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    Lesson 8. Mutation

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    ultranoms9

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    Lesson 8. Mutation

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    18 views31 pages

    Lesson 8. Mutation

    Uploaded by

    ultranoms9

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    MUTATION

    SCIENCE 10 - BIOLOGY

    Bohari A. Saro
    MUTATIONS
    are changes or alterations in DNA
    sequences. They usually manifest on
    our physical characteristics.
    HEREDITARY/GERMLINE MUTATIONS
    these are inherited from parents
    present in almost all the cells
    ACQUIRED/SOMATIC MUTATIONS
    occur because of lifestyle or
    environmental factors like
    exposure to chemicals or diseases
    GENE
    MUTATION
    GENE MUTATION
    an alteration in the sequence of
    nucleotides in DNA
    This change can affect a single
    nucleotide pair or larger gene
    segments of a chromosome.
    TYPES OF GENE MUTATION

    1. POINT MUTATION
    2. FRAMESHIFT MUTATION
    POINT MUTATION
    change in a single nucleotide
    types: deletions, insertions, or
    substitutions of one nucleotide in a
    gene
    Silent:
    a type of mutation where no
    observable effect is observed on the
    phenotype of the organism as the
    result of the mutation
    Missense:
    a type of point mutation where the
    substitution of a base pair results in a
    different amino acid in the resulting
    protein.
    Nonsense:
    is a type of point mutation where the
    substitution of a base pair results in a
    premature stop codon.
    FRAMESHIFT MUTATION
    where the nucleotides of a DNA
    sequence are altered in a way that
    changes one or more codons.
    involving the insertion or deletion of
    a nucleotide
    CHROMOSOMAL
    MUTATION
    Karyotyping
    process of pairing and arranging the
    chromosomes based on its size to have a greater
    idea about the organisms.
    CHROMOSOMAL
    MUTATION
    affects a large portion of the DNA strand
    can happen in both the autosomal and sex
    chromosomes
    can manifest in a range of physical and
    developmental problems
    TYPES OF CHROMOSOMAL MUTATION
    1. Duplication
    2. Inversion
    3. Deletion
    4. Translocation
    Duplication
    involves the production of one or
    more copies of a gene or region of a
    chromosome
    is the inclusion of extra segments
    of genetic material, such that a part
    of a gene, all of a gene, or several
    genes are redundant.
    Duplication/Amplifications
    Inversion
    occur when a section of DNA breaks
    away from a chromosome during the
    reproductive process and then
    reattaches to the chromosome in
    reversed order
    Inversion
    Deletion
    loss of genetic material. It can be small,
    involving a single missing DNA base pair,
    or large, involving a piece of a
    chromosome.
    mistake in the DNA replication process
    which removes nucleotides from the
    genome. A deletion mutation can remove a
    single nucleotide, or entire sequences of
    nucleotides.
    Deletion
    Translocation
    chromosome mutations in which
    chromosome segments, and the genes
    they contain, change positions.
    occur within a chromosome
    (intrachromosomal) or between
    chromosomes (interchromosomal).
    Translocation
    a detached part of a CHROMOSOME
    becomes attached to another chromosome
    or parts of two chromosomes may be
    joined
    may be inherited or acquired. In many
    cases they cause no effect on the body
    because all the normal chromosomal
    material is present.
    Translocation
    Aneuploidy
    is a type of mutation that changes parts of
    a chromosome set, resulting in either the
    loss of one or more chromosomes or the
    addition of chromosomes.
    Aneuploidy
    Applications
    The mutations can be used as a method of designing
    special arrangements of genes uniquely to solve
    different biological issues.
    Chromosomal mutations are also essential at the
    applied level in medicine, plant, and animal breeding.
    These mutations play an important role in the
    evolutionary process by shaping the genomes and
    chromosomes of different organisms.
    Thank you

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