three pillars of peer-to-peer platforms (Calaza et al., 2023; D’Adamo et al., 2022).
sustainability: economic, social, and environmental performance (Park Therefore, this not only aligns with sustainability and circularity goals
and Kim, 2016; Rosário et al., 2024). TBL emphasises that business but also taps into the rising demand for unique and pre-owned luxury
success is evaluated not only in terms of profitability but also by ful pieces, as well as the desire to buy luxury products that have high retail
filling social and environmental responsibilities (Bocken et al., 2014). prices for better prices (Borg et al., 2020; Henninger et al., 2017; Kirezli
This holistic assessment enables businesses to track their sustainability and Tuzcu, 2024). However, the focus in CE literature often revolves
efforts over time, integrating these dimensions into their overall per around recycling, even though it may not always be the most optimal or
formance and demonstrating their commitment to sustainability (Hiller effective practice within the circular economy (D’Adamo et al., 2022),
et al., 2017). and this focus often neglects the more critical, top-priority components
Building on the principles of TBL, Corporate Social Responsibility of the waste hierarchy (Kirchherr et al., 2017).
(CSR) focuses on how businesses take responsibility for their broader
societal and environmental impact (Macgregor Pelikánová and Sani,
3
2.2. Sustainability in the luxury fashion industry luxury fashion industry, as well as the circularity and sustainability
trends within this sector, which could enhance practices and innovations
The luxury fashion industry is increasing its emphasis on sustain across the broader fashion industry (Yadav et al., 2024).
ability due to recognising the urgency of addressing the industry’s Additionally, there is a significant gap regarding the data-driven
environmental impact and growing consumer concerns. In addition to analysis from social media and most importantly LinkedIn. The latest
the positive impact of sustainability on the brand image perceived by is considered the prominent leader in business profiling with over 68
consumers, it also reflects the shift in consumer values. This makes it million company profiles based on the latest search in September 2024.
more effective for luxury brands than fast fashion brands (Blasi et al., The vast amount of data is suitable for big data analytical methods
2020). Sustainability has also become increasingly linked to luxury due utilising machine learning techniques like LDA topic modelling. In this
to its higher price and perceived intrinsic value (Angel et al., 2018). context, this work aims to shed light on the most recent trends in the
Thus, luxury fashion brands are now aligning with environmentally luxury fashion domain based on corporate data found on LinkedIn
conscious practices and are adopting sustainable product development company profiles in the UK. This approach enables a business-oriented
practices such as exploring innovative design and materials, including mapping of the sector as it employs public qualitative and quantitative
organic materials, natural dyes, bio-based materials, recycled textiles, data. Thus, the main goal revolves around the investigation of the cur
and synthetic fabrics (Pencarelli et al., 2019; Yadav et al., 2024). These rent business landscape and the level of alignment with the most
innovations reduce the industry’s reliance on scarce resources and important sustainable practices related to the fashion sector.
minimise its carbon footprint. Additionally, brands are adopting cleaner
and more efficient manufacturing processes, including water-waste 3. Methodology
management techniques, green gas emissions control, energy-saving
methods, and reduced chemical usage (Chow et al., 2018). Crucial to This work employs an LDA model to shed light on the existing topics
these sustainability efforts are factors like product durability, longevity, in luxury fashion. Exploring LDA’s sectorial applications, it has been
and the embrace of gender-neutral and timeless designs, all aimed at deployed over multiple datasets ranging from significant text inputs
minimising consumption and reducing waste (Thorisdottir et al., 2024). (Avasthi et al., 2023) to short text Twitter data (Murshed et al., 2022)
Luxury brands were found to be more discreet about their supply with the second case posing the need for model optimisation to tackle
chain practices, maintaining complete control over the design, produc the obstacles met in short text analysis. Furthermore, the model’s value
tion, distribution, and retail, thereby retaining the brand’s exclusivity becomes apparent through the investigation of datasets from sources
(Strähle, 2017). However, the increase in regulations promoting more with different characteristics, such as surveys (Buenano-Fernandez
sustainable and circular approaches, such as the CE Action Plan intro et al., 2020), large journal hosting platforms (Gupta et al., 2022; Yang
duced by the EU in 2015 (Papamichael et al., 2022). Extended Producer et al., 2022), and combined data from scientific journals and social
Responsibility (EPR) is a significant environmental policy approach that media posts (Daglis et al., 2023). Yadav et al. (2024) also use LDA to
promotes the transition to a circular economy in the fashion industry by analyse past research on sustainable fashion, offering an interdisci
requiring producers to take full accountability for the entire lifecycle of plinary assessment of the literature and identifying key research trends
their products, including collection, recycling, and disposal (Centobelli within the field. Various researchers have used LDA modelling across
et al., 2022; Papamichael et al., 2022). various industries and in different contexts (Ekin et al., 2023; Kukushkin
Transparency plays a crucial part in reporting sustainability and et al., 2022a; Sharma et al., 2022). Significant work has been imple
circularity practices and indicates the openness and willingness of the mented in digital twins, indicating the concept’s immaturity while
brand to progress further (Gardner et al., 2018). Consumers increasingly highlighting the existence of 100 distinct topics (Kukushkin et al.,
value transparency and demand transparency regarding the origin of 2022b). Another important sector is AI, which has held high potential
materials, production processes, and labour conditions (Abdelmeguid for unveiling over the past few years. LDA successfully pointed out 40
et al., 2022). Digital technologies enable the traceability and trans AI-related topics in this scope and further helped researchers and
parency of fashion products along the supply chain, facilitating the scholars define optimised research directions (Yu and Xiang, 2023).
transition to a more sustainable CE (Alves et al., 2022). For brands Finally, the education sector has been researched by Ekin et al. (2023),
aspiring to engage consumers in environmentally friendly practices, it is addressing the evolution of games in science and physical education,
essential to establish transparency by providing consumers with trust revealing the most important trends.
worthy details about the sustainability and circularity aspects of prod LinkedIn data have been widely used for academic research over the
ucts and processes, which enables them to make informed purchasing, past few years with significant studies indicating the existing value in
usage, and consumption decisions (Abdelmeguid et al., 2024; Rinaldi them. Diverse topics have been studied in the past ranging from personal
et al., 2022). Therefore, brands are pressured to ensure ethical sourcing profiles and recruiting patterns (Garg et al., 2016; Zide et al., 2014) to
and responsible production to achieve their sustainability and circu more recent studies on public health and pandemics monitoring the
larity business goals and to achieve consumer behavioural change evolution of companies in the United States of America (Daglis and
(Bhaduri and Ha-Brookshire, 2017). However, as highlighted by Yadav Tsagarakis, 2024). Further, LinkedIn has started to be researched
et al. (2024), there are several challenges faced when transitioning from through the prism of CE and Sustainability with a strong focus on the
fast fashion to slow and sustainable fashion, including the development organisational aspects of the topics across different countries, regions
of products with shorter lifespans, a stronger emphasis on premium and related keywords (Caferra et al., 2023; Knäble and Tsagarakis, 2024;
branding over green branding, low-durability designs, the Tsironis et al., 2022, 2024a). In this context, the current methodology
attitude-behaviour gap among consumers, high carbon emissions in extends the aforementioned approaches by utilising LDA topic model
supply chains, and significant water wastage in textile manufacturing. ling. Apart from the traditional statistical methods of analysis, there are
Existing research on sustainability and circularity within the fashion numerous options including Cross-Panel Data in regional and national
industry often generalises findings across all segments, overlooking the datasets (Zaman and Zaman, 2023), Panel time-series to investigate
distinct characteristics of the luxury fashion sector (Macgregor Pel links among keywords (Daglis et al., 2023), and finally unsupervised
ikánová and Sani, 2023). These characteristics, such as slower produc machine learning models capable of revealing the most prominent topics
tion cycles, higher quality, emphasis on exclusivity, and higher capacity in the sectors (Mishra et al., 2024; Tsironis et al., 2024b; Xue et al.,
for sustainable material use, may inherently align with sustainability 2024).
and circularity principles (Kirezli and Tuzcu, 2024; Macgregor Pel The methodology is organised into three sub-sections. Firstly, it in
ikánová and Sani, 2023). Despite this, there is a lack of comprehensive volves online search and data mining, utilising LinkedIn’s search engine,
research examining the drivers promoting slow fashion and shaping the defining search terms, and outlining the text mining process. Secondly,
4
it delves into text pre-processing and the deployment of the LDA model. United Kingdom. Thus, the free text registries are collected in a single
Lastly, after careful evaluation of the initial outcomes, an analysis of the text corpus that sets the basis of the topic modelling process. For this
free-text descriptions of companies is conducted to identify mentions purpose, the Jupyter Notebook online platform is utilised within a
related to sustainability and the circular economy. An overview of the Windows OS computer’s Google Chrome web browser, providing an
methodological framework is presented in Fig. 1. easy and productive coding environment highly suitable for data ana
lytics (Pimentel et al., 2021; Project et al., 2024). Furthermore, Python 3
3.1. Data acquisition programming language is used for every step related to text cleaning and
model deployment. Initially, the Pandas Python library is imported into
Defining the search query is the first step of this study. Since “luxury the code to enable data readability and data frame creation. In this way,
fashion” is the focus of this study, an optimal search query to get the best the Python script can read data directly from the Excel file and create the
possible output in terms of accuracy and quantity had to be found. Thus, data frame that can be modified and processed within the programming
the search keyword has been set to “luxury,” and the additional filters environment.
are “United Kingdom” for the location and “Apparel & Fashion” and The first step is the creation of a corpus of individual words with any
“Textiles” for the industry. In this way, more profiles related to the topic other free text element removed. This process includes the removal of
are retrieved since most of the companies may not refer exactly to punctuation, symbols, and HTML line breaks, followed by eliminating
“luxury fashion” but include the term “luxury” and are registered in the 93 words that make a default set of vague words in the stopwords li
fashion or textiles industry. The data collection took place in 2023 and brary. Notably, mentions have been found in languages different from
resulted in 957 and 158 profiles registered in the “Apparel and Fashion” English. The data extraction process transforms some international
and “Textiles” industries, respectively. These two datasets have been characters into symbols that are eliminated. It is essential to mention
merged into a single dataset and further analysed. that only English words are taken into consideration as a way to improve
After defining the search query, the text-mining process was initi the selected methodology. Many of the LinkedIn descriptions include
ated, and the data was stored in CSV files. The profile sections used in emojis that are also extracted as symbols to the Excel file and are
this study are the company’s name, location, industry, number of fol removed with dedicated code. In addition, two sets of words are added
lowers, staff range, staff count, specialities, description, and the foun manually after evaluating the results of the initial filtering. The model is
dation year. These fields provide text and numerical data that enable configured in two stages to identify the most accurate set of stopwords.
qualitative and qualitative analysis. The definition of the additional set of stopwords is based on the moni
toring of the most frequent words found in the text corpus. Finally, the
3.2. Data analytics word “luxury” is also excluded in both configurations since it is included
in 920 descriptions and created noise in the results. This analysis aims to
This step includes the evaluation of the collected data aiming to identify and evaluate other luxury-related topics in the fashion and
identify different data types, languages, and missing entries. As dis textiles industries. To further refine the dataset for topic modelling,
cussed earlier, LinkedIn hosts personal or business profiles with similar tokenisation is conducted, a critical step in text analysis. Tokenisation
structure. Regarding the business profiles, diverse organisational aspects involves breaking the text into individual words or tokens (Mielke et al.,
can be registered for business activity dissemination and showcasing. 2021). More precisely, it refers to the process of breaking a stream of
The “description” section is the most important data pool for the analysis textual data into words, terms, sentences, symbols, or some other
as the LDA model for topic analysis on the luxury fashion industry in the meaningful elements called tokens. This process allows for an
Fig. 1. Methodological framework for the three phases of data collection and analysis.
5
examination of the content and is essential for generating meaningful more coherent and interpretable topics. By excluding words like
insights using topic modelling techniques. In the analysis, the Genism ‘fashion’ and ‘luxury’, noise in the data is reduced, and the model fo
library is utilised to implement tokenisation. The code has been also cuses on more meaningful and specific terms. In contrast, the absence of
adapted to convert every token to a string including alphanumerical standard terms can help reduce overfitting, where the model captures
values. The tokenisation process is followed by lemmatisation which is a noise or common language patterns irrelevant to your analysis.
process in natural language processing (NLP) that reduces words to their On the contrary, excluding certain words may result in a loss of
base or dictionary form, called the lemma, while preserving the meaning context in some topics. For example, ‘UK,’ ‘British,’ and ‘London’ may be
of the word in its context. Unlike stemming, which often cuts off prefixes necessary for identifying UK luxury fashion industry topics. Removing
or suffixes to reduce a word to its root form, lemmatisation considers the them may have some implications for distinguishing such topics. Despite
morphological analysis of the word and ensures that the reduced word is that, it is already established that most companies refer to the UK, so
a valid one in the language. excluding location-relevant words has been more efficient. Further,
One of the most determining factors in the model’s accuracy is the excluding words like ‘world,’ ‘year,’ and ’years’ may limit the model’s
exclusion of stopwords. After using a preselected set of stopwords pro ability to capture temporal or global aspects of the data. Further,
vided by the NLTK stopwords Python library, the results are evaluated to excluding ‘http,’ ‘www,’ and ‘com’ is generally a practical approach as
improve the model’s accuracy. Excluding specific words from the they could be more informative in topic modelling. However, it is
dataset, especially domain-specific stop words and standard terms, can important to ensure that special characters like ’â’ and ‘nan’ do not carry
positively and negatively affect the LDA model’s performance and the any useful information which has been confirmed for the research needs
interpretability of topics (Schofield et al., 2017). The positive impact of Therefore, excluding certain words can enhance the quality of topics
domain-specific stopwords and common term removal can often lead to by reducing noise, but it should be done thoughtfully. It is essential to
Fig. 2. Final set of stopwords excluded based on the NLTK stop words Python library and coherence score on each configuration.
6
consider the research goals and the context in which these terms appear. appropriate labels.
The final set of stopwords has been defined after numerous trials Additionally, the coherence and relevance of topics were assessed to
considering the coherence score on each configuration (Fig. 2). After ensure their meaningfulness. Relevant evaluation metrics, such as
removing the selected stopwords, the text corpus consisted of 64141 coherence scores and topic distinctiveness, were also considered to aid
tokens. in selecting the optimal number of topics. These metrics provided
quantitative insights into the quality and separation of topics generated
by each LDA model.
3.3. Latent Dirichlet Allocation topic modelling
4. Findings
LDA is a popular topic modelling technique used to uncover the
underlying themes in a collection of documents, initially proposed by
In this section, the topics identified for the 5-topic configuration and
Blei et al. (2003). This method holds significant precedence over several
the circular and sustainable mentions are presented.
other approaches, mainly due to the Bayesian nature of this technique,
providing a better topic modelling generalisation (Egger and Yu, 2022).
More precisely, LDA operates on the assumption that each document in 4.1. LDA topic modelling
the dataset is a mixture of topics, and each topic is a collection of words.
The basic logic of LDA is to model how words are generated within An initial list of the dominant words in the dataset is represented in
documents probabilistically. The LDA model has two key components: Table 1. Terms like luxury and fashion have been mentioned more than
topics and documents. Topics represent the themes or concepts in the one thousand times and, subsequently, were excluded. Table 1 has been
corpus, while documents are mixtures of these topics. the intermediate step between corpus finalisation and LDA model
Furthermore, “alpha”, which controls the document-to-topic distri deployment. The list of words was used to evaluate the corpus after each
bution, and “eta”, which governs the topic-to-word distribution, are the stopword set configuration.
primary hyperparameters of the LDA model (Fig. 3). Specifically, The dominance of the term “design”, followed by “quality,” show
“alpha” regulates how many topics are expected within a document, cases their significant value in the luxury industry. Interestingly, com
with lower values encouraging sparsity and higher values encouraging panies focus more on women in their products and services related to
document diversity. On the other hand, “eta” influences the distribution luxury fashion. This is witnessed by the significantly higher count of the
of words within topics, where lower values favour word sparsity, and word “woman” (347) compared to “men” (123). Another important
higher values result in word diversity within topics. By adjusting these topic in the dataset has been related to fabrics, with leather (141),
hyperparameters, researchers can tailor the LDA model to emphasise cashmere (112), cotton (90), and silk (75) having the highest count in
different aspects of topic modelling, allowing for flexible and insightful the dataset, thereby demonstrating the industry’s commitment to high-
exploration of document collections. end and luxurious quality.
To gain a comprehensive understanding of the dataset and to explore The different configurations based on the number of topics have been
the granularity of topic discovery, LDA topic modelling was performed
for different numbers of topics. Thus, conducted for 5, 10 and 15 topics, Table 1
each representing a distinct level of topic resolution. This standard Most salient keywords in the LinkedIn profiles dataset for the UK Luxury fashion
method helps researchers evaluate the optimal number of topics given companies.
each dataset (Gan and Qi, 2021). The different model configurations Word Count Word Count Word Count
indicated the highest model accuracy for the five topics. As such, a
design 725 detail 124 retailer 86
detailed investigation of the specific configuration was conducted. quality 488 men 123 manufacturing 86
After running each LDA model, the resulting topics were examined, product 482 hand 122 timeless 84
consisting of lists of keywords associated with each topic. More pre collection 461 lingerie 121 ethical 83
cisely, an empirical investigation of the most salient words per topic was style 362 exclusive 121 fit 83
designer 356 global 119 award 83
implemented to understand each topic’s direction. This led to identi
woman 347 established 117 classic 83
fying words that needed to be excluded by adding them to the stopwords fabric 323 dress 117 shop 82
list. The interpretation of these topics involved qualitative analysis to piece 308 feel 113 vision 80
assign meaningful labels to each topic. The top keywords and the brand 308 cashmere 112 passion 80
accessory 261 craftsmanship 106 personal 79
context in which they appeared were considered to determine the most
create 257 home 105 attention 79
clothing 255 wardrobe 105 providing 78
industry 234 colour 104 individual 78

designed 206 traditional 101 heritage 77
garment 199 international 100 bridal 76
material 198 leading 100 studio 76
modern 191 created 99 world 76
sustainable 185 aim 97 shopping 76
customer 180 shoe 97 retail 76
bespoke 156 natural 96 launched 76
textile 150 trend 95 handmade 76
creative 149 value 93 price 75
creating 145 inspired 93 sustainability 75
leather 141 luxurious 92 silk 75
lifestyle 140 clothes 92 print 75
finest 139 tailoring 92 service 74
art 139 boutique 91 community 73
store 137 family 91 comfort 73
production 136 highest 91 suit 72
online 135 cotton 90 bag 71
label 133 believe 89 stylish 71
look 127 innovative 88 inspiration 70
Fig. 3. LDA model architecture including the key parameters affecting the
client 125
model’s performance.
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evaluated according to the coherence scores, which indicated the 5- much more extensively with 225 companies, compared to only 26 for CE
topics as the best fit. Moreover, a comprehensive interpretation of the (Fig. 5). This does not only demonstrate the growing awareness of
findings is conducted regarding the 5-topic model configuration, aiming environmental and ethical concerns within the industry, but also shows
to find the best-performing model. Therefore, different configurations of that CE principles have yet to gain the same level of attention. This
the model’s hyperparameters were examined, including alpha and eta analysis aims to get a clear view of the level of business interest in these
(beta). These two hyperparameters can range from 0 to 1 and auto or concepts. Since there is no certainty if an organisation that refers to CE
symmetric. Thus, following a trial-based evaluation of the model, the or Sustainability adopts its principles, it is assumed that any mentions
best-performing configuration has been alpha = 0.1 and eta = sym indicate at least an interest in these concepts, which can indicate po
metric, with coherence equal to 0.3382 (Table 2). It is essential to tential strategy adjustments.
mention that the same 5-topic configuration with the default stop word Considering the existing 4R framework (Kirchherr et al., 2017;
set reached a maximum coherence of 0.2950. McQueen et al., 2022; Papamichael et al., 2023), the terms Recycle,
The interpretation of the findings led to a closer investigation of Reduce, Repair, and Reuse have been searched. This set of keywords
whether the model provided valuable findings in terms of topic identi describes the fundamental principles of CE for the fashion and textiles
fication. The presence of common words across multiple topics in topic industry. A search for any mention related to these keywords was con
modelling results is not necessarily an indicator of bad model deploy ducted, including recycle, recycled, recycling, recyclable, reuse, reusing,
ment. It is expected to have overlapped or shared words among topics, reused, reusable, reduce, reduced, reduction, and reducing. An addi
primarily when the topics are related or when certain words are highly tional pre-processing step must be taken in this part since some com
prevalent in the dataset (Lehew and Patwary, 2018). The importance of panies may include one or more of those terms in both sections. In this
shared words should be evaluated in context, and it does not necessarily case, it is counted as a single value to get the number of companies that
reflect negatively on the model’s performance. Thus, similar words mention any of those terms in their profiles, regardless of the section or
appearing in two or more topics but with different rankings or promi the times mentioned (Table 4).
nence can provide valuable insights into the topic aspects and re The distribution of mentions within the cohort of companies incor
lationships within the dataset. This issue can reveal nuances in how porating circular or sustainable keywords revealed distinct emphases on
specific terms are associated with multiple themes or concepts. The the 4Rs (Fig. 6). Among the identified keywords, “recycle” emerged
different ranking of words can indicate the relative importance of those prominently, with 26 companies referencing it, constituting 43.3% of
terms within each subtopic or that these terms have varying degrees of the companies within this category. Following, “reduce” was mentioned
relevance or significance in different contexts. This reflects words’ by 17 companies, representing 28.3% of those incorporating circular or
variability and adaptability to multiple meanings or themes. Addition sustainable keywords. “Repair” gained attention from 10 companies,
ally, some topics may overlap or share standard terms because making up 16.7% of the companies. At the same time, “reuse” exhibited
real-world concepts often have fuzzy boundaries. The model attempts to a comparatively lower predominance, being mentioned by 7 companies,
capture these nuances in how words relate to different topics. Finally, accounting for only 11.7% of the companies incorporating circular or
terms at the top of a topic are likely to be more strongly associated with sustainable keywords. These findings highlight the distribution of sus
that topic, while terms lower in the list may be less specific. tainable and circular practices within companies, emphasising the
The 5-topic model resulted in relevant and valuable topics for the varying degrees of emphasis placed on different practices of circular and
specific research (Fig. 4). Following the examination of each topic sustainable initiatives on their LinkedIn profiles.
individually, the key terms and percentage of tokens are presented However, it was particularly surprising to observe that recycling
(Table 3). received a more significant number of mentions on the companies’
Table 3 shows that only topics 5.1 and 5.3 explicitly incorporate profiles despite being demonstrated in existing literature and research as
sustainability in their key terms, but none of the topics specifically the least preferred principle in the waste management hierarchy
address or mention CE in their focus. (Kirchherr et al., 2017). Furthermore, exploring the interconnectedness
of the 4Rs (reduce, reuse, recycle, and recover) with the concepts of
sustainability and circular economy (CE) aimed to determine whether
4.2. Circular and sustainable mentions companies perceive these strategies as part of circular or sustainable
practices. This further analysis highlights that while the industry re
In this section, the dataset for any references to the concepts of CE mains committed to its core values of quality, design, and style, it is also
and sustainability is further examined thoroughly. In this context, adapting to meet contemporary demands. Therefore, sustainability and
Google Collab and Python have been utilised as exploratory tools. In CE principles are gradually gaining ground in response to consumer
dividual code blocks have been executed to find the number of profiles expectations and environmental concerns.
that mention those two concepts in their description and specialities Since an initial picture of the number of companies related to these
sections. Compared to the LDA modelling, both sections are examined as concepts was formed, the focus was on understanding the interconnec
they contain free text and comma-separated keywords, respectively. tion of the 4Rs with the concepts of sustainability and CE. In this way,
Initially, the search was configured to find the lemmatised term “sus the analysis of whether companies perceive these strategies as circular
tainab*” and “circular*”. In this way, every relevant word could be or sustainable practices was performed. More precisely, the advanced
tracked, including sustainability, sustainable, sustainably, circular search indicated that in 20 profiles, the recycle and sustainability terms
economy, and circularity. were found together, followed by reduce and sustainability, reuse and
The findings suggest that the concept of sustainability is discussed sustainability, and repair with sustainability with 13, 3, and 1 profile(s),
respectively (Fig. 7a).
Table 2 Finally, out of the 225 profiles referencing sustainability, 37 also
Coherence scores based on different hyperparameters’ configuration tests. The included an R-strategy. On the other hand, significantly fewer profiles
optimal coherence corresponds to more interpretable topics. containing the CE term have been found. More precisely, only 26 pro
Alpha/eta auto symmetric 0.01 0.1 1 files included the term CE, with 5 having both CE and recycle. Further,
auto 0.3215 0.3255 0.3220 0.3121 0.3110
CE has also been found in combination with reduce, repair, and reuse
symmetric 0.3033 0.3208 0.3079 0.3158 0.3138 with 1, 5, and 3 profile(s), respectively.
0.01 0.3143 0.3181 0.3257 0.3312 0.3173 Therefore, CE mentions were much fewer, but more than 50%
0.1 0.3333 0.3382 0.3187 0.3263 0.3196 included a 4R strategy compared to the sustainability mentions, with
1 0.3295 0.3254 0.3372 0.3269 0.3262
less than 20% included one of the 4R strategies (Fig. 7b). Including the
8
Fig. 4. LDA 5-topic configuration visualising the intertopic distances and most salient words for the analysed text corpus.
4Rs principles suggests a proactive approach within some brands to recycling technologies, such as converting textile waste into 100%
align with circularity or sustainability and embrace a comprehensive recycled materials. This aligns with SDG 12, as it reduces the need for
strategy that addresses reduction, reuse, repair, and recycling. This virgin resources and promotes responsible production. Additionally,
shows these brands’ depth of motivation and commitment to circularity recycling addresses SDG 9 by fostering innovation in sustainable mate
and sustainability. Controversy, mentioning sustainability or circularity rials and production methods. However, recycling presents challenges in
without the 4Rs principles may indicate a superficial commitment, maintaining the premium quality expected in the luxury sector. More
raising questions about the depth of engagement and the potential over, as emphasised by prior literature and from the perspective of the
presence of marketing-driven or greenwashing strategies within the waste management hierarchy, the energy-intensive nature of some
brand’s sustainability narrative. recycling processes can limit their overall environmental benefits
(D’Adamo and Colasante, 2022; Kirchherr and van Santen, 2019;
5. Discussion Potting et al., 2017). Nevertheless, these efforts contribute to a circular
economy, reducing waste and supporting sustainable development.
This section provides a comprehensive analysis of sustainability and The principle of reduce involves minimising resource use at the
circular economy strategies in the UK luxury fashion sector. It examines production stage, a core aspect of SDG 12 (Potting et al., 2017). The
key trends, compares current approaches, and outlines practical impli brands explored in this study are reducing waste by offering smaller
cations for the luxury fashion industry and policymakers. Finally, the carefully curated collections produced in limited quantities. These
section addresses limitations and proposes directions for future research. brands also emphasise their sustainable material choices, such as recy
cled or upcycled fabrics. Additionally, some of those brands are aligning
their production schedules with seasonal designs that avoid excess stock.
5.1. Comparative analysis of sustainability and circular economy
These practices reflect a commitment to reducing overproduction and
strategies in UK luxury fashion
waste, which is central to responsible consumption (Abdelmeguid et al.,
2024). However, the tension between luxury’s exclusivity and consumer
The findings of this study build on existing literature regarding the
demand presents a challenge in scaling these reduction efforts. Never
luxury fashion industry’s adoption of sustainability and circular econ
theless, reduction efforts are crucial for minimising environmental
omy practices. Previous studies highlight the industry’s shift from a
impact and ensuring that luxury production aligns with the principles of
linear system toward circular fashion principles, aligning with slow
sustainability.
fashion and responsible consumption (Kirezli and Tuzcu, 2024; Sarokin
The reuse strategy is particularly effective in extending the lifecycle
and Bocken, 2024). A deeper comparative analysis shows that the 4Rs
of luxury products and aligns closely with SDG 12. The findings show the
explored are pivotal elements for driving sustainability within this
increasing prominence of second-hand luxury markets and product
sector.
rental services, which allow consumers to access high-quality items at a
The findings show that recycling is a prominent practice among UK
reduced environmental cost (D’Adamo et al., 2022; Lang and Zhang,
luxury fashion brands aiming to minimise environmental impact by
2019). Extending product lifespans can significantly lower environ
repurposing waste materials, such as textiles and leather, into new
mental impact, which is a key metric used by many of the brands
products. The findings highlight that brands are adopting innovative
9
Table 3 Table 4
Key terms and percentages of tokens per topic based on LDA topic modelling. Number of UK luxury fashion companies mentioning circular or
Topic Key Terms Percentage of Topic
sustainable keywords on their LinkedIn profiles.
ID tokens (%) Term Number of companies
5.1 Design, collection, fabric, piece, 26.6 Artful Creations in Circular Economy 26
style, product, garment, Fashion Sustainability 225
sustainable, quality, designer, Recycle 26
woman, create, accessory, Reduce 17
designed, modern, material, Repair 10
brand, bespoke, creating, Reuse 7
industry, customer, creative,
leather, clothing, look,
production, textile, finest, suit,
tailoring
5.2 Design, quality, clothing, 21.6 Time-Honoured
product, collection, brand, style, Craftsmanship
piece, industry, accessory,
woman, designer, leather,
create, designed, fabric,
production, textile, modern,
customer, material, lingerie,
online, traditional,
craftsmanship, men, creative,
hand, lifestyle, garment
5.3 Design, quality, product, 19.4 The Art of Style
designer, collection, fabric, and Design
style, woman, create, art,
industry, shoe, accessory, dress,
brand, material, modern,
sustainable, home, bespoke,
customer, label, textile, piece,
bridal, creating, detail, creative,
aim, print
5.4 Collection, design, product, 18.4 The Pinnacle of
brand, woman, designer, Retail Excellence
quality, industry, cashmere,
accessory, clothing, piece, store,
style, customer, material, create,
leading, retail, modern, label,
lifestyle, exclusive, client, finest,
award, online, eyewear,
production, manufacturing
Fig. 6. Number of R strategies mentions found on the LinkedIn profiles of UK
5.5 Style, woman, design, designer, 14 A Personalised
quality, piece, brand, fabric, Style Experience
luxury fashion companies.
product, designed, accessory,
collection, lingerie, create, feel, explored in promoting circularity, aligning with existing literature
exclusive, clothing, lifestyle,
(Henninger et al., 2019; Pal and Gander, 2018; Rosário et al., 2024).
material, believe, shop, trend,
clothes, bespoke, store, client, Some of the companies explored also focus on promoting reclaimed
creating, garment, personal, cashmere products, turning waste into new luxury collections. However,
cotton while reuse aligns with circular economy principles and sustainability
goals, some brands remain hesitant due to concerns over maintaining
brand premium and exclusivity (Henninger et al., 2017; Kirezli and
Tuzcu, 2024; Yadav et al., 2024).
The repair practices reinforce the luxury sector’s commitment to
extending product lifespans and contribute to SDG 12 by reducing waste
(Pal and Gander, 2018). Some of the companies explored offer extensive
repair and restoration services, ensuring their products remain in use for
extended periods. For instance, one brand repairs and rewaxes tens of
thousands of jackets annually, prolonging the life of their products and
reducing the need for new purchases. Offering warranties and free repair
services has become a crucial part of maintaining customer loyalty while
reinforcing sustainability. These services ensure that luxury items
remain in use for longer periods, reducing the need for new production
and minimising environmental impact (Abdelmeguid et al., 2024;
McQueen et al., 2022). However, convincing consumers to repair
instead of replace can be a challenge, especially in an industry that often
emphasises novelty.
5.2. Sustainability and circular economy trends in UK luxury fashion
Fig. 5. Overlap between CE and Sustainability mentions on the LinkedIn pro The empirical interpretation of the most salient words in each of the
files of UK Luxury fashion companies.
five topics resulted in the formulation and identification of the 5 sub-
domains of the luxury fashion industry, including 5.1 Artful Creations
10
Fig. 7. Co-occurrence of R-strategies and mentions of (a) Sustainability and (b) Circular Economy on the LinkedIn profiles of UK Luxury fashion companies.
in Fashion, 5.2 Time-Honoured Craftsmanship, 5.3 The Art of Style and luxury fashion industry.
Design, 5.4 The Pinnacle of Retail Excellence, and 5.5 A Personalised
Style Experience. The alignment between these five identified topics, the 5.2.2. Time-honoured craftsmanship
characteristics of traditional business models of luxury brands, and the Luxury fashion brands are dedicated to traditional craftsmanship.
principles of sustainability and circular economy is evident. This persistent commitment shapes the core identity of luxury brands,
influencing their products, brand narratives, and consumer perceptions.
5.2.1. Artful Creations in Fashion Furthermore, this emphasises that luxury fashion brands tend to invest
Luxury brands are leveraging artistic elements to distinguish them in skilled employees and time-intensive production processes, ensuring
selves in the market. By incorporating creative and artistic elements into that their products surpass not only in design but also in durability and
their creations, luxury brands appeal to traditional clientele and attract a attention to detail. This is in line with existing literature, underlining
more diverse audience. For example, as highlighted by Zelenskaya et al. that the recognition of luxury brands is frequently attributed to their
(2022), collaborating with celebrities, designers, and artists serves as a utilisation of high-quality materials, skilled craftsmanship, and slow
creative and unique strategy, enhancing the perceived value of luxury production cycles (Jain et al., 2021; Karaosman et al., 2020; Ko et al.,
brands and influencing a broad spectrum of audiences. Moreover, artful 2019). This indicates that luxury fashion brands present qualities that
creations can incorporate elements of upcycling or repurposing, where align with sustainability and CE approaches (Angel et al., 2018), without
existing materials or garments are transformed into new and innovative overtly highlighting them on their LinkedIn profiles. Additionally, the
pieces. This reduces waste and adds a unique, artistic touch to fashion focus on craftsmanship is crucial in reinforcing the narrative of exclu
while embracing sustainable practices. Encouraging consumers to value sivity and heritage associated with luxury brands. It becomes a story
and care for these unique pieces fosters a mindset of responsible con telling tool, enabling brands to communicate the values of tradition,
sumption, thereby helping to maintain and extend the lives of fashion identity, and artisanship and the pursuit of emotional connections with
items (Henninger et al., 2019). Therefore, combining art and fashion is existing and potential consumers (Abdelmeguid et al., 2024; Yoo, 2023).
not merely an aesthetic choice but a strategic move with implications for Therefore, in a market saturated with fast fashion and mass production,
brand visibility and consumer attraction, engagement, and loyalty in the this differentiation becomes a source of competitive advantage and
11
establishes a unique positioning in the market. 5.2.5. A personalised style experience

Luxury brands are moving from generic and one-size-fits-all ap
5.2.3. The Art of style and design proaches to embracing personalised customer experiences. This trend
The identity of the luxury fashion sector is predominately shaped by aligns with the broader evolution toward consumer-centric business
durability, creativity, uniqueness, and aesthetics. Creating a unique style models, emphasising the importance of catering to individual prefer
is crucial in the luxury fashion landscape in the UK. Brands work on ences and needs in the luxury fashion landscape. For example, the
developing and curating their recognisable and aspirational style that findings show a greater emphasis placed on women’s products than
resonates with their target audience. Luxury brands invest significant men’s in luxury fashion, which may reflect the industry’s adaption to
resources in creating a design beyond current trends, making long- market segmentation and consumer preferences. The move towards
lasting pieces that stand as testaments to craftsmanship (Karaosman personalised style experiences enhances customer satisfaction and re
et al., 2020). In line with these values, many luxury fashion brands are flects a strategic adaptation to changing consumer expectations and
now aligning with environmentally conscious practices. They are inte preferences within the industry. As demonstrated in existing literature,
grating sustainable product development practices, including the use of luxury brands are renowned for providing consumers with distinctive
innovative and eco-friendly materials such as organic fabrics, natural and unique shopping experiences and products, hence playing a signif
dyes, bio-based materials, recycled textiles, and synthetic (Pencarelli icant role as symbols of wealth and taste (Mrad et al., 2020). Conse
et al., 2019; Yadav et al., 2024). This approach reflects a broader quently, consumers of luxury brands often enjoy a profound sense of
commitment to sustainability while maintaining the high standards of status and exclusivity (Yoo, 2023). For example, advanced technologies
quality and exclusivity that define the luxury market. Moreover, the such as AR, VR, and AI are pivotal in creating immersive luxury expe
emphasis on product durability, longevity, and timeless design is crucial riences. This integration of technologies reflects a commitment to
in minimising consumption and reducing waste (Thorisdottir et al., staying at the forefront of innovation and meeting consumers’ evolving
2024). By designing products for durability, ease of repair, and expectations in the luxury fashion landscape (Calaza et al., 2023;
end-of-life recyclability, luxury brands not only enhance their appeal but Rosário et al., 2024).
also contribute to reducing environmental impact. Embracing
gender-neutral and timeless designs further supports these sustainability 5.3. Practical implications
goals, ensuring that products remain relevant and desirable over longer
periods. This integration of sustainable practices into luxury fashion The findings highlight several practical implications for stakeholders
underscores a commitment to both high-quality craftsmanship and in the luxury fashion industry, aligning with SDGs 9 and 12. The in
environmental responsibility. It demonstrates how the sector is evolving dustry leaders need to prioritise reducing resource use by focusing on
to meet consumer values and sustainability standards while reinforcing sustainable materials to minimise waste, directly supporting SDG 12.
its traditional values of excellence in design and style (Blasi et al., 2020). This approach requires refining production processes and improving
supply chain transparency to balance exclusivity with environmental
5.2.4. The Pinnacle of Retail Excellence responsibility. Effective communication about these practices can shift
Luxury brands are committed to developing immersive and exclusive consumer expectations toward more responsible consumption.
retail experiences, investing considerable effort to ensure that each Additionally, adopting reuse models, such as second-hand markets
purchase offers consumers a luxurious and unforgettable experience. and product rental services, presents an opportunity to reduce waste
This trend goes beyond the products themselves, extending to the while generating new revenue streams. Embracing digital technologies
ambience, service, and overall atmosphere of luxury retail spaces. As like blockchain to verify the authenticity of second-hand items further
Hagtvedt and Patrick (2009) suggested, luxury brands have a more aligns with SDG 9 by promoting innovative solutions and supporting
comprehensive range of categories, leading to diversification strategies. transparent and efficient processes within the industry. Moreover,
Hence, luxury brands focus on expanding their brand offerings and brands should invest in repair infrastructure and educate consumers
delivering high-end experiences, capitalising on the potential for plea about the benefits of repair versus replacement. Scaling these services
sure in these brand-consumer relationships (Hagtvedt and Patrick, 2009; while maintaining a luxury experience will require significant planning,
Mrad et al., 2020). The brand extension strategies not only cater to a collaborations and investments, which aligns with SDG 9 by driving
broader customer base but also contribute to their international success industry advancements and infrastructure development.
and highlight their adaptability to evolving consumer demands and Recycling remains a valuable practice but should complement
preferences in the luxury fashion industry (Jain et al., 2021). reduction and reuse efforts. Brands should continue developing recy
By prioritising excellence in the retail sphere, luxury brands aim to cling technologies but must also address challenges related to main
create lasting impressions and reinforce their commitment to providing taining product quality and minimising environmental impacts. Clear
a unique and elevated consumer journey. For example, existing litera communication about recycling initiatives should support, rather than
ture demonstrates that luxury fashion is witnessing a radical shift overlook, the primary focus on reducing and reusing.
through the rapid integration of digital technologies, fundamentally Luxury brands should focus on incorporating artful creation prac
changing how luxury brands engage with consumers, create immersive tices to differentiate themselves and appeal to a broader audience. This
experiences, and manage their business operations (Aleem et al., 2022; strategy not only enhances brand value but also promotes responsible
Happonen and Ghoreishi, 2022). The UK luxury fashion brands also consumption, aligning with SDG 12 by fostering sustainable practices
recognise the significance of their online presence, enabling access to through creative and artistic approaches, which can be communicated
global consumers. This ensures brand longevity and establishes con as part of a brand’s commitment to sustainability. Emphasising time-
nections with a more extensive and diverse consumer demographic (Jain honoured craftsmanship underscores the importance of investing in
et al., 2021; Yoo, 2023). Therefore, luxury brands recognise the skilled craftsmanship and high-quality materials. Brands should
importance of creating a desirable and aspirational brand image that continue to emphasise their dedication to traditional techniques as a key
resonates with consumers worldwide (Blasi et al., 2020; Keller, 2009). differentiator in a competitive market, enhancing both product dura
This strategic focus on the retail landscape acknowledges the evolving bility and brand prestige. Moreover, integrating circular principles into
nature of consumer expectations, positioning luxury fashion brands as design processes is crucial. Therefore, luxury brands should focus on
leaders in delivering unparalleled, experiential value to their clientele creating durable, repairable, and recyclable designs that align with
preferences. consumer expectations for sustainability, while maintaining their
signature style and elegance. This aligns with SDG 12 by promoting
sustainable consumption through innovative design practices.
12
Investing in immersive retail experiences and digital technologies is the first 1000 results across any of the available filters (People, Jobs,
also essential for engaging consumers and expanding global reach. Companies). This requires the search query division into smaller subsets
Luxury brands should enhance their physical and digital retail envi through the application of additional search filters.
ronments to provide exceptional consumer experiences and strengthen Another important point for discussion revolves around the subjec
brand loyalty to meet evolving consumer preferences. This supports SDG tivity of the provided information within social media. More specif
9 by driving innovation and infrastructure development within the retail ically, LinkedIn usually includes less subjective statements compared to
sector. Additionally, offering personalised style experiences through opinion-based platforms like X or Facebook. This raises questions about
advanced technologies like AR, VR, and AI is essential for catering to the data quality, but LinkedIn can stand as a solid and valid data source
evolving consumer demands for personalised shopping experiences and for diverse analytical methods. This approach follows a survey-based
services. This positions brands at the forefront of innovation in the approach since the companies usually provide statements on their ac
luxury market and aligns with SDG 9. tivities that cannot be directly validated. Additionally, this study aims to
For policymakers, supporting the development and adoption of map the current business trends in the selected sectors that provide in
advanced recycling technologies through grants or subsidies can drive sights into the business and research interests of organisations. Thus,
industry-wide improvements, aligning with SDG 9 by fostering innova this work provides a detailed view of the topics addressed by the com
tion. Clear standards and regulations for recycled materials can help panies in the UK that can affect stakeholders to understand which
maintain consistency and consumer trust, contributing to SDG 12. Pol technologies, tools, and strategies are implemented or at least discussed
icymakers should also create favourable conditions for sustainable by organisations as this is also an indicator of organisational interest that
production practices by offering incentives and implementing frame affects decision-making. It is essential to mention that “greenwashing”
works for monitoring and reporting waste reduction efforts. can be a clear problem in studies evaluating corporate data addressing
Supporting circular economy models through favourable regulations the circular and sustainable performance of organisations. Some busi
and consumer education can promote second-hand and rental markets, nesses will specifically lean on their sustainability credentials or refer to
aligning with SDG 12 by encouraging responsible consumption and some sustainable aspect they claim to uphold to gain customer trust or
production practices. Tax incentives for companies engaging in these new clients when the action has no sustainable benefit. Greenwashing in
models can encourage broader adoption. Investment in repair services some instances can benefit a company’s public profile, regardless of the
should be incentivised, and regulatory frameworks should ensure amount of pollution a company contributes, its sector, or its size (Zhang
transparency and fairness in these practices, supporting SDG 9 by et al., 2023). For this reason, this approach does not provide an
driving innovation and infrastructure development in repair sectors. end-to-end evaluation of the business landscape but instead can act as
Promoting traditional craftsmanship and artistic collaborations the starting point of the high-level mapping of trends and potential di
through grants or initiatives can preserve these valuable practices while rections of different sectors and concepts, globally.
supporting sustainability. Encouraging innovation in retail through Future research could conduct comparative studies across different
support for digital infrastructure and e-commerce platforms can facili geographical regions to enhance the generalisability of findings. Inves
tate luxury brand expansion and enhance global consumer engagement, tigating luxury fashion industries in various countries or regions would
reflecting SDG 9 by driving industry innovation. Additionally, fostering enable a better understanding of regional variations in consumer
advancements in personalised technologies while ensuring strong data behaviour, industry practices, and sustainability efforts. Additionally,
protection regulations will be crucial for safeguarding consumer privacy there is significant potential for this methodology to be applied in fixed
and maintaining trust. This aligns with SDG 9 by promoting techno time intervals (e.g., 6 months, 1 year) to monitor the evolution of luxury
logical innovation while respecting privacy concerns. sector trends over time in future work. This approach would allow for
These practical implications are significantly connected with the TBL ongoing evaluation and adaptation of the study’s findings as the in
approach, which emphasises the balance of environmental, social, and dustry evolves. Moreover, the study primarily relies on quantitative data
economic outcomes. The industry’s shift towards CSR is evident in the analysis. While LDA provides valuable insights into prevalent topics, it
adoption of ethical and sustainable practices. Additionally, aligning may need more depth of qualitative analysis and the exploration of more
with the waste management hierarchy by prioritising reduction and recent variations of the model. These variations refer to fine-tuned
reuse over recycling ensures a comprehensive approach to minimising versions that can be more precise in documents (inputs) with specific
environmental impact. Addressing these practical implications and characteristics. However, the coherence score achieved in this work can
embracing these frameworks can help align the luxury fashion sector be considered as a sufficient starting point for future optimised analysis.
with sustainability goals and consumer expectations, driving positive Future studies could also employ hybrid methodologies, combining
change within the industry and supporting broader environmental and quantitative machine-learning techniques with qualitative approaches.
social objectives. However, for both industry stakeholders and policy Integrating in-depth interviews, focus group discussions, or case studies
makers, it is crucial to foster cross-sector collaborations to accelerate the can offer richer insights and understanding into luxury fashion brands’
transition toward a circular economy. Public-private partnerships can motivations, strategic decisions, and the attributes of the identified
drive innovation and provide the necessary infrastructure to support trends, complementing the quantitative findings.
large-scale recycling and reuse initiatives, advancing both SDG 9 and
SDG 12. 6. Conclusions
5.4. Limitations and future research To reveal the trends shaping the landscape of luxury fashion, this
study undertook a comprehensive exploration focusing on the United
Acknowledging the approach’s strengths, it is essential to recognise Kingdom. By analysing 1115 LinkedIn business profiles of luxury fashion
the limitations posed by the dataset used for topic modelling. The brands in the UK, machine learning techniques, specifically Latent
description section in companies’ LinkedIn profiles allows a free-text Dirichlet Allocation, were used to interpret the dominant themes and
input with no fixed length. Therefore, descriptions for companies can concepts within this dynamic sector. The analysis uncovered five pre
be as short as five words or as long as 100 words, depending on the dominant topics that capture the essence of luxury in fashion, apparel,
companies’ preferences. The variability in the length of the description and textiles. These topics are (1) Artful Creations in Fashion, (2) Time-
section in the companies’ LinkedIn profiles introduced challenges, Honoured Craftsmanship, (3) The Art of Style and Design, (4) The
impacting the model’s coherence score. This emphasises the need for a Pinnacle of Retail Excellence, and (5) A Personalised Style Experience.
precise interpretation of the findings. Another significant limitation re These five topics reflect the diverse and versatile nature of the industry,
volves around the data collection as LinkedIn search queries only return capturing the essence of craftsmanship, design, retail excellence,
13
exclusivity, and personalised experiences. The analysis of LinkedIn interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence
profiles also revealed intriguing trends within luxury fashion brands in the work reported in this paper.
the UK.
Most of the five topics are closely connected to sustainability and Data availability
circularity, yet only two of the topics explicitly incorporated sustain
ability as one of their key terms, and none included circularity. There Data will be made available on request.
fore, using the Google Collab Platform and the Python language
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Cleaner and Responsible Consumption 15 (2024) 100228

Contents lists available at ScienceDirect

Cleaner and Responsible Consumption

Insights into sustainability and circular economy trends in luxury fashion: A

1. Introduction resource-intensive and environmentally harmful practices

industry 234 colour 104 individual 78

5.2. Sustainability and circular economy trends in UK luxury fashion

establishes a unique positioning in the market. 5.2.5. A personalised style experience

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