Ai Project

PROJECT PROPOSAL
Introduction
The rapid advancements in Artificial Intelligence (AI) have revolutionised various
sectors and libraries are no exception. This article aims to provide a comprehensive review
of the application of AI in libraries and its impact on library operations. By analysing a
collection of relevant articles from the Scopus database, this study offers researchers
valuable insights into integrating AI technologies within the library context. The
methodology employed for this review involved identifying and analysing 65 articles
related to AI in libraries. These articles were carefully reviewed, and their key findings
and summaries are presented. This review provides an in-depth understanding of AI's
potential applications and benefits in library operations by exploring diverse topics such as
AI chatbots, intelligent libraries, robots in libraries, and smart libraries.
The literature review begins with examining early research on AI in libraries,
including studies on expert systems and their impact on information access. It then
explores the use of AI-based library systems for software reuse, digital video libraries, and
multilingual access to library resources. The review also covers AI applications in digital
library search engines, academic law libraries, and library service management using
RFID and wireless techniques.
Furthermore, this article discusses the implications of AI on the future of libraries
and the potential challenges and opportunities it presents. It delves into the impact on
library services, employment, and the need for regulations and ethical considerations. The
review also highlights the role of libraries in embracing AI technologies and providing
lifelong learning opportunities to their communities.
By presenting a comprehensive summary of the literature on AI in libraries, this
article serves as a valuable resource for researchers interested in exploring the potential of
AI in enhancing library operations. The insights gathered from these studies contribute to
the growing body of knowledge on AI in libraries and provide a foundation for further
research and implementation of AI technologies in the library field.
The world now has witnessed many technological changes, that affecting the lives
of everyone and any institutions, and it is no longer confined to a specific group, but
accompanied everyone and every organization. This change of technologies due to the
great benefit that serves everyone. In light of this information inflation, there are many
applications that appeared and facilitated the operations, applications to share in that.
Applications of artificial intelligence are a major development that affected and facilitated
many of the processes that humans perform and simulate their actions with the existence
of systems designed for this, and it includes all processes that simulate the genius and
innovation of electronic computers. Modern information and communication technologies
are among the changes taking place in various fields and have a vital role in knowledge
management.
Therefore, information institutions must keep pace with these changes and respond
to them in the communication services and sectors of the beneficiaries. Saleh asserts that
at the beginning of the third millennium, there was a discussion arose about the
importance of technology in knowledge in general and in libraries in particular, as the
computer and the Internet are among the priorities of education and cognitive attention
that was found specifically for management and organization in libraries and information
centers. In addition to the development of information and communication technologies it
can utilizing it in knowledge management because Artificial Intelligence technologies
have the ability to connect and support physical entities interact with the human element.
They are undoubtedly able to delve into the use and application of such applications to
facilitate the operations that they undertake.
There are relation between the importance of artificial intelligence applications in
supporting the technical and administrative processes provided by academic libraries
related to the Knowledge Management, and many of them have worked hard to implement
such modern technology, hence the idea of providing such modern technology and its
application in order to facilitate the operations of the library the researcher may have the
desire and need to conduct such a study.
Statement of the Problem

There are many technological applications that are witnessing a wide development
in various fields, and libraries and information centers have a share in that, which will
make a major change in the services provided, given the large and diverse intellectual
production witnessed by many libraries, so applications of artificial intelligence came to
present a new form in Library environment.
Objectives of the Study
The main objectives of this study are to find out the impact of artificial intelligence
(AI) application in digital library, this includes
1. Identify the reality of employing artificial intelligence applications in libraries to
enrich the Knowledge Management.
2. Exposing the relationship between artificial intelligence applications and its ability
to develop technical and administrative processes in libraries of Knowledge
Management.
3. Knowing the challenges facing the libraries to apply the artificial intelligence
applications.
Research Questions
Specifically, the research aims to answer the following research questions;
1. What is the reality of employing artificial intelligence applications in libraries to
enrich the Knowledge Management?
2. What is the relationship between artificial intelligence applications and their ability
to develop technical and administrative processes in libraries of Knowledge
Management?
3. What are the challenges that facing the libraries to apply the artificial intelligence
applications.
Significance of the Study

It is hoped that the results will benefit libraries to know everything that related to
artificial intelligence technology and how it can be employed in technical and
administrative processes, in order to improve the services provided and to identify the
most prominent challenges and work to address them and contribute to improving the
cognitive services provided by information organization. Its also importance due to the
fact that most of the aspects related to employing this new technology must be examined,
with reference to the most important requirements that it needs.
Limitation of the Study
It is hoped that the results of this study will contribute to improving the cognitive
services provided by information organization.
Focusing on studying the applications of artificial intelligence that are usable and
applicable in libraries, while clarifying the relationship between applications of artificial
intelligence on the development of technical and administrative processes provided by
libraries from the studies.
CHAPTER ONE
1.0 INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background to the Study
The rapid advancements in Artificial Intelligence (AI) have revolutionised
various sectors and libraries are no exception. This article aims to provide a
comprehensive review of the application of AI in libraries and its impact on library
operations. By analysing a collection of relevant articles from the Scopus database,
this study offers researchers valuable insights into integrating AI technologies
within the library context. The methodology employed for this review involved
identifying and analysing 65 articles related to AI in libraries. These articles were
carefully reviewed, and their key findings and summaries are presented. This
review provides an in-depth understanding of AI's potential applications and
benefits in library operations by exploring diverse topics such as AI chatbots,
intelligent libraries, robots in libraries, and smart libraries.
The literature review begins with examining early research on AI in libraries,
including studies on expert systems and their impact on information access. It then
explores the use of AI-based library systems for software reuse, digital video
libraries, and multilingual access to library resources. The review also covers AI
applications in digital library search engines, academic law libraries, and library
service management using RFID and wireless techniques.
Furthermore, this article discusses the implications of AI on the future of
libraries and the potential challenges and opportunities it presents. It delves into the
impact on library services, employment, and the need for regulations and ethical
considerations. The review also highlights the role of libraries in embracing AI
technologies and providing lifelong learning opportunities to their communities.
By presenting a comprehensive summary of the literature on AI in libraries,
this article serves as a valuable resource for researchers interested in exploring the
potential of AI in enhancing library operations. The insights gathered from these
studies contribute to the growing body of knowledge on AI in libraries and provide
a foundation for further research and implementation of AI technologies in the
library field.
The world now has witnessed many technological changes, that affecting the
lives of everyone and any institutions, and it is no longer confined to a specific
group, but accompanied everyone and every organization. This change of
technologies due to the great benefit that serves everyone. In light of this
information inflation, there are many applications that appeared and facilitated the
operations, applications to share in that. Applications of artificial intelligence are a
major development that affected and facilitated many of the processes that humans
perform and simulate their actions with the existence of systems designed for this,
and it includes all processes that simulate the genius and innovation of electronic
computers. Modern information and communication technologies are among the
changes taking place in various fields and have a vital role in knowledge
management.
Therefore, information institutions must keep pace with these changes and
respond to them in the communication services and sectors of the beneficiaries.
Saleh asserts that at the beginning of the third millennium, there was a discussion
arose about the importance of technology in knowledge in general and in libraries
in particular, as the computer and the Internet are among the priorities of education
and cognitive attention that was found specifically for management and
organization in libraries and information centers. In addition to the development of
information and communication technologies it can utilizing it in knowledge
management because Artificial Intelligence technologies have the ability to connect
and support physical entities interact with the human element. They are
undoubtedly able to delve into the use and application of such applications to
facilitate the operations that they undertake.
There are relation between the importance of artificial intelligence
applications in supporting the technical and administrative processes provided by
academic libraries related to the Knowledge Management, and many of them have
worked hard to implement such modern technology, hence the idea of providing
such modern technology and its application in order to facilitate the operations of
the library the researcher may have the desire and need to conduct such a study.
1.2 Statement of the Problem

There are many technological applications that are witnessing a wide
development in various fields, and libraries and information centers have a share in
that, which will make a major change in the services provided, given the large and
diverse intellectual production witnessed by many libraries, so applications of
artificial intelligence came to present a new form in Library environment.
1.3 Objectives of the Study

The main objectives of this study are to find out the impact of artificial
intelligence (AI) application in digital library, this includes
1. Identify the reality of employing artificial intelligence applications in
libraries to enrich the Knowledge Management.
2. Exposing the relationship between artificial intelligence applications and its
ability to develop technical and administrative processes in libraries of
Knowledge Management.
3. Knowing the challenges facing the libraries to apply the artificial
intelligence applications.
1.4 Research Questions

Specifically, the research aims to answer the following research questions;
1. What is the reality of employing artificial intelligence applications in libraries
to enrich the Knowledge Management?
2. What is the relationship between artificial intelligence applications and their
ability to develop technical and administrative processes in libraries of
Knowledge Management?
3. What are the challenges that facing the libraries to apply the artificial
intelligence applications.
1.5 Significance of the Study
It is hoped that the results will benefit libraries to know everything that
related to artificial intelligence technology and how it can be employed in technical
and administrative processes, in order to improve the services provided and to
identify the most prominent challenges and work to address them and contribute to
improving the cognitive services provided by information organization. Its also
importance due to the fact that most of the aspects related to employing this new
technology must be examined, with reference to the most important requirements
that it needs.
1.6 Limitation of the Study

It is hoped that the results of this study will contribute to improving the
cognitive services provided by information organization.
Focusing on studying the applications of artificial intelligence that are usable
and applicable in libraries, while clarifying the relationship between applications of
artificial intelligence on the development of technical and administrative processes
provided by libraries from the studies.
1.7 Definition of the Terms

Artificial intelligence: This is the intelligence of machines or software, as opposed
to the intelligence of humans or animals. It is a field of study in computer science
that develops and studies intelligent machines. "AI" may also refer to the machines
themselves.
Digital Library: It also called an online library, an internet library, a digital
repository, a library without walls, or a digital collection, is an online database of
digital objects that can include
CHAPTER TWO
2.0 LITERATURE REVIEW
Libraries have evolved structurally and content-wise through different eras:
the ancient, medieval and modern era. In the ancient times, clay tablets and stones
were used as media for transmitting information, through the medieval era of
papyrus and parchments and the modern era of paper, microform and now the
digital or electronic media (Gustavsson & Hedlund, 2011). Libraries have acquired
and maintained various forms of information resources throughout these eras so as
to meet the information needs of its user communities. Similarly, a library was
formally defined as a function of the physical building where books were kept for
reading and other purposes. However, the definition of library today has gone
beyond the physical building, it now centers on the collections and services offered,
since virtual libraries have no physical walls and services could be rendered to users
from remote locations. Consequently, in the effort to satisfy the dynamic
information needs of its clientele at the same time uphold its relevance in this ever-
changing technological society, libraries have explored, incorporated and
metamorphosed through different technological revolutions of clay tablets, stones,
papyrus, parchments, paper, microforms, computers, Internet, virtual libraries,
library 2.0, cloud computing etc.
Interestingly, artificial intelligence is the current technology that has evolved
with huge prospects and promising applications in libraries. Hence, the need to also
explore this tech, its pros and cons, in order to adequately maximize its rich benefits
for innovative and optimal services delivery in libraries, as Corke (2013) asserted
that artificial intelligent systems (robots) will be an important technology in this
century. In a nutshell, the crux for applying artificial intelligent systems in libraries
is the fact that they are less prone to errors unlike human beings; they can work for
24 hours/7 days without getting tired thereby freeing the librarians to do other jobs.
Ultimately, since computers can operate efficiently at a scale and speed beyond
human abilities, it will maximize speed, efficiency and effectiveness in processing
library materials and enhance library services delivery at all levels. This chapter
will be focus on the concepts, foundations, application and advancement in the field
of artificial intelligence in libraries, application of robots, virtual, augmented and
mixed realities in libraries, their promises, benefits and demerits they hold for future
libraries.
2.1 Conceptual Framework

The sound of the term artificial intelligence often conjures images of robots
or computers that talk. Artificial intelligence is an aspect of computer science that
focuses on how computers learn (Machine Learning), interpret information, vision:
character recognition, picture analysis, 3D perception, and modelling of the
function of the eye; furthermore, it encapsulates speech recognition, speech
production, understanding and use of natural language (Natural Language
Processing), and Expert System which continues to gain more attention.
Furthermore, artificial intelligence is the programming and development of
computers to perform human required-intelligence task, such as speech recognition,
decision-making, visual perception, language translation, talking and emotional
feelings (Irizarry-Nones, Palepu & Wallace, 2017). According to Heath (2018),
artificial intelligence is the technology that enables machines be to have the abilities
to plan, learn, reason, solve problems, move, and be creative to some extent.
Three main focus of artificial intelligence is perception, reasoning and action.
Reasoning is fundamental in intelligence gathering, it involves internal processes or
programming logic/algorithm, that makes computers think of the best way of action
before performing the action. Similarly, McGraw-Hill Encyclopedia of Science and
Technology (2007) maintained that artificial intelligence is a subfield of computer
science focused with understanding the nature of intelligence and constructing
computer systems with ability to make intelligent behaviour. Moreover, it is
primarily concerned with representations of knowledge and heuristic methods of
reasoning using common assumptions and rules of thumb. Other definitions of
artificial intelligence include: creating machines with minds (Haugeland, 1985), the
study of mental faculties through the use of computational models (Charniak &
McDermott, 1985), the explanation and emulation of intelligent behaviour in terms
of computational processes (Schalkoff, 1990), the science and engineering of
making intelligent machines and computer programs (John McCarthy). Artificial
intelligence is concerned with the concepts and methods of symbolic inferences and
representation of knowledge by machines. It is aimed at performing intelligent tasks
such as logical thinking, learning new abilities and adopting to new situations and
problems (Nilson, 1998 cited in Shohana, 2016). In a nutshell, artificial intelligence
is making computers or machines intelligent just like human beings, in order to
make them find solutions to complex problems in human fashion.
Furthermore, Asemi and Asemi (2018) asserted that the field of artificial
intelligence deals with the study and development of computer systems or machines
that exhibit some forms of human intelligence, such as learning new concepts and
tasks, reasoning and drawing useful conclusions about a specific task, natural
language processing or perception and comprehension of visual scene etc. The
intelligence of computers can be measured using the ‘turing test’, developed by
Alan Turing in 1950s. Although there are controversies and objections over this
method. Irizarry-Nones, Palepu & Wallace (2017) however asserted that the
artificial intelligence of computers or machines could be strong or weak. A
computer with strong artificial intelligence is able to think and make decisions like
human beings, it is also capable of learning from experience and re-programme
itself to improve on past mistakes like in the movies. Weak artificial intelligence
computers cannot think, learn or re-programme themselves, rather, they are
specifically designed to respond to specific situation.
2.1.1. Trends in the Field of Artificial Intelligence (AI)

Advancement in the field of artificial intelligence include autonomous
vehicles or self-driving cars, navigation systems, human versus computer games,
fraud detection, robotics and machine learning – the application of artificial
intelligence which give computers or machines the ability the learn from data
gathered of past experience, re-programme and improve on itself without human
intention (Irizarry-Nones, Palepu & Wallace, 2017). Machine learning simply
implies the computer teaching itself through iteration and past experiences with
data. In addition, artificial intelligence encompasses the following general areas of
research: automatic programming, computer vision, intelligent control systems,
expert systems, intelligent computer-assisted instruction, image processing, natural
language processing, planning and decision support, robotics, and speech
recognition (Asemi & Asemi, 2018). The application of artificial intelligence has
gained usefulness in most fields of study and its thriving fast with the development
of smart phones, smart homes, Internet of Things (IoT) and Internet of Vehicles
(IoV).
Interestingly, Artificial Intelligence is being used to generate and evaluate
content including artistic and creative work (LeFebvre, 2017). Washington Post
newspaper uses an AI system – Heliograf to cover elections while IBM’s Watson
machine learning suite provides assessments, analytics, real-time scores and
captions for sports and cultural events (Melendez, 2016; Alpert, 2016). According
to Harris (2016), AI has made a significant inroad into education as IBM has come
up with the Teacher Advisor an AI system which has been built to help teachers
draw up personalized lesson plans by pointing them to best lessons in math and then
customizing the lesson to fit their unique classroom needs. The Teacher Advisor has
a database of open educational math resources that provides over 2,000 free lessons,
teaching plans and videos that can quickly search and bring up relevant answers
(Fine, 2017). Semantic Scholar uses machine learning and other AI systems to assist
the academia search more effectively and efficiently through resources as more and
more research get published (Metz, 2016).
Artificial intelligence systems have been broadly classified from two
different perspectives as outlined by Liu (2011):
1. The degree of their intelligence: In this perspective, artificial intelligence
systems are classified into: (1) reflex agents able to respond to stimulus from
sensors such as heat sensor, light sensor, motion detection etc; (2) utility-based
system; (3) goal-oriented systems; and (4) learning system such as machine
learning systems that can teach computer programming.
2. The nature of their functionality: In this view, artificial intelligence systems
can be categorised into (1) collaborative systems; (2) reactive systems; (3)
Internet-based systems; and (4) mobile systems that can autonomously travel
from one place to another to perform a task.
2.1.2 Foundations of Artificial Intelligence

According to McGraw-Hill Encyclopedia of Science and Technology (2007),
the four foundations of artificial intelligence are representation, search, reasoning
and learning. These four foundations are basic requirements present in any artificial
intelligence system.
1. Representations: This denotes the internal description of the problem or
related knowledge of the intelligent system. Representation include
knowledge-based of the system to identify problems and the architecture on
which it can be manipulated. Representation of an expert system for
diagnosis would be the description and symptoms of a person with a disease.
For a moving robot, it could include the symbolic 3D description of a room.
2. Search: This is one important aspect of artificial intelligence systems that is
used for problem-solving methodology. In some cases, a heuristic search is
used to modify itself in response to the problem at hand. Example of search
could be a database search of previous problems and solutions for the closest
match to the current problem.
3. Reasoning: This is designed to turn knowledge into solutions to problems.
This is the crux of the intelligence of the system. Reasoning could be
deductive and inductive reasoning in which problems knowledge is used to
deduce a set of possible solutions, or used to build a hypothesis that best
explains the existing knowledge and possibly the current problem. Example
of reasoning include expert systems, where the solutions to problems are
reasoned based on some set of rules or knowledge-based developed by
human expertise to identify the rules of the problems.
4. Learning: The learning feature of intelligent systems makes them adapt and
gather intelligence by learning the history or knowledge of the system.
Learning covers the aspect of reconfiguring the representation, adjusting the
search to be heuristic, updating the knowledge and augmenting the reasoning.
Some of the most common learning methods used in artificial intelligence
systems are statistical learning (using the number of the different types of
historical events to base future actions or to develop inductive hypotheses,
typically assuming that events follow some known distribution of
occurrence), neural networks (networks are trained on existing knowledge
and then applied to the problem, and interpret the value of the outcome as a
solution), reinforcement learning (actions taken by an artificial intelligent
system are rewarded or penalized based on their ability to solve the problem
more or less accurately). These falls within the subject of machine learning
and deep learning.
2.1.3 Application of Artificial Intelligence in Libraries

Artificial Intelligence matters to libraries because it be used for organizing and
making available large collections of information (ALA, 2019). According to
Sridevi and Shanmugam (2017), artificial intelligence is the modern technology
which is used to manage the digital library. The ultimate promise of artificial
intelligence is to develop computer systems or machines that think, behave and in
fact rival human intelligence, and this clearly has major implications on
librarianship. Artificial intelligence is not just an intelligent system or software
program, it is a biologically motivated technology used to replicate human ways of
perceiving and processing information (Sridevi & Shanmugam, 2017). Intelligent
library automation systems rely on artificial intelligence technologies to provide
knowledge-based services to library clientele and staff. Artificial intelligence in
libraries should not be misconstrued with library automation. While the later
implies the degree of mechanisation to routine library operations, the former goes
beyond just automating library activities, and create intelligent rational systems that
behave and act like librarians and requires little or no human intervention. Artificial
intelligent systems can replicate and thus replace a human being in the library,
although Li, Huang, Kurniawan and Ho (2015) believed that this invention will
never replace librarians, but will center on menial and time-consuming library
operations such as shelf reading and leave the librarians to engage with the patrons.
Corroborating this assertion, Murphy (2015) maintained that the application of
robots in libraries will bring librarians and users closer together, against the notion
that robots will alienate librarians from their users.
Some fields of artificial intelligence that are used in library management
system include: Natural Language Processing (NLP), Expert Systems (ES), Pattern
Recognition, Robotics etc (Sridevi and Shanmugam, 2017). Succinctly, Natural
Language Processing (NLP) is the analysis and generation of natural language text
by computers. The goal is to enable natural languages such as French, English, or
Chinese, to serve either as the medium through which users interact with computer
systems or as the object that a system processes. In libraries, NLP can be used to
design intelligent expert reference system or information retrieval system, where
users can interact directly with the system using natural languages. The computer
takes in the natural language as input, analyses and processes it, then respond
accordingly with the needed information. NLP has been used as medium of
interaction in database management systems and as object/input for processing in
automatic text translation or text summarization (McGraw-Hill Encyclopedia of
Science and Technology, 2007).
Another practical application of artificial intelligence in libraries is subject
indexing. This task requires the technical expertise of the librarian or indexer and
his intellectual judgement to peruse, analyse and suggest the appropriate terms to be
used as index terms or keyword of a given document. Any computer system or
machine that can undertake this task can be said to be intelligent. An Expert System
can be designed to handle subject indexing or reference services. Moreover, Expert
Systems are computer programs that simulate human decision making. They
incorporate methods and techniques with specialized problem-solving expertise.
Expertise consists of knowledge about a particular domain or subject, wide
coverage or understanding of the domain problems and techniques at solving some
of these problems. In designing an intelligent system for subject indexing or
reference services, first, relevant knowledge from a subject indexer or expert is
extracted and fed to the system, subsequently, the system will learn (Machine
Learning) from the knowledge-base and experience to index documents or response
to reference queries from users, as the case may be. According to Asemi and Asemi
(2018), Expert Systems have been used in several fields to solve problems
including: medicine, computer science and engineering. The library is another
fertile ground for the application of expert and intelligent systems. Furthermore,
Expert Systems can provide reference assistance, help in management policy
decision making, assist in applying cataloguing rules, determine vendor
assignments in acquiring library materials etc. In order to carry out these intelligent
tasks, Expert Systems imitate human thinking/reasoning, by means of a “knowledge
base” which serves as a set of rules culled from various human experts.
Furthermore, an Expert System consist of two modules: the knowledge base
and the interface engine. Similarly, Sridevi and Shanmugam (2017) reported that
the knowledge base of an Expert System contains the complex structured and
unstructured information, while the interface engine subsystem is used to apply
logical rules over the knowledge base in order to iteratively decipher the new
information. Expert Systems can be designed to function in the reference unit of the
library. In fact, it can provide better answers to users query than just a single
librarian, since the knowledge base of the Expert System is created and updated
from the submissions of team of best/experienced experts in the field – like the
saying: two heads are better than one. The Expert System is designed to response to
users query based on the keywords or phrases in the users query. If certain
keywords or phrases are in the query, then the system intelligently respond to the
user accordingly.
It should be added that artificial intelligence systems could also be developed
to handle resource development or collection development of the library. Note that,
collection development deals with the resource selection, acquisition and
development in the library, or simply the process of meeting the information needs
of library users in a timely and economical manner mainly through acquisitions
(purchase), or gifts from sister organization and various other bodies (Udensi &
Akor, 2016). After the selection of books that would be purchased by a library, a list
is normally sent to book sellers and vendors to submit the prices with respect to the
quality and format (print or electronic, paper-binding or hardcover-binding).
Likewise, the intelligent system can learn from past experiences and submit the list
of items to be acquired based on the previous performances of the book-sellers or
vendors, especially now that most book-sellers and vendors can be accessed via
their emails or homepage. Corroborating this assertion, Romero (2018) reported that
artificial intelligence systems can give suggestions based on past purchases or user
interests - a strategic method to improve acquisition of library materials and
enhance the user experience via recommendations of magazines, journals, authors,
books, etc.
Information retrieval is another aspect of librarianship that has felt the touch
of artificial intelligence. Library information retrieval deals with the recall of
information or resources from a file or database, it is concerned with the structure,
analysis, organization, storage, searching, and retrieval of information stored in a
library’s collections, information centre or the Internet (Croft, Metzler & Strohman,
2015). As the information held in libraries grew, several types of information
retrieval tools were invented to cope with the vast amount of information therein
and make them accessible to users. Nowadays, the quantity of new information
being generated is at an exponential rate, this led to the invention and use of
computerised and artificial intelligence retrieval systems to facilitate information
searching and retrieval from the library’s collection, be it paper-based or electronic
(Unagha, 2010).
The modern information retrieval tools now used in libraries to provide quick
and innovative access to information include: electronic databases, Online Public
Access Catalogue (OPAC), web search engines, and robotic systems customised for
book retrieval and delivery. Most web search engines today such as Google,
incorporates speech recognition to their system. This enable their users to speak the
word or phrase they want to search and the web search engines types it into the
search box via the use of Natural Language Processing (NLP) before searching and
displaying the search results. In addition, Murphy (2015) reported that robotics
technology is being used to free space restraints and make information resources
readily accessible to users. Example is the enormous automated storage and
retrieval systems acquired by the University of Technology, Sydney (UTS).
The system, designed as robotic cranes underneath the library, tend to
thousands of closely packed bins of books. The robotic cranes stores and retrieves
materials for users on request from the online catalogue of stored books. Once the
request is made, the robotic crane automatically search for the item and retrieves it
from the appropriate bin to the library staff in charge, who then retrieves the
requested book and delivers it to the library’s hold shelf where the user can pick it
up. The advantages of the system are: maximisation of retrieval speed, about fifteen
minutes from the time of request till when the item is delivered; minimization of
storage space; and minimization of cost, obviating the need to build an expensive
off-site storage facility.
Artificial intelligence has gained tremendous application in library information
services, these include but are not limited to:
1. Automatic cataloguing and classification using Optical Character Recognition
(OCR)
2. Automatic translation of foreign language materials using Natural Language
Processing (NLP)
3. Automatic indexing using Expert Systems
4. Retrieval of audiovisuals materials Optical Character Recognition and Speech
Recognition. Music and pictures in the library’s collections can be called-up as
fast as printed records – a new dimension to knowledge storage and
management.
5. Interactive bibliographic instruction using various media
6. Intelligent gateways to online sources,
7. User-structured information environment
8. Portable computer reader services for the handicapped
9. Intelligent Document Delivery Services (DDS)
2.1.4 Robots in Libraries

Robotics is a subfield of artificial intelligence and it focuses on the perceptual
and motor tasks. It also refers to the branch of technology that deals with the design,
construction, operation, and application of robots (Abram, 2019). A robot is a
machine that performs automation tasks and carries out series of complex
operations under the supervision of a human or automatically (autonomous) under
the control of pre-defined program using artificial intelligence techniques (Shohana,
2016). According to Corke (2013), the term robot was first used to depict artificial
people or androids coined in a 1921 Czech science fiction play. Following these, so
many robot stories were written including Isaac Asimov’s robot series. These
stories influenced subsequent books and movies which in turn have shaped the
public perception of what robots are.
The application of robots in library activities is one of the current trend in the
application of artificial intelligence in libraries. Accessibility to the vast collection
of information available on the web is a hallmark of the digital age. However, much
of knowledge in the world still remains between the pages of printed books. Tracing
these books in libraries is laborious and often time consuming (Li, Huang,
Kurniawan and Ho, 2015). Book shelving and retrieval robots are now being
developed to undertake this task. Example is the enhanced robotic library system
for off-site shelving designed by Suthakorn, Lee, Zhou, Choudhury and Chirikjian
(2002), which gains comprehensive access to printed materials on shelves, and
retrieves books from the shelves to an off-site scanning station. The robotic system
was designed to allow users gain comprehensive access to printed library materials,
on demand that are off-site, through a web interface. First, the user will identify the
material he/she wants to retrieve/read, then a sequence of operations will be
initiated that will eventually trigger the robot to retrieve the requested item.
Thereafter, another robotic system will open the item and turn the pages
automatically via the use of scanners, Optical Character Recognition and automatic
indexing software, which will allow the user to browse through the material, search
and analyse the full-text generated from the scanned images of the item. Another
robotic book retrieval system is the bookBot technology. According to Stone
(2019), this technology has been in existence and used in manufacturing for years,
but now being applied in libraries. The bookBot is a book-delivery system that
automatically retrieves books for users on demand through the library automated
catalogue. Within minutes of receiving a request, one of the bookBot’s robotic
cranes retrieves the requested item from the shelves and delivers it the unit in-
charge for onward delivery to the user within or outside the library when the user
intends to borrow the material.
Libraries are embedding Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) tags into
their collections. These tags in form of barcodes, contains unique identifying labels
for each book in the library, and is used to quickly scan the library’s collection
using wireless, handheld RFID scanners/readers. According to Li et al (2015), smart
shelves containing several RFID antennas can automatically register when books
are removed from their stacks or returned. This can be used for automatic shelve
reading and generate reports for miss-shelved or missing books. Similarly, robots
are also being designed to navigate through library shelves to scan and retrieve
materials such as the robot designed by Li, Huang Kurninam and Ho (2015), at
Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR) Institute for Infocomm
Research. These intelligent systems offer greater accuracy than humans although
they are expensive to design and maintain. The technicalities involve will include
outlining detailed map of the entire library for the movement of robot, computing
and processing the distance between the robot and an obstacle (shelf, books, tables,
users) to anticipate direction changes.
According to Shohana (2016), Connecticut’s Westport Library acquired two
robots that will assist in teaching coding and computer programming skills to
users/students. In addition, two students, Pasi William Sachiti and Ariel Ladegaard
at Aberystwyth University, created an artificial intelligent library catalogue by
combining existing robot technology with information from the university’s online
public access catalogue. This robot was designed to accept users book request
verbally and process, eventually leading the user to the exact location of the printed
material on the shelf. Closely related to this is the robotic cranes used at the British
Library’s National Newspaper Building. The robot cranes is capable of retrieving
newspapers from any time and date from a vast collection of over 60 million
newspapers and periodicals spanning over three centuries.
It should be added that museums and archival centres also are exploring the
capacity of artificial intelligence to improve their services delivery to patrons.
According to Murphy (2015), the de Young Fine Arts museum in San Francisco
acquired a pair of tele-presence robots that give patrons with disabilities the
opportunity to visit the museum remotely. The robots, called BeamPros, 5’2 tall
frame on wheels, has a screen, microphone, speakers and a camera to display the
picture of a remote patron, allow the patron to speak and communicate/interact with
others and also view the items arrayed in the museum respectively. To operate a
BeamPros robot, a patron will first log into the robot via their computer at home or
at work, then begins to pilot it and tour around the museum. The screen of the robot
displays a live video feed of the patron’s face, while the camera captures the live
video feed of the museum for the patron to view. In addition, the robot has a second
camera which captures the floor, allowing the patron to navigate around the
museum to avoid obstacles. The advantage of this technology is the physical
presence it gives the patron as he/she tours around the museum, and the interactive
features: the microphone, speaker, camera and screen, which allows a patron to
interact with others – unlike a pre-recorded video tour.
From the foregoing, the practical application of robots, artificial intelligence
in libraries, museum and archival centres as reviewed, shows that artificial
intelligence has a great promise in libraries and information centres. Whether it is
used for library instructions (education), organisation of knowledge (shelving and
shelf-reading), information retrieval and delivery or remote accessibility of
information material, this technology maximises the efficiency and effectiveness of
library operations, and facilitates the library’s connection with users.
2.1.5 Artificial Intelligence and Virtual Libraries

Virtual libraries are electronic libraries that provides access to distributed
information resources in electronic format to users in remote locations. It is a term
used to denote libraries without walls, an organised collection of links to various
information resources on the network or Internet. It is a collection of electronic
information resources in form of e-books, journals, online databases, media and
other forms of data. Typically, virtual libraries provide remote access via an online
portal or gateway, of information resources in varieties of contents/formats,
including online databases, e-books, e-journals, e-magazines, e-newspapers etc, and
provides other services traditionally offered by libraries. The virtual library
environment means virtual communication between the library and the patrons,
virtual services delivery, virtual information access etc (Trivedi, 2010 &
Koganurmath, 2007). Users are able to view and request or access the library’s
information resources from their various offices or homes over the Internet. All
forms of communications to the library is through e-mails, phone, fax or the
video/audio/text communication system offered via the library’s portal. Such
libraries organises tele-training for their users, webinars, online video conferences
etc. to keep their users abreast with their services and development. An
interchangeable or closely related term is the digital library.
Digital and virtual libraries have their services fully automated. Moreover,
automation is the process of using machineries to facilitate human activities and
saving the human power and time. Library automation refers to the use of
computers to automate the routine procedures in libraries such as cataloging, user
registration, charging and discharging of books, shelf-reading etc., it the technology
concerned with the design and development of the process and system that
minimizes the necessity of human intervention in library operations. The main
purpose of library automation is to free the librarians and library staff and to allow
them to contribute more meaningfully to spread of knowledge and information.
Artificial intelligence play a vital role in library automation especially in digital and
virtual libraries where their resources and services are fully computerised. In fact,
most automated library systems incorporates one or more areas of artificial
intelligence in the design and implementation of the system such as:
1. Automatic keyword indexing and abstracting of electronic resources via the use
of Expert Systems.
2. Internationalisation/translation of electronic resources (text, audio) through the
use of Natural Language Processing and Optical Character Recognition.
3. Digitisation of printed materials. This deals with the conversion of traditional
library materials into electronic format through scanning or Optical Character
Recognition to facilitate searching and retrieval.
4. Automatic textual analysis through the use of Decision Support System (DSS).
5. Information retrieval through the use of speech recognition and Natural
Language Processing.
6. Automatic analysis and retrieval of audiovisual resources via the use of Expert
Systems/ Optical Character Recognition.
7. The application of data processing systems to support clerical and repetitive
functions found in technical processing of books (cataloguing), circulation
control (charging and discharging of books) and serial management (tracking
magazines, journals and newspaper holdings).
8. Multiple access to information resources and round the clock services delivery
via the use of intelligent/ advanced automated systems.
Other digital and virtual library systems built based on intelligence system
approach/algorithm include the online public access catalogue and online database
gateways. These systems use meta-control and memory management to map
knowledge in their various storage locations and control various processes
involving data structure, characteristics and description in an intelligent manner.
2.1.6 Virtual Reality and Artificial Intelligence in Libraries

Virtual Reality (VR) is the use of computer technology to create a simulated
environment. It is a computer technology that uses multi-projected environments,
sometimes in combination with physical spaces, to generate realistic images, sounds
and other sensations that simulate a user’s physical presence in a virtual or
imaginary environment (Jackson, 2015). Virtual reality headsets are built with
artificial intelligence features such as computer vision, image processing and speech
recognition, to create an artificial 3D world that immerses users in a 360-degree
digital world. Until now, libraries have not fully explored the potential of virtual
reality (VR), augmented reality (AR), and mixed reality (MR) (Marcotte, 2019).
Augmented reality enhances users vision/sight by overlaying 3D objects over real
word, while mixed reality allows digital created objects to interact with the
real word. The combination of virtual reality, augmented reality and mixed reality
can be used in libraries to enhance user experience and give opportunities for
disabled or remote users to visit the library virtually. Like the traditional library
environment, a patron using virtual reality headset is able to move around the
artificial library environment and by simulating as many senses as possible (vision,
hearing, touch, smell), interact with virtual library resources.
Furthermore, virtual reality gives the patron a virtual presence (tele-presence)
in the library by immersing him/her inside the virtual library environment rather
than viewing it from a computer screen. Like the BeamPros tele-presence robot
used in de Young Fine Arts museum in San Francisco as reported by Murphy
(2015), which give patrons with disabilities the opportunity to visit the museum
remotely. Virtual reality is another option to bridge the distance barrier for distant
or disable patrons. It can be incorporated with the work of Suthakorn et al (2002),
the enhanced robotic library system which gains comprehensive access to printed
materials on the shelves and allow patrons to remotely turn the pages of books
automatically through the use of scanners & optical character recognition, to browse
and search through physical materials in the library.
Since creating a virtual reality of all the information material in the library
might seem to be difficult or time consuming, the combination of mixed reality &
virtual reality can be used to link the enhanced robotic system for browsing/reading
materials, so that when patrons from the virtual reality environment initiate an
action to read a particular book, the book-reading robot is signalled/triggered to
locate the physical book in the library in order to enable the virtual patron to browse
through it via a live-feed of the pages of the book captured from the book-reading
robot and transmitted to the virtual reality headset of the patron. Marcotte (2019)
reported that virtual reality, augmented reality and mixed reality could be used in
libraries for immersive virtual field trips for patrons, such as a walk through the
solar system, previewing sea animals or test-driving a new car. Already,
applications exist that libraries can use to stimulate reality for their users for deeper
learning experiences (Abram, 2019)
It should be added that, the virtual reality headsets are a product of artificial
intelligence systems that have gained applications in various field of science and
engineering, medicine, aviation, military etc. It is mostly used in these fields for live
training of students especially when it involves hazardous or sensitive activities in
real life situations. The library should not be left out of the fun!
2.2. The Benefits of Artificial Intelligence in Libraries

Generally speaking, artificial intelligence is installed in machines or
computers to reduce human casualties in wars, hazardous work environments, car
accidents, plane crash, fire explosion or disasters as a result of human error.
Furthermore, artificial intelligence facilitates human work with greater speed,
efficiency and effectiveness in work environments such as the library. According to
Vijayakumar and Vijayan (2011), artificial intelligence and expert systems are used
in classification, cataloging and indexing of library materials. Via the use of optical
character recognition and neural network, the system is able to obtain the
bibliographic records of books and classify them accordingly. According to Asemi
and Asemi (2018), natural language processing can be used to reduce language
barriers. For instance, one has to learn Chinese in order to study in China. The
availability of Natural Language Processing systems in their libraries can assist the
foreign students to translate and understand Chinese. Moreover, Natural Language
Processing systems can also assist in searching for information in Multilanguage
databases. In addition, expertise is needed in the provision of qualitative service
delivery in libraries, as such, artificial intelligence and expert systems will improve
the performances of library services and reduce the rate of human errors and defects
and can perform task faster than a human being can most likely (Shohana, 2016).
Romero (2018) submitted that artificial intelligence could facilitate searching
and retrieval of new media with greater efficiency and effectiveness by library
patrons and introduce them to new material they may never have found otherwise.
In addition to convenience and entertainment value, using artificial intelligence to
suggest similar materials could also help library clientele who are carrying out
research by combing the library database in an instant. Generally speaking, artificial
intelligence systems can read to you, inform you, advice you, teach you, correct
your mistakes, and patiently respond to your myriads demands. Thus artificial
intelligence holds great potentials for library and information service.
A good librarian, through working with a user, can provide a much better
tailored service, potentially using up time freed up by using AI. – IFLA Library
Policy and Advocacy Blog
The benefits of artificial intelligence in libraries can be summarized as
follows:
i. According to Ex Libris (2019), artificial intelligence in libraries can make
research more discoverable which can boost research productivity among
faculty members,
ii. Bridge in Time: Round the clock accessibility to information resources
and services just in time.
iii. Bridge in Space: The space occupied by piles of books, journals, bound
newspapers and other information materials has been reduced by the
introduction of digitization, electronic copies and use of robotic cranes
that stores and retrieve books from a compact off-site storage location.
iv. Maximization of Efficiency: This refers to efficiency in library operations:
selection and acquisition of materials, technical services, circulation
services, references services, serial management etc.
v. Maximization of effectiveness in form of improves services delivery and
elimination of human errors in library operations.
vi. Minimization of Effort: The effort expended by librarians in technical
services, circulation services, references services, serial management etc,
can been minimized by the use of artificial intelligence systems in
libraries.
vii. Enhanced and immersive user experience in library services delivery.
Demerits of Artificial Intelligence in Libraries

Although artificial intelligence is a promising innovative idea in the library
system, it is not without disadvantages. Shohana (2016) outlined some of the
disadvantages of artificial intelligence as follows:
1. Artificial intelligence systems have the ability to replace human jobs thereby
increasing the rate of unemployment in the society. This is an issue of
concern among librarians for decades. The fear is that intelligent machines
with capabilities of shelving books, retrieving information, answering
reference queries and attending to users have great potentials of replacing
librarians, leaving them unemployed. Jasrotia (2018) also opines that as
intelligent machines in libraries can read digitized resources, analyse and
offer customized insights, answers and services faster than librarians, the
possibility of AI being a ‘threat’ to librarians but not to libraries does exist.
This is probably why many librarians do not like the idea of artificial
intelligence in libraries. Nevertheless, Guion (2019) argues that librarians
would still be needed because machines with AI systems would still not be
able to fully discern what a library user wants as sometimes search terms do
not fully explain the need or even judge how well their outputs conforms to
basic library principles of intellectual freedom, copyright and privacy.
2. Artificial intelligence systems can malfunction and perform task they were
not programmed to do. The fear, according to Ex Libris (2019), is the
possibility.
of AI systems propagating misinformation if the algorithms powering them
become problematic.
3. Artificial intelligence systems can be misused leading to mass scale destruction.
4. Over dependence on artificial intelligence systems can make librarians forget
the basic and fundamental processing involved in library operations such as
cataloguing and classification, since a robot now handles that.
5. Lacks the ‘human touch’. Some users will prefer to interact with human beings
directly and express their feelings rather than to a machine.
Challenges of Implementing Artificial Intelligence in Libraries

Artificial intelligence systems are generally not in operational use in most libraries
today. The limitations to implementing artificial intelligence systems in libraries
include the following:
1. Lack of technical know-how to use and operate artificial intelligence systems
among the library staff.
2. Lack of adequate funding to develop or procure artificial intelligence systems
in libraries. Since the budgets for hardware and software are frequently tight,
there’s always constrain to the type of system the library can purchase or
develop.
3. High system development and maintenance cost of artificial intelligence
systems in libraries.
4. Erratic power supply to power artificial intelligence systems in libraries
especially in developing countries.
5. Inherent complexities of expert/artificial intelligence systems’ development.
6. Limited natural language capabilities.
7. Intelligent systems lack that common base of human knowledge, severely
constraining the types of functions that they can perform.
8. Level of effort and technical expertise needed to create artificial intelligence
systems in libraries. The level and nature of effort that must be invested to
develop an intelligent library system is directly proportional to the power and
complexity of the system. This implies that, the more intelligent the system is,
the more the effort that must be invested therein. Currently, the required skilled
personnel with expensive development tools or techniques, needed to develop
sophisticated intelligent system in libraries are lacking or costly, hence, the lack
of such systems in libraries.
9. Limited amount of artificial intelligence experts among library automation
vendors. The field of artificial intelligence is complex and thus, requires a
specialised knowledge in that aspect far beyond the development of
conventional library automation systems. Consequently, this will require hiring
new personnel in that area before any significant, widespread work can be done
in the area of artificial intelligence systems in libraries.
2.3 The Future Libraries

The development of shelf reading robots by Li, Huang, Kurniawan and Ho
(2015) and others shows that, it is now only a matter of time, the present generation
libraries will be flooded with the impact and utility of new applications based on
artificial intelligence (Shohana, 2016). Like the invention of the electric bulb that
appeared to be a quasi-magical thing, and no one could predict that it will lead to
the development of telephones, radio, TVs, computers and other electronic gadgets.
Artificial intelligence is the new quasi-magical thing that has surfaced in recent
times. And just like in the early days of the development of electricity, we are yet to
completely fathom the application of artificial intelligence not only in libraries, but
in every aspects of our lives. In the future, artificial intelligence will revolutionise
many sectors of life, including the library.
Bourg (2017) had asked a critical question ‘what happens to libraries and
librarians when machines can read books?’ and provided an example with the
GeoDeepDive, a tool with AI systems which geologists use to extract data in texts,
tables, and figures in journal articles and websites. Times are changing! Librarians
may not have to read a library book to get information to inform their users or take
a decision, because a machine would have already read all of the books and is more
skilled at analyses and decision making. We will not spend hours on library
computers researching a question when artificial intelligence can do it for us in
seconds. And we certainly would not go to a human librarian with an information
need when artificial intelligence is able to deliver a better answer in a fraction of the
time (Johnson, 2018). Library activities in the future will be fully automated.
The future libraries will incorporate robots and intelligent machines that will
perform library task such as reference services, shelf reading/arrangement,
circulation activities (registration, charging and discharging of materials),
generating library statistics, cataloguing and classification etc. artificial intelligence
will tremendously change the face of the library as we know today. The promise is a
perfect librarian that respond to users reference queries based on speech
recognition, natural language processing and neural network; Fast, efficient and
effective processing of library materials; and state-of-the-art service delivery to
patrons even from remote locations. Libraries of the future are the ones that react
and adapt to new technology, not run away from it (Stone, 2019).
CHAPTER THREE
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
INTRODUCTION
This chapter consists of research methodological instrument such as;
Research Design, research population, sample size, sources of data collection,
method of data collection, research sampling method used method of data analysis.
3.1 Research Design

The survey research design (with the combination of both qualitative and
quantitative approaches) was adopted for this study. This method of research is
normally applied in administrative and social sciences research, because of the
complex relationships that exist between variables. The design serve as a guide in
getting research data to comprehend and foreseeing some part of the way of
behaving of the populace interest. It additionally empowers the researcher to test the
speculations and offers space for the fitting responses to be given.
3.2 Sources of Data Collection

In the conduct of this research, information will be gained through the
primary data:
Primary Data: The primary Data has been generated by the researcher
himself/herself, surveys, consultations, experiments, specially designed for
understanding and solving the research problem at hand.
3.3 Population of the Study

Population of the study refers to the target which determines the total number
of student from whom data permanent to the study encompassed. The population of
the study includes the library on the use of Artificial Intelligence (AI) in the
institution. The study population is concerned with identifying the target population
on how its positive effect on students.
3.4 Sample Size
This refers to the number selected from the populations which were selected
randomly to be true representative of the population that is representing the
characteristics of the population. A sample of fifty (50) respondents were randomly
selected among the highlighted population which represent the study population.
3.5 Sampling Techniques

In this study random sampling technique was used in collecting data.
Creswell, (2005) defined random sampling as a subset of individuals that are
randomly selected from a population .The goal is to obtain a sample that is
representative of the larger population. Random sampling technique was adopted
in getting the respondents to answer the questionnaires. Kothari, (2004) says that
sampling technique is used because it guarantees desired representation of the
relevant sub groups.
3.6 Data Collection Methods

In this study both primary and secondary data were used as methods of data
collection. Primary data are those data which have been collected for the first time
such as questionnaire while secondary data are those data that has been collected by
someone else
3.7.1 Primary Source of Data

Primary data were obtained through personal interviews with the students of
the Federal University of Agriculture, Abeokuta as well as fifty structural
questionnaires distributed to the selected University.
3.7.2 Secondary Source of Data

The secondary data used in the study consisted of information from the
selected students of the Federal University of Agriculture and various journals.
3.8 Data Instrumentation

A fifty (50) item questionnaire was developed for the study. The
questionnaire was divided into two parts. Part A and part B, part A contained six
questions which bordered on personal data of the respondents while part B
contained ten questions which were based on the research proper.
3.9 Reliability and Validity of Data

Best and Kahn(2006) define validity as the quality of a data gathering
instrument or procedure that enables it to measure what is supposed to measure. In
justifying the validity of this study, number of steps was taken. First, the use of
random sample and convenience sample provided the study with rich information
that enabled the generalization of finding to wider populations. Second, the data
collection methods through the use of questionnaire and interview ensured excellent
results.
Reliability on the other hand, is the degree of consistency that the instrument
or procedure demonstrates (Best and Kahn 2006).In this study reliability was
achieved by measuring consistent results from the respondents. Reliability of data
was assured through information collected from relevant respondents with specific
attention to key issues related to working environment and employees performance,
factors which hindering employees performance, proper wording of instructions and
logical arrangement of questions that were asked.
CHAPTER FOUR
DATA PRESENTATION, ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION
4.1 Introduction
This chapter covers the analysis and interpretation of the various data
collected through the use of questionnaires as per objectives of the study. The total
number of fifty (50) students/respondents was selected in Federal University of
Agriculture, Abeokuta. The sample of 50 students was taken and fifty (50)
questionnaires were printed and distributed to respondents for the purpose of
collecting data. The total number of questions returned was forty (40) and below is
the analysis of the collected data.
4.1 Data Analysis and Results

Table 4.1.1 Gender distribution of the respondents
RESPONDENTS FREQUENCY PERCENTAGE (%)
MALE 15 37.5
FEMALE 25 62.5
TOTAL 40 100
Source: Field survey, December 2023.
The table shows that 37.5% of the total respondents were male, while 62.5%
of the respondents were female. Therefore, the majority of the respondents were
female.
Table 4.1.2 Demographical data of respondents by age

Below 18 years 10 25
19 – 25 years 15 37.5
26 years and above 15 37.5
TOTAL 40 100
The table above shows that 25% of the total respondents are below or
18years, 37.5% of the total respondents are in the age range of 19-25 years while
37.5% of the respondents are also in the age range of 26 years and above.
Therefore, the majority of the respondents are between the ranges of 19 years and
above.
Table 4.1.3 Class Level

100 Level 5 12.5
200 Level 15 37.5
300 Level 15 37.5
400 Level 5 12.5
TOTAL 40 100
The table above indicates that 13% of the respondents are in 100level, while
37.5% are in both 200 level and 300 level while 12.5% are in 400 level.
Table 4.1.4 Religion of the respondents

Christianity 20 50
Islam 20 50
Traditional - -
Others - -
TOTAL 40 100
Source: Survey field, November, 2023.
The table above indicates that 50% of the respondents are Christianity, 50%
of the respondents are Islam. Therefore, the majority of the respondents are both
Christianity and Islam.
Table 4.1.6 Marital status of the respondents

Single 35 87.5
Married 5 12.5
Divorce - -
Widowed - -
TOTAL 40 100
The table above shows that 87.5% of the respondents are single, while 12.5%
of the respondents are married. Therefore, majority of the respondents are single.
SECTION B:
Table 4.3.1: AI in digital libraries perform the underlying monitoring,
management, and allocation of services and resources that bring together users
and information
Response Frequency Percentage %
Strongly Agreed 30 75
Agreed 5 12.5
Undecided 2 5
Disagreed 2 5
Strongly Disagreed 1 2.5
Total 40 100
Source: Field survey, December, 2023.
The above table shows that 87% of the total respondents agreed that AI
perform various roles in digital libraries, 5% were undecided and 7.5% disagree.
Table 4.3.2: AI in digital library provides an infrastructure that accommodates

extreme heterogeneity of content and function, and supports continual
extension.
Response Frequency Percentage
Strongly Agreed 9 22.5
Agreed 18 45
Undecided 3 7.5
Disagreed 2 5
Strongly disagreed 8 20
Total 40 100
The above table shows that 67.5% of the total respondents agreed that AI
provides digital library an infrastructure that accommodates extreme heterogeneity,
7. 5% were undecided and 25% disagree.
Table 4.3.4: Digital libraries present a surplus of challenges and opportunities

for AI technology
Agreed 10 10
Undecided 6 15
Disagreed 7 17.5
Total 40 100
The above table shows that 45% of the total respondents agreed that digital
libraries present a surplus of challenges and opportunities for AI technology, 15%
was undecided and 25% disagree.
Table 4.3.5: AI is now a popular tool for increasing productivity and

effectiveness
Agreed 6 15
Undecided 6 15
Disagreed 5 12.5
Total 40 100
The above table show that 65% of the total respondents agreed that AI
increase productivity and effectiveness, 15% was undecided and 20% disagree.
Table 4.3.6: AI provide automatic reference services by identifying patrons'

textual and vocal referencing contents
Agreed 10 25
Undecided - -
Disagreed 9 22.5
Total 40 100
provide automatic reference services while 25% of the respondent disagree with it.
Table 4.3.7 Students in university engage in fraud through the usage of AI

application
Agreed 8 20
Undecided 7 17.5
Disagreed 3 7.5
Strongly Disagreed 2 5
Total 40 100
The above table shows that 70% of the total respondents agreed that students
engage in fraud by the process of using AI application, 17.5% was undecided and
12.5% disagree.
Table 4.3.8: AI become more sophisticated and its use gets harder to detect in
academic work in Universities
Agreed 4 10
Undecided - -
Disagreed 13 32.5
Total 40 100
The above table shows that 35% of the total respondents agreed AI become
more sophisticated and harder to detect while 65% of the respondents disagree with
it.
Table 4.3.9: AI is easily in incorporate into libraries for administrative

functions (staffing, technical functions like cataloguing, and informational
functions like reference and information literacy)
Agreed 12 30
Undecided - -
Disagreed 4 10
Total 40 100
application is easily in incorporate into libraries for administrative functions in
universities while 30% was of the respondent disagree.
Table 4.3.10: AI transforms library services and also focus on digital reading
promotion.
Agreed 14 35
Undecided 6 15
Disagreed 4 10
Total 40 100
Source: Field survey, November, 2023.
The above table shows that 60% of the total respondents agreed AI transform
library service and also focus on digital reading promotion, 15% was undecided and
25% disagree
Table 4.3.11: Digital library face challenges and opportunities for remodeling
their services.
Strongly Agreed 9 22.5
Agreed 20 50
Undecided - -
Disagreed 5 12.5
Total 40 100
The above table shows that 72.5% of the total respondents agreed that digital
library face challenges and opportunities for remodeling their service, 12.5% was
undecided and 15% disagree
Table 4.3.12: AI technology enhance library service by identifying student

interests and reading habits, allowing for personalized recommendations
Agreed 5 12.5
Undecided 5 12.5
Disagreed 2 5
Strongly 8 20
Disagreed
Total 40 100
Source: Field survey, November, 2023.
The above table shows that 62.5% of the total respondents agreed that Ai
technology enhance library service to identify student interest and reading habit,
12.5% was undecided and 25% disagree
CHAPTER FIVE
SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION
5.1 Summary
Artificial intelligence is a constellation of many different technologies
working together to enable machines to sense, comprehend, act, and learn with
human-like levels of intelligence. Maybe that’s why it seems as though everyone’s
definition of artificial intelligence is different: AI isn’t just one thing. Technologies
like machine learning and natural language processing are all part of the AI
landscape. Each one is evolving along its own path and, when applied in
combination with data, analytics and automation, can help businesses achieve their
goals, be it improving customer service or optimizing the supply chain.
According to Accenture’s report, AI: Built to Scale, 84 percent of business
executives believe they need to use AI to achieve their growth objectives. However,
76 percent acknowledge struggling with how to scale AI across their business. Until
now, there hasn’t been a blueprint to getting past proof of concept into production
and scale, a transition many struggle to make. At this inflection point, it’s
imperative businesses take the necessary steps to scale successfully.
5.2 Conclusion
If libraries are to thrive in the new knowledge economy, they must innovate
their services and re-examine their practices, a veritable means to achieve this is the
application of artificial intelligence in libraries. Libraries will greatly benefit by the
development of artificial intelligence systems for technical services, reference
services, circulation services, resource management and information
retrieval/dissemination. Although there are speculations that this technology will
render librarians jobless, artificial intelligence will greatly enhance library
operations and services delivery, and will upload the relevance of libraries in an
ever changing digital society. In addition, as it is with many emerged technologies,
artificial intelligence is also viewed as thread to librarians and the touch of humans
in libraries, the eventual acceptance and incorporation of artificial intelligence into
library services will no doubt reveal the many potential promise it has in
librarianship. Artificial intelligence will not diminish the human touch in libraries,
nor will it erode the library’s connection with their patrons any time soon.
Artificial Intelligence (AI) application in libraries holds immense potential
for revolutionising library operations and enhancing user experiences. The
comprehensive review conducted in this article has highlighted the diverse ways AI
technologies are employed in libraries, including AI chatbots, intelligent libraries,
robots, and various AI applications in library services. The findings of this review
indicate that AI can improve information retrieval, automate routine tasks,
personalise user interactions, and provide innovative services. AIpowered chatbots
can effectively handle user inquiries and provide instant assistance, improving
overall user satisfaction. Intelligent libraries equipped with AI technologies can
streamline cataloguing, classification, and recommendation processes, enabling
efficient information access for patron
5.3 Recommendation
The report recommends that the federal government, states, higher education
institutions, school districts, and other partners collaborate to:
 Align AI models to a shared vision for education.
 Design AI using modern learning principles.
 Prioritize strengthening trust.
 Inform and involve educators.
 Focus research and development on addressing context and enhancing trust
and safety.
 Develop education-specific guidelines and guardrails.
 University should provide for remodeling their library service
 Eradicate fraud by the use of AI application
 Increasing field studies to explore the requirements of artificial intelligence
technologies.
 Diversity in the services provided by artificial intelligence in the library and
activating them effectively.
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PROJECT PROPOSAL

Statement of the Problem

Significance of the Study

1.2 Statement of the Problem

1.3 Objectives of the Study

1.4 Research Questions

1.6 Limitation of the Study

1.7 Definition of the Terms

2.1 Conceptual Framework

2.1.1. Trends in the Field of Artificial Intelligence (AI)

2.1.2 Foundations of Artificial Intelligence

2.1.3 Application of Artificial Intelligence in Libraries

2.1.4 Robots in Libraries

2.1.5 Artificial Intelligence and Virtual Libraries

2.1.6 Virtual Reality and Artificial Intelligence in Libraries

2.2. The Benefits of Artificial Intelligence in Libraries

Demerits of Artificial Intelligence in Libraries

Challenges of Implementing Artificial Intelligence in Libraries

2.3 The Future Libraries

3.1 Research Design

3.2 Sources of Data Collection

3.3 Population of the Study

3.5 Sampling Techniques

3.6 Data Collection Methods

3.7.1 Primary Source of Data

3.7.2 Secondary Source of Data

3.8 Data Instrumentation

3.9 Reliability and Validity of Data

4.1 Data Analysis and Results

Table 4.1.2 Demographical data of respondents by age

Table 4.1.3 Class Level

Table 4.1.4 Religion of the respondents

Table 4.1.6 Marital status of the respondents

Table 4.3.2: AI in digital library provides an infrastructure that accommodates

Table 4.3.4: Digital libraries present a surplus of challenges and opportunities

Table 4.3.5: AI is now a popular tool for increasing productivity and

Table 4.3.6: AI provide automatic reference services by identifying patrons'

Table 4.3.7 Students in university engage in fraud through the usage of AI

Table 4.3.9: AI is easily in incorporate into libraries for administrative

Table 4.3.12: AI technology enhance library service by identifying student

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