CAMBRIDGE IGCSE™ COMBINED AND CO-ORDINATED SCIENCES: WORKBOOK ANSWERS

Chemistry
Workbook answers
Any example answers to questions taken from past question papers, practice questions, accompanying marks and mark
schemes included in this resource have been written by the authors and are for guidance only. They do not replicate
examination papers. In examinations the way marks are awarded may be different.

Chapter 1
Exercise 1.1 Exercise 1.2
Focus Focus
1 A solid has a xed mass and volume / shape. 1 100
A liquid has a xed mass but its shape changes 90
to match that of the container in which it is 80
placed. A gas has no xed shape or volume.
70
Temperature / °C

A gas completely lls the container it is in.

60
2
50
40
30
20
solid liquid gas
10

Practice 0 1 2 3 4 5
Time / minutes
3 a B
b C 2 The student would need to use an oil bath
(instead of the water bath) so she could heat
c A the substance to a higher temperature.
d D 3 The substance is freezing (solidifying) /
turning from liquid to solid.
4 A – freezing (solidi cation); B – melting;
C – condensation; D – evaporation or boiling Practice
Challenge 4 The temperature stays constant because
energy is released as the substance solidi es /
5 a radon
the molecules are giving out heat as they
b radon and nitrogen stop moving from place to place and become
organised in a structured lattice arrangement /
c nitrogen in a solid the molecules can only vibrate
d cobalt about xed points / the heat released by the
formation of new interactions (forces) between
e The sample of ethanoic acid is impure. the particles keeps the temperature constant
The presence of impurities raises the until all the substance is solid.
boiling point of a substance.

Cambridge IGCSE™ Combined and Co-ordinated Sciences: Chemistry Workbook answers

C1 Joanna Haywood, Richard Harwood & Ian Lodge © Cambridge University Press & Assessment 2023
 CAMBRIDGE IGCSE™ COMBINED AND CO-ORDINATED SCIENCES: WORKBOOK ANSWERS

5 a Boiling: Boiling takes place at a speci c

Temperature / °C
temperature (the boiling point of the
liquid) / bubbles of gas form throughout
the liquid as particles gain suf cient energy
to form a gas bubble / the gas bubbles then
rise to escape the liquid and enter the gas
phase (state) / the boiling point of a liquid
Time / minutes changes with the atmospheric pressure /
the lower the atmospheric pressure, the
b The curve attens but the temperature
easier it is for the gas bubbles to form and
does not stay constant while the wax
the lower the boiling point.
solidi es. This is because wax is a mixture
of substances, not a pure compound. Exercise 1.3
Challenge Focus
6 a A – solid 1 a The purple crystals are soluble in water,
B – solid and liquid (the substance so the water begins to break up the
is melting) crystals and particles (ions) from the solid
move into the water. This continues until
C – liquid all the solid has dissolved. The particles
then move and spread out through
D – liquid and gas (the substance is boiling)
the liquid until the solution is evenly
b 17 °C coloured throughout.

c 115 °C b A shorter time – at a higher temperature,

the particles would have more energy
d The temperature remains constant until so they would move more quickly / the
the change of state is complete. process of diffusion would take place
e The melting point and boiling point are more quickly.
not those of water (0 °C and 100 °C). Practice
7 a The carbon dioxide is under pressure in ammonium hydrogen
the re extinguisher. 2 a → ammonia +
chloride chloride
b Hoar frost is a powdery white frost caused b NH3(g) + HCl(g) → NH4Cl(s)
when solid ice forms from humid air.
The solid surface on which it is formed Challenge
must be colder than the surrounding air. 3 a The smoke ring forms closer to the
Water vapour is deposited on a surface as hydrochloric acid end of the tube because
ne ice crystals without going through the ammonia molecules diffuse (move)
liquid phase. more quickly than hydrogen chloride
molecules / this is because ammonia
c Evaporation: The process of evaporation
molecules have a lower relative molecular
can take place at any temperature / it
mass (Mr = 17) than the hydrogen
takes place at the surface of the liquid
chloride molecules (Mr = 36.5) / ammonia
only / particles with enough energy can
molecules travel further in a given time.
escape from the surface / these particles
have suf cient kinetic energy to overcome b approximately 30 cm / approximately
the interactive forces between the particles two-thirds of the way along the tube
and break free from the surface into
the vapour (gas) phase / the rate of c hydrogen > methane > oxygen > chlorine
evaporation increases with temperature d G must have a molecular mass greater
as the energy of the particles increases than that of methane but less than that of
with temperature. oxygen / it must have an Mr between 16
and 32.

Cambridge IGCSE™ Combined and Co-ordinated Sciences: Chemistry Workbook answers

C2 Joanna Haywood, Richard Harwood & Ian Lodge © Cambridge University Press & Assessment 2023
 CAMBRIDGE IGCSE™ COMBINED AND CO-ORDINATED SCIENCES: WORKBOOK ANSWERS

4 The kinetic model states that the particles in 3 A – pure compound; B – pure element;
a liquid and in a gas are constantly moving. C – mixture; D – pure element; E – pure
In a gas, the particles are far apart from compound; F – mixture
each other and their movement is said to be
random. The particles in a solid are held in
Challenge
xed positions in a regular lattice. In a solid, 4 sodium chloride is a white solid – different
the particles can only vibrate about their from the elements; sodium chloride dissolves
xed positions. in water – different from the elements,
particularly sodium; sodium chloride is
Liquids and gases are uids. When particles neutral in solution – again different from the
move in a uid, they can collide with each two elements
other. When they collide, they bounce off
each other in different directions. If two gases 5 a iron is magnetic but sulfur is non-
or liquids are mixed, the different types of magnetic / iron is dark grey but sulfur is
particle spread out and get mixed up. This yellow / iron reacts with hydrochloric acid
process is called diffusion. but sulfur does not react with acid
In gases at the same temperature, particles b The fact that the mixture continues to
that have a lower mass move more quickly glow with heat shows that a chemical
than particles with higher mass. This means reaction is continuing to take place, and
that the lighter particles spread and mix more that this reaction is exothermic.
quickly. The lighter particles are said to diffuse
more quickly than the heavier particles. When c The product is no longer magnetic /
gaseous molecules diffuse, the rate at which the product reacts with acid but gives a
they do so is inversely related to the relative different product to that produced by the
molecular mass (Mr) of the gas. iron powder.

Exercise 2.2
Chapter 2 Focus
1 Atoms are made up of three
Exercise 2.1 different particles:
Focus • protons, which are positively charged
1 Compound Mixture • neutrons, which have no charge
The elements The substances can
• electrons, which are negatively charged.
cannot be be separated by
separated by physical methods. The negatively charged particles are arranged
physical methods. in different shells (energy levels) around the
The properties of The substances nucleus of the atom. These particles, electrons,
a compound are present still show have a negligible mass. All atoms of the same
different from those the same properties element contain the same number of protons
of the elements that as they have by and electrons.
make it. themselves. 2 a 3
The elements are The substances
combined in a can be present in b 4
definite proportion any proportions c 7
by mass. by mass. 7 Li
d 3
Practice
2 a distilled water; carbon dioxide; sodium
chloride; copper sulfate
b brass; lemonade; seawater; hydrochloric
acid solution; air

Cambridge IGCSE™ Combined and Co-ordinated Sciences: Chemistry Workbook answers

C3 Joanna Haywood, Richard Harwood & Ian Lodge © Cambridge University Press & Assessment 2023
 CAMBRIDGE IGCSE™ COMBINED AND CO-ORDINATED SCIENCES: WORKBOOK ANSWERS

Practice Exercise 2.3

3 The electrons in an atom are arranged in a Focus
series of shells around the central nucleus.
These shells are also called energy levels. In an 1 a
atom, the shell closest/nearest to the nucleus
Atom Proton Electronic configuration
lls rst, then the next shell, and so on.
number
There is room for: 1st 2nd 3rd 4th
shell shell shell shell
• up to two electrons in the rst shell
A 2 2
• up to eight electrons in the second shell
B 5 2 3
• up to eight electrons in the third shell.
C 13 2 8 3
The elements in the Periodic Table are D 15 2 8 5
organised in the same way as the electrons ll
the shells. Shells ll from left to right across E 19 2 8 8 1
the rows of the Periodic Table.
b one (the atoms of element B)
• The rst shell lls up rst, from hydrogen
to helium. c B and C

• The second shell lls next, from lithium d 3

to neon. e
• Eight electrons go into the third shell,
from sodium to argon.
• Then the fourth shell starts to ll,
from potassium.
Challenge
4 a Mg (magnesium)
b F ( uorine) Practice
c K (potassium) 2 a 38

5 a boron b 53

b phosphorus c 78

6 d 137 − 55 = 82
First Second Third Fourth e Isotopes are different atoms of the
shell shell shell shell same element that have the same proton
Beryllium 2 2 – – number but different nucleon numbers.
Magnesium 2 8 2 – 3 a B
Calcium 2 8 8 2 b E
c A and C or B and D
d B and D

Cambridge IGCSE™ Combined and Co-ordinated Sciences: Chemistry Workbook answers

C4 Joanna Haywood, Richard Harwood & Ian Lodge © Cambridge University Press & Assessment 2023
 CAMBRIDGE IGCSE™ COMBINED AND CO-ORDINATED SCIENCES: WORKBOOK ANSWERS

Challenge
4 a 2 protons; 2 neutrons; +2
b The gold atoms are packed together in a regular arrangement (lattice) / in layers / the atoms can
only vibrate about xed positions.
c This suggests that the atoms are largely empty space through which the α-particles passed.
d These α-particles made direct hits on the nuclei of the gold atoms. They were repelled backwards
because the nuclei of the atoms were positively charged and so were the α-particles.
5 a Isotope Name of element Atomic Mass (nucleon) Number of
number number protons neutrons electrons
12
6 C carbon 6 12 6 6 6
14
6 C carbon 6 14 6 8 6
1
H
1
hydrogen 1 1 1 0 1
3
1 H hydrogen (tritium) 1 3 1 2 1
31
15 P phosphorous 15 31 15 16 15
32
15 P phosphorous 15 32 15 17 15
127
53 I iodine 53 127 53 74 53
131
53 I iodine 53 131 53 78 53

b The chemical properties of isotopes of the same element are the same because the number and
arrangement of electrons in the isotopes are the same / the atoms of the isotopes all have the same
number of outer electrons.

Exercise 2.4
Focus
1 a A sodium cation (2,8) has one less electron than a sodium atom (2,8,1).
b A chloride anion (2,8,8) has one more electron than a chlorine atom (2,8,7).
c + –
Na Cl

d electrostatic forces of attraction between ions with opposite charge

e NaCl has a high melting point because the forces between the ions are strong so it takes a large
amount of heat to disrupt them.
Practice
2 A solution of an ionic compound in water is a good conductor of electricity. These ionic substances
are called electrolytes. – In a solution of an ionic compound, the positive metal ions and the negative
non-metal ions can move. These ions can move to the electrodes when a voltage is applied.
Ionic crystals have a regular shape. The crystals of each solid ionic compound are the same shape.
The angles between the faces of the crystal are always the same, whatever the size of the crystal. –
The ions in a giant ionic structure always have the same regular arrangement.

Cambridge IGCSE™ Combined and Co-ordinated Sciences: Chemistry Workbook answers

C5 Joanna Haywood, Richard Harwood & Ian Lodge © Cambridge University Press & Assessment 2023
 CAMBRIDGE IGCSE™ COMBINED AND CO-ORDINATED SCIENCES: WORKBOOK ANSWERS

Ionic compounds have relatively high melting points. – Strong attraction between the positive and
negative ions holds the giant ionic structure together. A lot of energy is needed to break down the
regular arrangement of ions.
A molten ionic compound (i.e. an ionic compound heated above its melting point) is a good conductor
of electricity. – In a molten ionic compound, the positive and negative ions can move. The ions can
move to the electrodes when a voltage is applied.
Challenge
3 a –

Na + Cl [Na]+ Cl

sodium chloride (NaCl)

(Note: If the student begins with a Cl2 molecule on the left, they should also include two Na atoms
and two molecules of NaCl.)
b An electron is donated from a sodium atom to a chlorine atom, this leads to the formation
of Na+ and Cl− ions. These ions are attracted to each other through electrostatic attraction.
This attraction is non-directional, allowing the formation of a 3D lattice of alternating positive
and negative ions.

Exercise 2.5
Focus
1 Name of compound Formula Displayed formula Molecular model
hydrogen chloride HCl H Cl
water H2O O

H H
ammonia NH3 N
H H
H

methane CH4 H
C
H H H

ethene C2H4 H H
C C
H H
carbon dioxide CO2 O C O

Cambridge IGCSE™ Combined and Co-ordinated Sciences: Chemistry Workbook answers

C6 Joanna Haywood, Richard Harwood & Ian Lodge © Cambridge University Press & Assessment 2023
 CAMBRIDGE IGCSE™ COMBINED AND CO-ORDINATED SCIENCES: WORKBOOK ANSWERS

Practice
2 Molecule Dot-and-cross diagram Displayed formula
ammonia (NH3) H N H
H N H
H
H
water (H2O) O
O H H
H H
hydrogen chloride (HCl) H Cl
H Cl

Challenge
3 Molecule Dot-and-cross diagram Displayed formula
nitrogen (N2) N N

N N

ethene (C2H4) H H
H H
C C
H H
C C

H H

methanol (CH3OH) H
H
H C O H

H
H C O H

Exercise 2.6
Focus
1 a There are several different forms of carbon. Two of them are called diamond and graphite.

Cambridge IGCSE™ Combined and Co-ordinated Sciences: Chemistry Workbook answers

C7 Joanna Haywood, Richard Harwood & Ian Lodge © Cambridge University Press & Assessment 2023
 CAMBRIDGE IGCSE™ COMBINED AND CO-ORDINATED SCIENCES: WORKBOOK ANSWERS

b Diamond Graphite
Diagram

one layer how the layers fit together

Type of bonding covalent covalent
Number of bonds 4 3
formed by each
carbon atom
Geometry around each tetrahedral trigonal planar
carbon atom

c Observation Explanation
Diamond is a very hard substance … … because all the atoms in the structure are
joined by strong covalent bonds.
Diamond does not conduct electricity … … because all the outer electrons of the
atoms are involved in making bonds.
Graphite is slippery … … because the layers in the structure are
only held together by weak forces.
Graphite conducts electricity … … because there are some free electrons
that are able to move between the layers to
carry the current.

Practice Challenge
2 a Graphite conducts electricity because not 3 a
all of the outer electrons of the carbon positive metal ion
atoms are used in the covalent bonding
that holds the atoms together in layers.
These ‘free’ electrons are able to move electron
in between the layers. When a voltage is
applied, they move in one direction and
carry the current.
b Graphite acts as a lubricant because there
are only weak forces between the layers of
carbon atoms in the structure. The layers
can move over each other if a force b i The electrostatic forces between the
is applied. metal ions and the delocalised sea of
electrons are strong, so a strong heat
is needed to overcome them.
ii The layers can slide over each other
without the bonding being broken.
This means that a metal can be drawn
out into wires.

Cambridge IGCSE™ Combined and Co-ordinated Sciences: Chemistry Workbook answers

C8 Joanna Haywood, Richard Harwood & Ian Lodge © Cambridge University Press & Assessment 2023
 CAMBRIDGE IGCSE™ COMBINED AND CO-ORDINATED SCIENCES: WORKBOOK ANSWERS

iii The delocalised electrons between the 7 C2O2H4

ions in the metallic structure are free
to move and can be made to ow in 8 The formula of a simple molecular compound
one direction. shows exactly how many atoms are bonded
together in each molecule. For example,
ethane has two carbon and six hydrogen atoms,
so its formula is C2H6. This is the molecular
Chapter 3 formula for ethane.

Exercise 3.1 The formulae used for giant covalent and

ionic compounds are the simplest ratio of the
Focus different atoms or ions in each compound.
1 a 1H; 1N; 3O
Exercise 3.2
b 1Cu; 2N; 6O
Focus
c 2N; 8H; 1S; 4O
carbon
d 1K; 1Mn; 4O 1 a methane + oxygen → + water
dioxide
2 a H b,c CH4(g) + 2O2(g) → CO2(g) + 2H2O(l)
1
Li B C N O F Ne
copper(II) zinc
1 3 4 3 2 1 0 2 a zinc + → + copper
Na Mg Al S Cl sulfate sulfate
1 2 3 2 1
K Ca transition elements Zn Br b ammonium chloride + sodium hydroxide
1 2 variable valency 2 1 → ammonia + sodium chloride + water

b H, Li, Na, K, Mg, Ca, Zn, Al c iron + oxygen → iron(III) oxide

c N, O, F, S, Cl, Br 3 a 2Na + Cl2 → 2NaCl

d Any two from H, B, C, N, O, F, S, Cl, Br b 2SO2 + O2 → 2SO3

3 a H 2S c Fe2O3 + 3CO → 2Fe + 3CO2

b B2O3 d 2PbO + C → 2Pb + CO2

c CS2 Practice
d NH3 4 a CuO

Practice b Na2CO3

4 12 carbon atoms + 22 hydrogen atoms + c ZnSO4

11 oxygen atoms = 45 atoms
d AgNO3
5 a PR2 (or R2P)
e (NH4)2SO4
b QR (or RQ)
f K3PO4
c Q2
g Fe(OH)3
d i ionic
h CrCl3
ii ionic
5 a 1:1
iii covalent
b 1:3:3
Challenge
c 2:8:1:4
6 a MgBr2; Mg2+ and Br−
6 a 2:1
b Ca3N2; Ca2+ and N3−
b K2O
c Al2O3; Al3+ and O2−

Cambridge IGCSE™ Combined and Co-ordinated Sciences: Chemistry Workbook answers

C9 Joanna Haywood, Richard Harwood & Ian Lodge © Cambridge University Press & Assessment 2023
 CAMBRIDGE IGCSE™ COMBINED AND CO-ORDINATED SCIENCES: WORKBOOK ANSWERS

Challenge
7 a Cl–
Na+ Na+

Cl– Na+ Cl–

Cl–
Na+ Cl–

Na+ Cl– Na+

b + –

Na+ Cl–

8 a Cl2(aq) + 2Br−(aq) → 2Cl−(aq) + Br2(aq) b Mg(s) + 2H+(aq) → Mg2+(aq) + H2(g)

c Fe2+(aq) + OH−(aq) → Fe(OH)2(s) d Zn2+(aq) + Mg(s) → Zn(s) + Mg2+(aq)

Exercise 3.3
Focus
1
One carbon atom is three
times as heavy as one
helium atom

H He C
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14
Li N
One helium atom is four One nitrogen atom is
times as heavy as one twice as heavy as one
hydrogen atom lithium atom

Carbon-12 is used as the standard

for relative atomic mass

20 4 x
2 5 tonnes zinc oxide → 4 tonnes zinc so 20 tonnes zinc oxide → 4 × = 16 tonnes zinc or: = ,
5 5 20
20
so x = 4 × = 16 tonnes of zinc
5
3 a Mass is conserved during a reaction, so the mass of the products equals the mass of reactants:
mass of reactants = 68 + 96 = 164 g
so, mass of water is 164 − 56 = 108 g.
b In the reaction shown, 68 g of ammonia is burnt. If the mass of ammonia burnt is 17 g, this is
17 1 1 × 108
= so the mass of water formed is = 27 g.
68 4 4

Cambridge IGCSE™ Combined and Co-ordinated Sciences: Chemistry Workbook answers

C10 Joanna Haywood, Richard Harwood & Ian Lodge © Cambridge University Press & Assessment 2023
 CAMBRIDGE IGCSE™ COMBINED AND CO-ORDINATED SCIENCES: WORKBOOK ANSWERS

Practice
4 Molecule Chemical Number of atoms or Relative molecular (or formula)
formula ions involved mass
oxygen O2 2O 2 × 16 = 32
carbon dioxide CO2 1C and 2O 1 × 12 + 2 × 16 = 44
water H2O 2H and 1O 2 × 1 + 1 × 16 = 18
ammonia NH3 1N and 3H 1 × 14 + 3 × 1 = 17
calcium carbonate CaCO3 1Ca 2+
and 1CO 3
2−
1 × 40 + 1 × 12 + 3 × 16 = 100
magnesium oxide MgO 1Mg 2+
and 1O 2−
1 × 24 + 1 × 16 = 40
ammonium nitrate NH4NO3 1NH4+ and 1NO3− 2 × 14 + 4 × 1 + 3 × 16 = 80
propanol C3H7OH 3C, 8H and 1O 3 × 12 + 8 × 1 + 1 × 16 = 60

Challenge
5 a
0.3
Mass of MgO / g

0.2

0.1

0
0 0.1 0.2
Mass of Mg / g

b The mass of magnesium oxide f From experiment: 0.12 g magnesium gives

produced increases if more magnesium 0.19 g magnesium oxide
is used. The increase is linear 0.19
(directly proportional). 1.00 g will give g magnesium oxide
0.12
c mass of MgO produced = 0.19 g Therefore 3.5 g will produce
(Note: Answers may differ slightly
because students’ lines of best t may be 0.19
× 3.5 = 5.54 g of magnesium oxide.
slightly different.) 0.12
g Magnesium is suf ciently reactive to
d 0.19 − 0.12 = 0.07 g
combine with nitrogen from the air to
0.07 produce magnesium nitride, Mg3N2.
e × 24 = 14 g
0.12

Cambridge IGCSE™ Combined and Co-ordinated Sciences: Chemistry Workbook answers

C11 Joanna Haywood, Richard Harwood & Ian Lodge © Cambridge University Press & Assessment 2023
 CAMBRIDGE IGCSE™ COMBINED AND CO-ORDINATED SCIENCES: WORKBOOK ANSWERS

Exercise 3.4 Challenge

Focus 4 a 128 g Cu = 2 mol Cu

1 a From equation: 1 mol Fe2O3 gives 2 mol 1 mol = 6.02 × 1023 atoms Cu
100 2 mol Cu = 2 × 6.02 × 1023 = 1.20 × 1024
Fe; 100 g of Fe = = 1.79 mol; mol of atoms of copper
56
1.79 b 4 g H2 = 2 mol H2
Fe2O3 needed = = 0.895 mol.
2
2 mol H2 molecules = 2 × 6.02 × 1023
Mr of Fe2O3 = (56 × 2) + (16 × 3) = 160;
mass of Fe2O3 needed = 0.895 × 160 = 1.20 × 1024 H2 molecules
= 143.2 g = 2.4 × 1024 H atoms
b 100 g of iron is 1.79 moles of Fe, so c Relative formula mass of Cu(NO3)2 =
0.895 moles of Fe2O3 are needed for the 63.5 + 2 × (14 + (16 × 3)) = 187.5
reaction. This is 143.2 g of iron(III) oxide.
Therefore, mass of one mole = 187.5 g.
c From answers to parts a and b: 143.2 g
Fe2O3 gives 100 g of iron so 143.2 tonnes Therefore, mass of 7.4 moles =
Fe2O3 gives 100 tonnes of Fe. 187.5 × 7.4 = 1387.5 g.
Therefore 71.6 tonnes of Fe2O3 are needed
to produce 50 tonnes of Fe. Exercise 3.5
2 a CaCO3 → CaO + CO2 Focus
b 1 mol CaCO3 gives 1 mol CaO (quicklime) 1 Triangle should have volume (dm3) at top,
moles at bottom left and 24 at bottom right.
100 g CaCO3 gives 56 g CaO or 100 tonnes
CaCO3 gives 56 tonnes CaO 2 volume (dm3) = moles × 24
56 = 2.3 × 24
1 tonne CaCO3 gives tonnes CaO
100 = 55.2 dm3
= 0.56 tonnes CaO
3 Mr(CO2) = 12 + 16 + 16 = 44 g/mol
Practice
mass
3 a Triangle should have mass at the top, moles =
Mr
number of moles at bottom left and molar
mass at bottom right. 17
=
44
b
= 0.386 moles
Substance Ar or Mr Number Mass / g volume = moles × 24 = 9.3 dm3
of moles
Cu 64 2 128.0 Practice
Mg 24 0.5 12 4 mean average = 82

Cl2 71 0.5 35.5 The three results are not the same because
it is dif cult to cut exactly equal lengths of
H2 2 2 4.0 magnesium ribbon. Also, the pieces of ribbon
S8 256 2.0 512 may not be exactly the same thickness or
width / gas may be lost as the magnesium is
O3 48 0.033 1.6 allowed to fall into the ask / there may have
H2SO4 98 2.5 245 been air in the measuring cylinder before the
experiment began.
CO2 44 0.4 17.6
NH3 17 1.5 25.5
CaCO3 100 1 100.0

Cambridge IGCSE™ Combined and Co-ordinated Sciences: Chemistry Workbook answers

C12 Joanna Haywood, Richard Harwood & Ian Lodge © Cambridge University Press & Assessment 2023
 CAMBRIDGE IGCSE™ COMBINED AND CO-ORDINATED SCIENCES: WORKBOOK ANSWERS

5 From equation: 24 g of magnesium (1 mole) Challenge

→ 24 000 cm3 of hydrogen
8 75 cm3
So 1 cm3 of hydrogen is produced from
9 25 cm3
24
= 0.001 g of magnesium 10 50 cm3
24 000
and 82 cm3 of hydrogen is produced from 11 2NO + O2 → 2NO2
0.001 × 82 = 0.082 g 50 cm3 25 cm3 50 cm3
(This answer could be calculated by other
proportionality methods.)
6 24 g of magnesium → 120 g of Chapter 4
magnesium sulfate
120
Exercise 4.1
so 0.082 g will give × 0.082 = 0.41 g
24 Focus
(This answer could be calculated by other 1 a power supply
proportionality methods.) – +
7 The key factor here is that 24 g of
magnesium will produce 120 g of dried
anhydrous magnesium sulfate (MgSO4) A
(see the equation).
• Weigh out a known mass of
magnesium ribbon.
– +
cathode anode
• React it with excess dilute sulfuric acid
until no more gas is given off and no
magnesium remains.
electrolyte
• Transfer the solution to a beaker of
known mass. heat if necessary
• Heat the solution to dryness, taking care
b graphite and platinum
to avoid it spitting.
• Allow to cool and weigh the beaker Practice
and residue. 2 A – 3; B – 1; C – 2; D – 4
• From the known data, calculate the mass
of crystals that 5 cm would have given. Challenge
3 Solid ionic compounds have ions which are
in a xed position in a lattice. These ions
cannot move. In molten and dissolved ionic
compounds, however, the lattice is broken
and so the ions are free to move. The ions
are charged so they can carry charge /
conduct electricity.

Cambridge IGCSE™ Combined and Co-ordinated Sciences: Chemistry Workbook answers

C13 Joanna Haywood, Richard Harwood & Ian Lodge © Cambridge University Press & Assessment 2023
 CAMBRIDGE IGCSE™ COMBINED AND CO-ORDINATED SCIENCES: WORKBOOK ANSWERS

Exercise 4.2
Focus
1 Molten electrolyte Product at Product at Observations of product at anode
anode (+) cathode (−)
lead(II) iodide iodine lead purple vapour given off
magnesium chloride chlorine magnesium green gas given off
zinc bromide bromine zinc red-brown vapour given off
calcium oxide oxygen calcium colourless gas given off

Practice
2 a chromate
b Chromate ions are negatively charged, so they move towards (are attracted to) the positive electrode.
c A blue colour (Cu2+ ions) will move towards negative and a yellow colour (CrO42− ions) will move
towards positive.
Challenge
3 During electrolysis, ionic compounds are broken down (decomposed) by the passage of an electric
current. For this to happen, the compound must be either molten or in solution in water.
Electrolysis can occur when an electric current passes through a molten electrolyte. The two rods
dipping into the electrolyte are called the electrodes. In this situation, metals are deposited at the
cathode and non-metals are formed at the anode.
When the ionic compound is dissolved in water, the electrolysis can be more complex. Generally,
during electrolysis, positive ions move towards the cathode and negative ions move towards the anode.
At the negative electrode (cathode), the metal or hydrogen ions gain electrons, forming metal atoms or
hydrogen molecules. At the positive electrode (anode), non-metals are formed as their ions or hydroxide
ions from the water lose electrons.

Exercise 4.3
Focus
1 Electrolyte molten lead(II) bromide dilute sulfuric acid
Ions present in solution Pb and Br
2+ −
H+, OH−, SO42−
Product at the anode bromine (Br2) oxygen (O2)
Product at the cathode lead (Pb) hydrogen (H2)
Observations during electrolysis brown gas forms at the anode, bubbles form at
metal forms at the cathode both electrodes

Practice
2 Solution (electrolyte) Gas given off Gas given off or metal Substance left in solution
at anode deposited at cathode at the end of electrolysis
concentrated bromine hydrogen potassium hydroxide
potassium bromide
copper(II) nitrate oxygen copper nitric acid
silver sulfate oxygen silver sulfuric acid
sodium nitrate oxygen hydrogen sodium nitrate

Cambridge IGCSE™ Combined and Co-ordinated Sciences: Chemistry Workbook answers

C14 Joanna Haywood, Richard Harwood & Ian Lodge © Cambridge University Press & Assessment 2023
 CAMBRIDGE IGCSE™ COMBINED AND CO-ORDINATED SCIENCES: WORKBOOK ANSWERS

Challenge
3 Electrolyte molten lead(II) bromide dilute sulfuric acid
Half-equation at anode 2Br → Br2 + 2e
− −
4OH− → O2 + 2H2O + 4e−
Half-equation at cathode Pb2+ + 2e− → Pb 2H+ + 2e− → H2

Exercise 4.4 Challenge

Focus 3 a H2(g) → 2H+(aq) + 2e−

1 a copper(II) chloride → copper + chlorine b O2(g) + 4H+(aq) + 4e− → 2H2O(l)

CuCl2(aq) → Cu(s) + Cl2(g) c 2H2(g) + O2(g) → 2H2O(l)

b Copper metal is deposited at the cathode,

increasing its mass.
Chapter 5
Practice
2 a cathode: Cu2+(aq) + 2e− → Cu(s) Exercise 5.1
anode: Cu(s) → Cu2+(aq) + 2e− Focus
1
b i mass increases as copper is deposited
Type of reaction Statement/ Fact
ii mass decreases as copper dissolves
the temperature
away from anode decreases
Challenge heat energy is
3 The blue colour is due to the copper ions exothermic given out to the
surroundings
present in the solution / the copper ions
discharged at the cathode are replaced by the temperature
those dissolving into solution at the anode / so increases
the colour does not fade. combustion is an
endothermic example of this
Exercise 4.5 type of reaction
heat energy is
Focus taken in from the
1 left-hand side: negative electrode is the surroundings
cathode; hydrogen (from tank) in; water
(vapour) out Practice
right-hand side: positive electrode is 2 a exothermic
the anode; oxygen (from air) in; water b The chemicals might burst the container
(vapour) out and mix with the drink.
Practice c Leave an empty space above
2 a The only waste product is non-polluting the chemicals.
water / they do not need recharging / they d calcium oxide + water → calcium hydroxide
are more ef cient than a petrol engine.
CaO + H2O → Ca(OH)2
b There will need to be increased availability
of hydrogen refuelling stations / there will
need to be a move to ‘greener’ sustainable
sources of hydrogen rather than from
fossil fuel sources.

Cambridge IGCSE™ Combined and Co-ordinated Sciences: Chemistry Workbook answers

C15 Joanna Haywood, Richard Harwood & Ian Lodge © Cambridge University Press & Assessment 2023
 CAMBRIDGE IGCSE™ COMBINED AND CO-ORDINATED SCIENCES: WORKBOOK ANSWERS

Challenge The enthalpy change for a reaction is the

difference between the energy taken in
3 a Advantage: can be used when bonds are broken and the energy
anywhere instantly. given out when bonds are formed.
Disadvantage: cannot be re-used. Practice
b Apparatus: measuring cylinder, beaker, 2 a i
balance (other equipment may be used as
long as it allows the method to work).
CaO + CO2

Energy / kJ
Fair test: control variables – volume
endothermic
of water.
CaCO3
Use a known amount of water, measure
the temperature and then add a series
of known masses of ammonium
nitrate. Measure the temperature after Progress of reaction
each addition. Plot a graph to show
temperature change against mass of ii
ammonium nitrate added. Use the graph
to determine the mass needed to reduce CH4 + 2O2

Energy / kJ
the temperature to 5 °C. (Other methods exothermic
are possible but they must work.)
CO2 + 2H2O
Exercise 5.2
Focus
Progress of reaction
1 a In an exothermic reaction, the reactants /
products have more thermal energy than b i ∆H (difference between reactants and
the reactants / products. This means products) labelled as +ive
that thermal energy / potential energy is
transferred to / from the surroundings. ii ∆H labelled as −ive
As a result, the temperature of the Challenge
surroundings increases / decreases.
3 a A – reactants; B – activation energy;
In an endothermic reaction, the C – energy change / enthalpy of reaction;
reactants / products have more thermal D – products
energy than the reactants / products.
This means that energy is transferred b
to / from the surroundings and the
temperature of the surroundings
increases / decreases. Activation energy
= +2000 kJ/mol
Energy / kJ

The enthalpy change, ∆H, of a reaction

N2 + 3H2
is a measure of the thermal / potential
energy change during a reaction. For Enthalpy change
an exothermic reaction, ∆H is negative / of reaction, ΔH
positive. For an endothermic reaction, ∆H
2NH3
is negative / positive.
b When bonds are broken, energy has to be Progress of reaction
added to the system and so the reaction
is endothermic. When bonds are made,
energy is given out by the system and so
the reaction is exothermic.

Cambridge IGCSE™ Combined and Co-ordinated Sciences: Chemistry Workbook answers

C16 Joanna Haywood, Richard Harwood & Ian Lodge © Cambridge University Press & Assessment 2023
 CAMBRIDGE IGCSE™ COMBINED AND CO-ORDINATED SCIENCES: WORKBOOK ANSWERS

d The colour change (from yellow to white)

Chapter 6 as the zinc oxide cools down is a physical
change. This change is easily reversed:
Exercise 6.1 when the zinc oxide is heated, it turns
yellow again.
Focus
1 When a physical change takes place, the Exercise 6.2
bonding within the substance undergoing
the change is unchanged chemically. When a Focus
chemical change takes place, the substance 1 a B has the greater surface area because
or substances formed are different from the more surfaces are exposed.
starting substance.
b calcium carbonate (s) + hydrochloric acid
Physical changes are easy to reverse, so we (aq) → calcium chloride (aq) + water (l) +
can easily go back to the starting substance. carbon dioxide (g)
Chemical changes are dif cult to reverse,
so it is more dif cult to form the starting 2 The mass decreases because carbon dioxide is
substance again. given off and leaves the solution.

Practice Practice
2 a Ice melting is a physical change because 3 temperature of acid; concentration of acid;
the ice and water are chemically the same / volume of acid; mass of marble chips
both H2O. Melting is also easy to reverse.
4 temperature: If temperature is increased, the
b Magnesium burning in air is a chemical particles of acid move more quickly. This will
change because a new compound, mean they collide with the solid surface more
magnesium oxide, is formed. Also, it is frequently and with greater force, so there are
dif cult to reverse the change and lots of more collisions with an energy greater than
energy is given out in the reaction. the activation energy.

c Salt dissolving in water is a physical concentration of acid: If the concentration

change because the salt and water are of acid is increased, the acid particles will be
chemically unchanged; the salt has just more crowded. This will mean they collide
dissolved. The dissolving can be reversed more frequently, so there is more chance of
by evaporation of the water. a reaction.

Challenge volume of acid: If a greater volume of acid (of

the same concentration) is present, then the
3 a reaction will take place for longer. As long as
colourless
gas = carbon
the acid covers the chips, it does not affect the
dioxide initial rate of reaction.

heat
mass of solid (of same particle size): If more
solid zinc solid is present, the reaction will continue
carbonate
(ZnCO3) for longer.
cool 5 In the reaction between calcium carbonate
hot cold
solid (yellow) solid (white) and hydrochloric acid, the acid particles
zinc oxide heat zinc oxide can only collide and react with the calcium
carbonate particles on the outside of the
b ZnCO3 → ZnO + CO2 pieces. The calcium carbonate particles on the
inside cannot react.
c Chemical – new substances (zinc oxide
and carbon dioxide) are formed from the In the smaller pieces, the surface area is
zinc carbonate. greater so more of the outside particles are
exposed to the acid. The acid particles can
therefore react with more calcium carbonate
particles and more reactions take place.

Cambridge IGCSE™ Combined and Co-ordinated Sciences: Chemistry Workbook answers

C17 Joanna Haywood, Richard Harwood & Ian Lodge © Cambridge University Press & Assessment 2023
 CAMBRIDGE IGCSE™ COMBINED AND CO-ORDINATED SCIENCES: WORKBOOK ANSWERS

Challenge 7 a Increasing the surface area of a solid

reactant increases the rate of reaction.
6 a
b The same amount of reactants (calcium
Time Flask A Flask B carbonate and acid) was used.
/s Mass / g Loss in Mass / g Loss in
mass / g mass / g Exercise 6.3
0 240.86 0.00 240.86 0.00
Focus
30 240.65 0.21 240.35 0.51
1 The concentration of a solution / solvent is a
60 240.40 0.46 240.08 0.78 measure of the number of particles of solute /
90 240.21 0.65 239.99 0.87 solvent per unit volume / area.
120 240.10 0.76 239.95 0.91 As we increase / decrease the pressure of a gas,
150 240.05 0.81 239.92 0.94 we increase the number of particles per unit
180 239.95 0.91 239.90 0.96 volume / area.
210 239.94 0.92 239.88 0.98 2 The third box should have eight lled circles.
240 239.90 0.96 239.87 0.99 The reason for this is that the concentration
is equal to the rst box, which has two
270 239.88 0.98 239.86 1.00
closed circles. However, the volume in the
300 239.87 0.99 239.86 1.00 third box is four times the volume of the
330 239.86 1.00 239.86 1.00 rst box (4 dm3 instead of 1 dm3) so we need
360 239.86 1.00 239.86 1.00 four times as many solute particles for the
same concentration.
390 239.86 1.00 239.86 1.00
420 239.86 1.00 239.86 1.00
Practice
450 239.86 1.00 239.86 1.00 3 a Mg(s) + 2HCl(aq) → MgCl2(aq) + H2(g)
b A – delivery tube; B – clamp;
b 1.2 C – gas syringe
c time and volume of gas
1
4
0.8
loss in mass / g

0.6

0.4
Low pressure High pressure

0.2
Challenge
5 a 440 s
0
0 200 400 600 maximum volume
b average rate =
Time / s time taken to complete
loss in mass for smaller pieces the reaction
loss in mass for large pieces 100
=
440
c Smaller pieces. The graph is steeper at the = 0.23 cm3/s
beginning and reaches the maximum loss
in mass more quickly.

Cambridge IGCSE™ Combined and Co-ordinated Sciences: Chemistry Workbook answers

C18 Joanna Haywood, Richard Harwood & Ian Lodge © Cambridge University Press & Assessment 2023
 CAMBRIDGE IGCSE™ COMBINED AND CO-ORDINATED SCIENCES: WORKBOOK ANSWERS

6 a The line (X) should be steeper at rst, c As the reaction proceeds, sulfur is
levelling off to the same maximum produced and the reaction mixture
volume as the original line. becomes cloudy. When a certain amount
of sulfur has been formed, the mixture
120 will be so cloudy that the cross is no
X longer visible. By measuring the time until
100
Volume of gas / cm3

the cross is obscured, we are measuring

80 the time taken for a certain amount of
sulfur to form.
60
d Sulfur dioxide is toxic and causes
40 respiratory distress, so the experiment
line for 5 cm Mg
must be carried out in a well-ventilated
20
room. The reaction mixture should be
0 discarded in a fume cupboard sink. Safety
0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 spectacles must be worn because of the
Time / s acid used.
b The line should be as steep as the original Practice
line at rst, levelling off to a maximum
volume of 50 cm3 because half the mass 2 When the temperature of a reaction mixture
of magnesium was used. is increased, the particles have more kinetic
energy and move around more quickly.
c An example tangent is shown. The slope Because the particles move around more
88 − 72 16 quickly at higher temperatures, they collide
of this line is = = 0.16 cm3/s more frequently and this increases the chance
100 100
of a reaction taking place. More importantly,
d As the reaction proceeds the acid is used when the particles do collide, the collisions are
up. Therefore, the concentration of the more ef cient. This means that more collisions
acid decreases and the rate of reaction have an energy greater than the activation
slows down. energy (the energy required for a reaction
7 An increase in pressure leads to a greater to occur).
number of collisions per unit time. The
proportion of collisions that lead to a reaction Challenge
will remain the same, so more collisions will
3 a
lead to more reactions / increase the rate
of reaction. Experi- Initial tem- Final tem- Mean tem-
ment perature perature perature
Exercise 6.4 / °C / °C / °C
1 24 24 24
Focus
2 33 31 32
1 a Na2S2O3(aq) + 2HCl(aq) → H2O(l) +
3 40 38 39
SO2(g) + S(s) + 2NaCl(aq)
4 51 47 49
b The sulfur formed is a solid and it makes
5 60 54 57
the solution cloudy. As the amount of
sulfur increases, the reaction mixture
becomes more cloudy.

Cambridge IGCSE™ Combined and Co-ordinated Sciences: Chemistry Workbook answers

C19 Joanna Haywood, Richard Harwood & Ian Lodge © Cambridge University Press & Assessment 2023
 CAMBRIDGE IGCSE™ COMBINED AND CO-ORDINATED SCIENCES: WORKBOOK ANSWERS

b Exercise 6.5
Focus
1 U, W, Q, P, V, T, R, S
Practice
100
2 a Copper(II) sulfate. It speeds up the
reaction (shown by the observation that
the bubbles of hydrogen gas form rapidly).
Time / s

However, it is changed chemically

during the reaction, forming copper
(the pink–brown solid). This newly made
copper acts as a catalyst and speeds up
50
the reaction.
b Copper. It speeds up the reaction and is
chemically unchanged at the end.
Challenge
3 a, b
0 Ea for uncatalysed
20 40 60 80 reaction
Mean average temperature / °C
Enthalpy change for
c Experiment 5
Energy / kJ

both catalysed and

reactants uncatalysed reactions
d This experiment was carried out at
the highest temperature. Increasing Ea for catalysed
the temperature increases the rate of a reaction products
reaction because the particles are moving
more quickly and therefore collide more
frequently. They also have more energy
when they collide and so are more likely Progress of reaction
to react.
e As the reaction mixture becomes cloudier
Exercise 6.6
(due to the production of sulfur), less Focus
light can pass though it. As a result, the
intensity/brightness of the light reaching 1 a both missing words are ‘water’
the light data-logger decreases. b oxidation
f 2 a oxidised
b loses
Practice
Light intensity

3 a top box: oxidation; bottom box: reduction

b i Zn(s) + Ag2O (s) → ZnO(s) + 2Ag(s)
ii Fe2O3 (s) + 2Al(s) → 2Fe(s) + Al2O3(s)
iii 3Mg(s) + Al2O3 (s) → 3MgO(s) +
2Al(s)
iv CO2 (g) + 2Mg(s) → C(s) + 2MgO(s)
Time

Cambridge IGCSE™ Combined and Co-ordinated Sciences: Chemistry Workbook answers

C20 Joanna Haywood, Richard Harwood & Ian Lodge © Cambridge University Press & Assessment 2023
 CAMBRIDGE IGCSE™ COMBINED AND CO-ORDINATED SCIENCES: WORKBOOK ANSWERS

Challenge Challenge
4 a The carbon monoxide gains oxygen and 3 a +2
is oxidised. The oxygen ‘loses oxygen’
(each atom of oxygen is no longer b +3
bonded to another oxygen atom) and is c +2
reduced. Therefore, both oxidation and
reduction have taken place and this is a d +4
redox reaction. 4 The magnesium has been oxidised: its
b The carbon monoxide gains oxygen and oxidation number has increased from 0 to +2.
is oxidised. The nitrogen monoxide loses The carbon has been reduced, because its
oxygen and is reduced. Both oxidation oxidation number has decreased from +4 to 0.
and reduction have taken place so this is a
redox reaction. (Oxygen remains as −2 throughout.)
c C7H16 + 11O2 → 7CO2 + 8H2O
The carbon and hydrogen both gain
oxygen and are oxidised. The oxygen
Chapter 7
‘loses oxygen’ and is reduced. Exercise 7.1
Exercise 6.7 Focus
1 Acids are substances that dissolve in water
Focus
to give a solution with a pH less than 7.
1 a i loss ii gain Hydrochloric acid has the formula HCl and is
a strong acid. Sulfuric acid (formula H2SO4)
b i Transfer 1e−
and nitric acid (formula HNO3) are also strong
Explanation: Sodium has lost one acids. In acidic solutions, the concentration of
electron and is therefore oxidised; hydrogen ions is greater than the concentration
chlorine has gained one electron and of hydroxide ions.
is therefore reduced.
Bases are the oxides and hydroxides of metals
ii Transfer 2e− and ammonia. A base will neutralise an
acid to form a salt and water. The solutions
Explanation: Calcium has lost two of bases have pH values greater than 7.
electrons and is therefore oxidised; Most bases are insoluble in water but alkalis
oxygen has gained two electrons and are bases that are soluble in water. KOH
is therefore reduced. (potassium hydroxide) and NaOH (sodium
Practice hydroxide) are both strong alkalis. In alkaline
solutions, the concentration of hydroxide
2 a Cu2+(aq) + 2e− → Cu(s) ions is greater than the concentration of
Electrode = cathode hydrogen ions.

Type of reaction = reduction Practice

2
b 2Cl−(aq) → Cl2(g) + 2e−
Electrode = anode Practical observation Acid Base Alkali
A solution of the ✓
Type of reaction = oxidation substance has a pH of 8.
c Al3+(l) + 3e− → Al(l) A solution of the ✓
substance turns litmus
Electrode = cathode paper blue.
Type of reaction = reduction (continued)

Cambridge IGCSE™ Combined and Co-ordinated Sciences: Chemistry Workbook answers

C21 Joanna Haywood, Richard Harwood & Ian Lodge © Cambridge University Press & Assessment 2023