DOI 10.

1007/s10598-015-9305-y

Computational Mathematics and Modeling, Vol. 27, No. 1, January, 2016

THE FIRST INTEGRAL METHOD AND ITS APPLICATION FOR DERIVING THE EXACT
SOLUTIONS OF A HIGHER-ORDER DISPERSIVE CUBIC-QUINTIC NONLINEAR
SCHRÖDINGER EQUATION

Elsayed M. E. Zayed1 and Yasser A. Amer2

The objective of this article is to apply the first integral method to construct the exact solutions for
a higher-order dispersive cubic-quintic nonlinear Schrödinger equation describing the propagation of ex-
tremely short pulses. Using a simple transformation, this equation can be reduced to a nonlinear ordi-
nary differential equation (ODE). Various solutions of the ODE are obtained by using the first integral
method. Further results are obtained by using a direct method. A comparison between our results and
the well-known results is given.

Keywords: First integral method; higher-order dispersive cubic-quintic nonlinear Schrödinger equation;
exact solutions; division theorem.

1. Introduction

In science, many important phenomena in various fields can be described by nonlinear partial differential
equations (PDEs). When these equations are analyzed, one of the most important question is the construction of
the exact solutions of these equations. The investigation of these solutions plays an important role in the study
of nonlinear physical phenomena. Nonlinear phenomena appear in various scientific and engineering fields,
such as fluid mechanics, plasma physics, fiber optics, solid state physics, nonlinear optics, biology, and so on.
In the recent decade, several direct methods for finding the traveling wave solutions to nonlinear evolution equa-
tions have been proposed, such as the tanh function method and its various extension [1–3], the Jacobi elliptic
function method [4–6]), the homogeneous balance method [7–10], the F-expansion method and its exten-
sion [11–16], the sub-ODE method [17–20], the exp function method [21–23], the ( G ′ G ) expansion method
and its extension [24–30], the first integral method [31–36], the extended hyperbolic auxiliary equation meth-
od [37], the subsidiary ODE [38], and so on.
In the present article, we use the first integral method to find the exact solutions for the following higher-
order dispersive cubic-quintic nonlinear Schrödinger equation [37, 38]:

β2 2 β3 β
iu x − utt + γ 1u u = i uttt + 4 utttt − γ 2u u 4 , i = −1 , (1)
2 6 24

where β j ( j = 2, 3, 4) are the second, third, and fourth order dispersions respectively, but the coefficients γ 1
and γ 2 represent the two nonlinearities of the medium. In this equation, u(x, t) is the slowly varying enve-
lope of the electromagnetic material, x represents the distance along the direction of propagation, and t repre-

1
Mathematics Department, Faculty of Sciences, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt; e-mail: e.m.e.zayed@hotmail.com.
2
Mathematics Department, Faculty of Sciences, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt; e-mail: yaser31270@yahoo.com.

80 1046–283X/16/2701–0080 © 2016 Springer Science+Business Media NewYork

THE FIRST INTEGRAL METHOD AND ITS APPLICATION FOR DERIVING THE EXACT SOLUTIONS 81

sents the retarded time measured in the group velocity frame. The second term of Eq. (1) originates from the
group velocity dispersion, while the third term originates from the Kerr effect. Equation (1) describes the prop-
agation of optical pulses in a medium that exhibits a parabolic nonlinearity law [39]. For the constrained case
(i.e., β 3 = β 4 = 0 ) of Eq. (1), it was shown [40] that the dark and bright wave solutions exist even in the normal
dispersion regime. In the absence of the quintic nonlinear term ( γ 2 = 0 ) of Eq. (1), Shagalov [41] has investi-
gated the effect of the third and fourth order dispersive terms on the modulation instability. However, the exact
analytic solutions to Eq. (1) have been obtain in [37] by using the extended hyperbolic auxiliary equation meth-
od, and in [38] by using the subsidiary ordinary differential equation method.
This article is organized as follows: In Sec. 2, the description of the first integral method is given. In Sec. 3,
the exact solutions of Eq. (1) using the first integral method are obtained. In Sec. 4, further results of Eq. (1)
by using a direct method are obtained. In Sec. 5, physical explanations of the obtained solutions are given.
In Sec. 6, some conclusions are presented.

2. Description of the First Integral Method

Feng [42] has presented this method originally, which is based on the ring theory of commutative algebra.
The main steps [31–36] of the first integral method are summarized as follows:

Step 1. Consider a general nonlinear evolution equation in the form

P(u, ut , u x , u xx , utt ,…) = 0 , (2)

where P is a polynomial in u(x, t) and its partial derivatives. Use the following wave transformation:

u(x, t) = u(ξ) , ξ = kx + ωt , (3)

where k , ω are nonzero constants, to reduce Eq. (2) to the following nonlinear ODE:

Q(u, u ′, u ′′,…) = 0 , (4)

where Q is a polynomial in u(x, t) and its total derivatives.

Step 2. Assume the solution of Eq. (4) can be written as follows:

u(ξ) = X(ξ) , (5)

and introduce a new independent variable Y = Y (ξ) such that

Y (ξ) = X ′(ξ) . (6)

Step 3. Under the conditions of Step 2, Eq. (4) can be converted into a system of nonlinear ODEs as fol-
lows:

X ′(ξ) = Y (ξ) , Y ′(ξ) = F(X(ξ), Y (ξ)) . (7)

82 ELSAYED M. E. ZAYED AND YASSER A. AMER

If we can find the integrals to Eqs. (7), the general solutions to Eq. (7) can be solved directly. However, in
general, it is really difficult for us realize this even for one first integral, because for a given plane autonomous
system, there is no systematic theory that can tell us how to find its first integrals, nor is there a logical way for
telling us what these first integrals are. We will apply the so-called Division Theorem to obtain one first integral
to Eq. (7) which reduces Eq. (4) to a first order integral ODE. Exact solutions to Eq. (2) are then obtained by
solving this equation.

Division Theorem [32]. Suppose that P(w, z) and Q(w, z) are polynomials in the complex domain
C(w, z) and P(w, z) is irreducible in C(w, z) . If Q(w, z) vanishes at all zero points of P(w, z), then there
exists a polynomial G(w, z) in C(w, z) such that

Q(w, z) = P(w, z) G(w, z) . (8)

3. Exact Solutions for Eq. (1) Using the First Integral Method

In this section, we apply the first integral method for finding the traveling wave solutions of Eq. (1). To this
end, we suppose that the solution of Eq. (1) can be written in the complex form:

u(x, t) = φ(ξ) exp[i(kx − ωt)], i = −1 , (9)

where φ(ξ) is a real function and ξ = t − λx , while k , ω , λ are real constants to be determined later. Sub-
stituting (9) into Eq. (1) and equating the real part and the imaginary part to zero, we get

(β 3 − ωβ 4 )φ′′′ + (6λ − 6β 2ω − 3β 3ω 2 + β 4 ω 3 )φ′ = 0 (10)

and

β 4 φ′′′′ + 6(2β 2 + 2β 3ω − β 4 ω 2 )φ′′ + (24k − 12β 2ω 2 − 4β 3ω 3 + β 4 ω 4 )φ − 24γ 1φ 3 − 24γ 2 φ 5 = 0 . (11)

Differentiating Eq. (10) and substituting the result into Eq. (11), we have the equation

Aφ′′ + Bφ + Cφ 3 + Dφ 5 = 0 , (12)

where the coefficients A, B, C, and D have the forms

A = 12β 2β 3 − 6λβ 4 + 12β 23ω − 6β 2β 4 ω − 15β 3β 4 ω 2 + 5β 24 ω 3 ,

B = (β 3 − β 4 ω)(24k − 12β 2ω 2 − 4β 3ω 3 + β 4 ω 4 ) ,

C = −24γ 1 (β 3 − β 4 ω) ,

D = −24γ 2 (β 3 − β 4 ω) ,

where β 3 ≠ β 4 ω .
THE FIRST INTEGRAL METHOD AND ITS APPLICATION FOR DERIVING THE EXACT SOLUTIONS 83

Let us now solve Eq. (12) using the first integral method. To this end, we set

X(ξ) = φ(ξ) , Y (ξ) = φ′(ξ) . (13)

Then we have

⎡B C D ⎤
X ′(ξ) = Y (ξ) , Y ′(ξ) = − ⎢ X + X 3 + X 5 ⎥ . (14)
⎣A A A ⎦

According to the first integral method, we assume that X(ξ) and Y (ξ) are nontrivial solutions of Eq. (14)
m
and Q(X, Y ) = ∑ k=0 ak (X)Y k (ξ) is an irreducible polynomial in the complex domain C [ X, Y ] such that

m
Q(X, Y ) = ∑ ak (X)Y k (ξ) = 0, (15)
k=0

where ak (X) (k = 1, 2,…, m) are polynomials in X and am (X) ≠ 0 . Due to the Division Theorem, there exists
a polynomial [ g(X) + h(X)Y (ξ) ] in the complex domain C [ X, Y ] such that

m
dQ ∂Q dX ∂Q dY
dξ
= +
∂X dξ ∂Y dξ
= [ g(X) + h(X)Y (ξ) ] ∑ ak (X)Y k (ξ) . (16)
k=0

Let us now consider the following two cases.

Case 1. If m = 1.

In this case, we substitute (14) into (16) and equate the coefficients of Y k (ξ) (k = 0,1, 2) on both sides
of Eq. (16); we have the following system of equations

⎡ B C D ⎤
Y 0 : g(X)ao (X) = a1 (X) ⎢ − X(ξ) − X 3 (ξ) − X 5 (ξ) ⎥ , (17)
⎣ A A A ⎦

dao (X)
Y1 : = g(X)a1 (X) + h(X)ao (X) , (18)
dX

da1 (X)
Y2: = h(X)a1 (X) . (19)
dX

Since ak (X) (k = 0,1) are polynomials, from Eq. (19) we deduce that a1 (X) is a constant and h(X) = 0 .
For simplicity we take a1 (X) = 1. Balancing the degrees of g(X) and a0 (X), we conclude that deg(g(X)) = 2
and deg ( a0 (X) ) = 3 . Thus we have

g(X) = A2 X 2 + A1 X + A0 , (20)

1 1
a0 (X) = A2 X 3 + A1 X 2 + A0 X + B0 , (21)
3 2
84 ELSAYED M. E. ZAYED AND YASSER A. AMER

where A2 , A1 , A0 , and B0 are constants to be determined, such that A2 ≠ 0 . Substituting (20), (21) in-
to (17) and setting the coefficients of powers of X(ξ) to zero, we obtain the following system of algebraic
equations:

1 2 D
X5 : A2 = − ,
3 A

5
X4 : A1A2 = 0 ,
6

4 1 C
X3 : A0 A2 + A12 = − ,
3 2 A

X 0 : A0 B0 = 0 ,

3
X 2 : A2 B0 + A0 A1 = 0 ,
2

B
X : A1B0 + A02 = − .
A

Solving the above algebraic equations, we have

3D −B
A2 = ± − , A1 = 0 , B0 = 0 , A0 = ± , (22)
A A

D B
where , < 0 , which satisfy the condition
A A

3 2
DB = C . (23)
16

Therefore, Eq. (21) becomes

D 3 −B
a0 (X) = ± − X (ξ) ± X. (24)
3A A

From (13), (15), and (24) we have the equation

D 3 −B
φ′(ξ) =  − φ (ξ)  φ(ξ) . (25)
3A A

In order to solve Eq. (25), we refer to the Bernoulli equation [43]

V ′(ξ) = aV (ξ) + bV α (ξ) , (26)

THE FIRST INTEGRAL METHOD AND ITS APPLICATION FOR DERIVING THE EXACT SOLUTIONS 85

where a, b, α ∈ R , ab ≠ 0 , α ≠ 1 . Its general solution has the form

1
⎡ −a b ⎤ α−1
V (ξ) = ⎢ ⎥
⎣ ξ 0 exp[a(1 − α)ξ] + 1 ⎦

⎧ 1
⎪ ⎧ −a ⎡ ⎛ a(α − 1) ln ξ 0 ⎞ ⎤ ⎫ α−1
tanh ⎜ ξ− ⎟ +1⎥ ⎬ if ξ 0 > 0,
⎪ ⎨⎩ 2b ⎢⎣ ⎝ 2 2 ⎠ ⎦⎭
⎪
⎪ 1
⎪ ⎧ −a ⎡ ⎛ a(α − 1) ln(−ξ )
0 ⎞ ⎤ ⎫ α−1
= ⎨⎨
2b ⎢ coth ⎜⎝ 2
ξ−
2
⎟⎠ + 1 ⎥ ⎬ if ξ 0 < 0, (27)
⎪⎩ ⎣ ⎦⎭
⎪ 1
⎪ ⎛ a ⎞ α−1
⎪⎜ − ⎟ if ξ 0 = 0.
⎪⎝ b ⎠
⎩

−B −D
Setting a = ± , b=± , α = 3 in (26) and (27), we have the general solutions of Eq. (25). Sub-
A 3A
stituting these solutions into Eq. (9), we have the following exact solutions of Eq. (1):

⎧ 1
⎪ ⎧⎪ 1 3B ⎡ ⎛ −B ln ξ 0 ⎞ ⎤ ⎫⎪ 2
⎪ ⎨ ± 2 D ⎢ tanh ⎜ ξ− ⎟ + 1 ⎥ ⎬ ei(kx−ωt ) if ξ 0 > 0,
⎝ A 2 ⎠ ⎦ ⎪⎭
⎪ ⎩⎪ ⎣
⎪ 1
⎪⎧
⎪ ⎪ 1 3B ⎡ ⎛ −B ln(−ξ 0 ) ⎞ ⎤ ⎫⎪ 2 i(kx−ωt )
u(x, t) = ⎨ ⎨ ± ⎢ coth ⎜ ξ− ⎟⎠ + 1 ⎥⎬ e if ξ 0 < 0, (28)
⎪ ⎪⎩ 2 D ⎣ ⎝ A 2 ⎦ ⎪⎭
⎪ 1
⎪
⎪ −⎛ 3B ⎞ 2 i(kx−ωt )
⎟ e if ξ 0 = 0.
⎪ ⎜⎝ D ⎠
⎪⎩

Comparing our results (28) with the well-known results obtained in [37, 38], we conclude that our results
are new and not published elsewhere.

Case 2. If m = 2.

In this case, we deduce from Eqs. (14)–(16) that

Q[X(ξ), Y (ξ)] = ao (X) + a1 (X)Y (ξ) + a2 (X)Y 2 (ξ) = 0 (29)

and

⎡ dao (X) da1 (X) da2 (X) 2 ⎤

⎢⎣ dX + dX Y (ξ) + dX Y (ξ) ⎥⎦ Y (ξ)
86 ELSAYED M. E. ZAYED AND YASSER A. AMER

⎡ B C D ⎤
+ [ a1 (X) + 2a2 (X)Y (ξ) ] ⎢ − X(ξ) − X 3 (ξ) − X 5 (ξ) ⎥
⎣ A A A ⎦

= [g(X) + h(X)Y (ξ)][ao (X) + a1 (X)Y (ξ) + a2 (X)Y 2 (ξ)]. (30)

Equating the coefficients of powers of Y (ξ) on both sides of Eq. (30), we have

da2 (X)
Y3: = h(X)a2 (X) , (31)
dX

da1 (X)
Y2: = g(X)a2 (X) + h(X)a1 (X) , (32)
dX

dao (X)
Y: + 2a2 (X) ⎡⎣ −k1 X(ξ) − k2 X 3 (ξ) − k 3 X 5 (ξ) ⎤⎦ = g(X)a1 (X) + h(X)ao (X) , (33)
dX

Y 0 : g(X)ao (X) = a1 (X) ⎡⎣ −k1 X(ξ) − k2 X 3 (ξ) − k 3 X 5 (ξ) ⎤⎦ , (34)

where

B C D
k1 = , k2 = , k3 = . (35)
A A A

Since ai (X) (i = 0,1, 2) are polynomials, from (31) we deduce that a2 (X) is a constant and h(X) = 0 .
For simplicity we take a2 (X) = 1. Balancing the degrees of g(X) , a1 (X) and a0 (X), we conclude that
deg(g(X)) = 2 , deg(a1 (X)) = 3 , and deg(a0 (X)) = 6 . Therefore, we assume that

g(X) = A2 X 2 + A1 X + A0 , (36)

1 1
a1 (X) = A2 X 3 + A1 X 2 + A0 X + B0 , (37)
3 2

where A2 , A1 , A0 , and B0 are constants to be determined, such that A2 ≠ 0 . Substituting (36), (37) into (33)
and integrating it once with respect to X(ξ) . we get the polynomial

⎡k A2 ⎤ AA ⎡k A A A2 ⎤
a0 (X) = ⎢ 3 + 2 ⎥ X 6 + 1 2 X 5 + ⎢ 2 + 0 2 + 1 ⎥ X 4
⎣ 3 18 ⎦ 6 ⎣ 2 3 8 ⎦

⎡A B A A ⎤ 3 ⎡ A1B0 A02 ⎤ 2
+⎢ 2 0+ 0 1 ⎥⎦ X + k
⎢ 1 + + ⎥ X + B0 A0 X + d , (38)
⎣ 3 2 ⎣ 2 2 ⎦

where d is the constant of integration. Substituting (36)–(38) into Eq. (34) and equating the coefficients of
powers of X(ξ) we get a system of algebraic equations
THE FIRST INTEGRAL METHOD AND ITS APPLICATION FOR DERIVING THE EXACT SOLUTIONS 87

⎛1 1 2⎞ 1
X 8 : A2 ⎜ k 3 + A2 ⎟ = − A2 k 3 , (39)
⎝3 18 ⎠ 3

⎛1 1 2⎞ 1 1
X 7 : A1 ⎜ k 3 + A2 ⎟ + A1A22 = − A1k 3 , (40)
⎝3 18 ⎠ 6 2

⎛1 1 1 ⎞ ⎛1 1 2⎞ 1 1
X 6 : A2 ⎜ k2 + A0 A2 + A12 ⎟ + A0 ⎜ k 3 + A2 ⎟ + A2 A12 = − A2 k 3 − A0 k 3 , (41)
⎝2 2 8 ⎠ ⎝ 3 18 ⎠ 6 3

1 ⎛1 1 ⎞ ⎛1 1 1 ⎞ 1
X5 : A0 A1A2 + A2 ⎜ B0 A2 + A0 A1 ⎟ + A1 ⎜ k2 + A0 A2 + A12 ⎟ = − A1k2 − B0 k 3, (42)
6 ⎝3 2 ⎠ ⎝2 3 8 ⎠ 2

⎛ 1 1 ⎞ ⎛1 1 ⎞
X 4 : A2 ⎜ k1 + A1B0 + A02 ⎟ + A1 ⎜ B0 A2 + A0 A1 ⎟
⎝ 2 2 ⎠ ⎝ 3 2 ⎠

⎛1 1 1 ⎞ 1
+ A0 ⎜ k2 + A0 A2 + A12 ⎟ = − A2 k1 − A0 k2 , (43)
⎝2 3 8 ⎠ 3

⎛ 1 1 ⎞ ⎛1 1 ⎞ 1
X 3 : A2 A0 B0 + A1 ⎜ k1 + A1B0 + A02 ⎟ + A0 ⎜ B0 A2 + A0 A1 ⎟ = − A1k1 − B0 k2 , (44)
⎝ 2 2 ⎠ ⎝3 2 ⎠ 2

⎛ 1 1 ⎞
X 2 : A2 d + A1A0 B0 + A0 ⎜ k1 + A1B0 + A02 ⎟ = − A0 k1, (45)
⎝ 2 2 ⎠

X 1 : A1d + A02 B0 = − B0 k1 , (46)

X 0 : A0 d = 0 . (47)

Solving the algebraic equations (39)-(47), we have

3D −B
A2 = ±2 − , A1 = 0 , B0 = 0 , d = 0, A0 = ±2 , (48)
A A

D B
where , < 0 , satisfying the condition
A A
3 2
DB = C , (49)
16

which has the same form (23). From (48) and (49) the functions a0 (X) and a1 (X) become

D 6 C 4 B 2
a0 (X) = − X (ξ) + X − X (50)
3A 2A A
88 ELSAYED M. E. ZAYED AND YASSER A. AMER

and

−D 3 −B
a1 (X) = ± X (ξ) ± 2 X. (51)
3A A

Substituting (50) and (51) into (29) and using (13), we have the same equation (25). Consequently, we have
the same solutions (28). Finally, we note that the two cases m = 1 and m = 2 give the same exact solu-
tions (28) of the Schrödinger equation (1).

Remark 1. For the case m ≥ 3, the discussions become more complicated, which are omitted here and are
left as an open problem for researchers.

4. Further Results for Eq. (1)

In this section, we use a direct method to solve Eq. (12) and obtain new exact solutions for Eq. (1) which
are different from the results obtained in Sec. 3. To this end, we multiply Eq. (12) by φ′(ξ) and integrate once
with respect to ξ ; we get the auxiliary equation

φ′ 2 (ξ) = a1φ 2 (ξ) + b1φ 4 (ξ) + c1φ 6 (ξ) , (52)

where

B C D
a1 = − , b1 = − , c1 = − (53)
A 2A 3A

with zero constant of integration. With refer to [44–48], where we see that Eq. (52) has many solutions. With the
aid of these solutions, we write down the following exact solutions of Eq. (1):

B
(i) If < 0 , ε = ±1 , we have
A
1
⎧ ⎛ −B ⎞ ⎫2
⎪ −6BC Sech 2 ⎜ ξ ⎪
⎪ ⎝ A ⎟⎠ ⎪
u(x, t) = ⎨ 2 ⎬ exp[i(kx − ωt)] (54)
⎪ 2 ⎡ ⎛ −B ⎞ ⎤ ⎪
⎪ 3D − 4BD ⎢ 1 + ε tanh ⎜⎝ A ξ ⎟⎠ ⎥ ⎪
⎩ ⎣ ⎦ ⎭

or

1
⎧ ⎛ −B ⎞ ⎫2
⎪ 6BC cosech 2 ⎜ ξ ⎪
⎪ ⎝ A ⎟⎠ ⎪
u(x, t) = ⎨ 2 ⎬ exp[i(kx − ωt)] (55)
⎪ 2 ⎡ ⎛ −B ⎞ ⎤ ⎪
⎪ 3D − 4BD ⎢ 1 + ε coth ⎜⎝ A ξ ⎟⎠ ⎥ ⎪
⎩ ⎣ ⎦ ⎭
THE FIRST INTEGRAL METHOD AND ITS APPLICATION FOR DERIVING THE EXACT SOLUTIONS 89

or
1
⎧ ⎫2
B ⎛ −B ⎞
⎪ − exp ⎜ 2ε ξ ⎪
⎪ A ⎝ A ⎟⎠ ⎪
u(x, t) = 4 ⎨ 2 ⎬ exp[i(kx − ωt)] . (56)
⎪⎡ ⎛ −B ⎞ C⎤ 64BD ⎪
⎪ ⎢ exp ⎜⎝ 2ε A ξ ⎟⎠ + 2 A ⎥ − ⎪
⎩⎣ ⎦ 3A 2 ⎭

B 3 2
(ii) If < 0 , ε = ±1, BD < C , we have
A 16

1
⎧ ⎫2
⎪ ⎪
⎪ −4B ⎪
u(x, t) = ⎨ ⎬ exp[i(kx − ωt)] . (57)
⎪ C + 2ε 1 C 2 − 4 BD cosh ⎛ 2 −B ξ ⎞ ⎪
⎪⎩ 4 3 ⎜⎝ A ⎟⎠ ⎪⎭

B 3 2
(iii) If > 0 , ε = ±1 , BD < C , we have
A 16

1
⎧ ⎫2
⎪ ⎪
⎪ −4B ⎪
u(x, t) = ⎨ ⎬ exp[i(kx − ωt)] (58)
⎪ C + 2ε 1 C 2 − 4 BD cos ⎛ 2 B ξ ⎞ ⎪
⎪⎩ 4 3 ⎜⎝ A ⎟⎠ ⎪⎭

or

1
⎧ ⎫2
⎪ ⎪
⎪ −4B ⎪
u(x, t) = ⎨ ⎬ exp[i(kx − ωt)]. (59)
⎪ C + 2ε 1 C 2 − 4 BD sin 2 B ξ ⎪
⎛ ⎞
⎪⎩ 4 3 ⎜⎝ A ⎟⎠ ⎪⎭

B 3 2
(iv) If < 0 , ε = ±1, BD > C , we have
A 16

1
⎧ ⎫2
⎪ ⎪
⎪ −4B ⎪
u(x, t) = ⎨ ⎬ exp[i(kx − ωt)] . (60)
⎪ C + 2ε 4 BD − 1 C 2 sinh 2 −B ξ ⎪
⎛ ⎞
⎪⎩ 3 4 ⎜⎝ A ⎟⎠ ⎪⎭
90 ELSAYED M. E. ZAYED AND YASSER A. AMER

(a) (b)

Fig. 1. The plot of the modulus of the first solution of (28) with ξ 0 = 1 and the modulus of the second solution of (28) with ξ 0 = −1
with A = λ = 1 , B = −1 , D = −3 .

B D
(v) If < 0, < 0 , ε = ±1 , we have
A A
1
⎧ ⎛ −B ⎞ ⎫2
⎪ −2B sec h 2 ⎜ ξ ⎪
⎪ ⎝ A ⎟⎠ ⎪
u(x, t) = ⎨ ⎬ exp[i(kx − ωt)] (61)
⎪ C − 4ε 1 BD tanh ⎛ −B ξ ⎞ ⎪
⎪⎩ 3 ⎜⎝ A ⎟⎠ ⎪⎭

or

1
⎧ 2 ⎛ −B ⎞ ⎫2
⎪ −2B cosech ⎜ ξ ⎪
⎪ ⎝ A ⎟⎠ ⎪
u(x, t) = ⎨ ⎬ exp[i(kx − ωt)] . (62)
⎪ C − 4ε 1 BD coth ⎛ −B ξ ⎞ ⎪
⎪⎩ 3 ⎜⎝ A ⎟⎠ ⎪⎭

B D
(vi) If > 0, < 0 , ε = ±1 , we have
A A
1
⎧ ⎛ B ⎞ ⎫2
⎪ −2B sec 2 ⎜ ξ ⎪
⎪ ⎝ A ⎟⎠ ⎪
u(x, t) = ⎨ ⎬ exp[i(kx − ωt)] (63)
⎪ C − 4ε − 1 BD tan ⎛ B ξ ⎞ ⎪
⎪⎩ 3 ⎜⎝ A ⎟⎠ ⎪⎭

or
THE FIRST INTEGRAL METHOD AND ITS APPLICATION FOR DERIVING THE EXACT SOLUTIONS 91

(a) (b)

Fig. 2. The plot of the modulus of the solutions (54) and (55) with A = λ = C = k = ω = 1, B = ε = −1 , D = −3 .

1
⎧ ⎛ B ⎞ ⎫2
⎪ −2B cosec 2 ⎜ ξ ⎪
⎪ ⎝ A ⎟⎠ ⎪
u(x, t) = ⎨ ⎬ exp[i(kx − ωt)]. (64)
⎪ C − 4ε − 1 BD cot ⎛ B ξ ⎞ ⎪
⎪⎩ 3 ⎜⎝ A ⎟⎠ ⎪⎭

B 3 2
(vii) If < 0 , ε = ±1, BD = C , we have
A 16

1
⎧⎪ −2B ⎡ ⎛ −B ⎞ ⎤ ⎫⎪ 2
u(x, t) = ⎨ ⎢ 1 + ε tanh ⎜ ξ ⎥ ⎬ exp[i(kx − ωt)] (65)
⎪⎩ C ⎣ ⎝ A ⎟⎠ ⎦ ⎪⎭

or

1
⎪⎧ −2B ⎡ ⎛ −B ⎞ ⎤ ⎫⎪ 2
u(x, t) = ⎨ ⎢ 1 + ε coth ⎜ ξ ⎥ ⎬ exp[i(kx − ωt)]. (66)
⎩⎪ C ⎣ ⎝ A ⎟⎠ ⎦ ⎭⎪

5. Physical Explanations of Obtained Results

In this section, we have presented some graphs of the modulus of the exact solutions (28) and (54)–(66)
constructed by taking suitable values of involved unknown parameters to visualize the mechanism of the origi-
nal equations (1). From these solutions we see that the modulus of the first two solutions of (28) as well as
the solutions (65) and (66) are kink and singular kink-shaped soliton solutions. The moduli of our solu-
tions (54)–(64) are bell-shaped soliton solutions, singular bell-shaped soliton solutions, hyperbolic solutions, and
92 ELSAYED M. E. ZAYED AND YASSER A. AMER

(a) (b)

Fig. 3. The plot of the modulus of the solutions (63) and (64) with A = λ = B = C = k = ω = 1 , D = −3 .

trigonometric periodic solutions respectively. For convenience, the graphical representations of some of the
moduli of these solutions are shown in the figures.

6. Conclusions

In this article we have solved Eq. (1) and found its exact solutions (28) by using the first integral method, and
its exact solutions (54)–(66) by using a direct method. The first integral method is a very powerful and effective
technique in constructing the exact solutions for a wide range of nonlinear PDEs in mathematical physics.
Comparing our results (28) and (54)–(66) with the results obtained in [37, 38], we deduce that our results are
new and not published elsewhere. Finally, we have checked our solutions with Maple by putting them back into
the original equation (1). In Sec. 5, we have presented figures of the modulus of some solutions, which express
the behavior of those solutions.

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