TITRATION LABORATORY: TITRATION OF HCl vs.

NaOH
Performance Task for General Chemistry 2
Laboratory Activity #1
Name: Scores:

CHENG, Reghis Joseph N.

IWAMOTO, Koji C.

LIDANGAN, Muhammad Hamdi M.

LO, Zachary Hanson M.

MANUEL, Simone Arabella R. * Content Performance Presentation Punctuality

TRAJANO, Anicia Riona A. Total

ZABAT, Rhysse Meighenne U.

Grade and Section: 12 STEM 5 Name of Instructor: Ms. Arlee B. Sarceda, LPT

Date Performed: November 21, 2024 Date Submitted: November 27, 2024

I. ABSTRACT

In this experiment, the neutralization reaction of acids and bases is observed through the titration of NaOH as the base and the
HCL as the acid. With the goal of determining the concentration of analyte needed to neutralize with the titrant. This is achieved
with the presence of Phenolphthalein, an acid-base indicator that determines the color change from clear to a shade of pink when
neutralization is achieved.

Trial 1 concluded at 9 minutes with 2.8mL of HCl used causing an over-titration resulting in a dark pink shade of
the neutralization reaction. As for Trial 2, concluded at 12 minutes with 2.5 mL of HCl used resulting in a light pink shade of
the neutralization reaction indicating a successful titration. Trial 3 concluded at 14 minutes with 3.1 of HCl used causing an
over-titration again resulting in a dark pink shade of the neutralization reaction. Lastly, Trial 4 concluded at 10 minutes with
2.6 mL HCl used causing an over-titration resulting in another dark pink shade of the neutralization reaction.

To conclude, the inconsistency of the used HCl and the resulting color of the HCl may be due to some of the HCl being
splashed onto the side of the Erlenmeyer flask when adding HCl causing it to over-titrate.
II. INTRODUCTION

The laboratory experiment focuses on the neutralization of acids and bases and titration, two important
concepts in chemistry. A neutralization reaction is a reaction that happens when an acid and a base react with
each other to form water (due to the combination of H+ and OH- ions) and salt as the products. Neutralization
reactions with a strong acid and base have pH levels of 7. Reactions with a weaker base have pH levels less
than 7 and vice versa. When a solution is neutralized, the salt formed is equal to the amount of the acid and the
base. The amount of acid needed is the amount that would give one mole of protons (H +) and the amount of
base needed is the amount that would give one mole of (OH-) (Libretexts, 2023).

In the aqueous solution used, the compound dissolved that produces the H+ ions is called the acid.
The compound that produces the OH- ions when dissolved in water is called the base. During the laboratory
activity, HCl acted as the acid and NaOH as the base. The neutralization reaction that took place is also a
double-displacement reaction (Vollbrecht, 2024) and is as follows:

HCl (aq) + NaOH (aq) → NaCl (aq) + H2O (l)

Since all of the OH- ions present reacted with all the H+ ions present. The net ionic equation of a
strong acid reacting with a strong base is:

H+ (aq) + OH- (aq) → H2O (l) + H2O (l)

The laboratory experiment was conducted to know the concentration of a secondary standard through
titration with a primary standard, titrate a sample of HCl with NaOH, and distinguish the endpoint of the
titration with the addition of an indicator in the sample.

In order to determine the concentration of the chemical in question, the experiment will make use of
the concept of titration, a laboratory technique and process used to determine the unknown concentration of
an identified analyte. It is a process in which a solution is added to another such that it reacts under conditions
where the volume that will be added can be accurately measured. Titrations are most commonly associated with
acid-base reactions, where the chemical of the unknown concentration is called the analyte or the titrant while
the standard solution of the reagent of the known concentration is called the titrant or the titrator. The titrant
is slowly dripped into the analyte with an indicator solution until the reaction between the titrant and analyte is
complete which causes a color change, signifying the end point, where the final volume of the burette is
recorded to identify the total volume used (Helmenstine, 2019).

The indicator is a substance that signals the endpoint of a reaction by changing color, Phenolphthalein
is the most common indicator used in an acid-base titration as they cause a change in color at neutralization
which makes it easier to see the end point of the titration (Iqbal, 2019).

It can be implied that when NaOH is added to the HCl solution, the concentration of the HCl solution
would slowly decrease which means that the pH levels would gradually rise. Since the solution would initially
have a lower pH level, as NaOH is gradually added, the pH would increase until it would reach around a pH
level of 7 for a strong acid-base titration. With the use of phenolphthalein as the indicator, a noticeable color
change should happen near the equivalence point. This relationship in the change of pH and the volumes of
NaOH that affects the concentration of HCl is an important concept of the acid-base neutralization with the
help of an indicator that produces water and salt and reminds us that even the smallest drops can completely
change the course of a titration.

III. MATERIALS
A. Chemicals/Reagents
 HCl (unknown concentration)
 2.5 M NaOH
 Distilled water
 Phenolphthalein indicator
B. Glassware/Equipment
 Iron Stand and Clamps
 200-mL Erlenmeyer Flasks
 250-mL Beaker
 Pipette
 Base Burette
 Fume Hood
 Aspirator Bulb
IV. PROCEDURE

The procedure for the preparation of the NaOH. First, use a pipette with an aspirator bulb to transfer
70 mL of 2.5mol of NaOH into the 250-mL beaker just like in Figure 1, while making sure that the measurement
is accurate just as shown in Figure 1.2. After this use 5-10-mL of the 70-mL NaOH and wash the base burette
for preparation to ensure that the glassware is clean and without the presence of any left substances from
previous use. Lastly, fill your base burette until it reaches the 50-mL mark just as shown in Figure 3, make sure
the stopcock is closed to prevent spilling.

Figure 1. Transferring of chemical Figure 2. Ensuring the accuracy of the

into the beaker. NaOH.

Figure 3. Filling of the burette with

NaOH
 The procedure for the preparation of the HCl. First, Clean 3 200-mL Erlenmeyer flasks, then add 15
mL of distilled water to each flask as shown in Figure 4. Next, measure 10 mL concentrated HCl using the 10
mL pipette and aspirator bulb Add the 10 mL of HCl to the Erlenmeyer Flasks with 15 mL distilled water as
shown in figure 5 and 6. Repeat the process with the other two Erlenmeyer flasks. Lastly, add 4 drops of
phenolphthalein indicator using a dropper as shown in Figure 7.

Figure 4. Adding of 15mL distilled Figure 5. Adding of HCl to the

water Erlenmeyer flasks.

Figure 6. Adding of HCl to the Figure 7. Adding 4 drops of phenolphthalein

Erlenmeyer flasks phenolphthalein indicator
 The procedure for the titration proper. After doing all the preparation, titrate the unknown HCl with
NaOH by opening the stopcock of the burette counterclockwise as shown in Figure 8, then carefully swirl the
Erlenmeyer flask. Repeat the process until a light color of pink has appeared in the solution as shown in Figure
9; if a darker shade of pink appears in the solution, then this means it has reached the over-titration point where
it is shown in Figure 10, you would have to repeat the process all over again. To obtain four trial results, the
experiment has to be done four times.

Figure 8. Opening stopcock of Figure 9. Mixture of NaOH and HCl

burette

Figure 10. Point of over-titration

V. TABLES AND OBSERVATIONS

 Table
Table 5.1. Volume of Chemical Components.

TRIAL 1 TRIAL 2 TRIAL 3 TRIAL 4

15mL of dH20, 15mL of dH20,
15mL of dH20, 10mL 15mL of dH20, 10mL
Vol of HCl 10mL of HCL, 4 10mL of HCL, 4
of HCL, 4 drops of of HCL, 4 drops of
solution drops of drops of
phenolphthalein phenolphthalein
phenolphthalein phenolphthalein
Vol of 41.6mL
NaOH
solution 50mL 47.2mL 44.7mL
before
titration
Vol of 39mL
NaOH
solution 47.2mL 44.7mL 41.6mL
after
titration
Vol of 3.6mL
NaOH used
in the 2.8mL 2.5mL 3.1mL
titration (at
endpoint)
Color of the Dark pink
solution at Dark pink Light pink Dark pink
endpoint
Concentrati 0.009𝑚𝑜𝑙
𝑀𝐻𝐶𝑙 =
on of 𝑀𝐻𝐶𝑙 = 𝑀𝐻𝐶𝑙 = 0.01𝐿
0.00625𝑚𝑜𝑙
0.007𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝑀𝐻𝐶𝑙 = = 0.00775𝑚𝑜𝑙 = 𝟎. 𝟗𝑴
0.01𝐿
unknown = =
0.01𝐿 0.01𝐿
𝟎. 𝟔𝟐𝟓𝑴
HCl 𝟎. 𝟕𝑴 𝟎. 𝟕𝟕𝟓𝑴
(compute
using
solution
stoichiomet
ry – show
this in your
postlab as
well)
Mol of HCl 2.5Mx0.0036L=0.00
(compute 9mol
2.5Mx0.0028L=0 2.5Mx0.0025L=0.0062 2.5Mx0.0031L=0.007
using
.007 mol 5mol 5mol
stoichiomet
ry)

Observations

According to Murmson in 2022, Analyte is a solution of an unknown molarity. When added with
water, you dilute the unknown solution but it does not necessarily change the experimental results of
the setup. You will still need to solve for its concentration and ensure that the measurements the
volume is accurate. One will be able to fully compute for the analytes’ concentration once the
experimentation process is done. So overall, it is not necessary to measure the volume of water added
to the analyte because it does not really change the fact that its concentration is still yet to be solved
for. In our case, HCl being our analyte, the volume of water added does not make a lot of significance
because we will only be determining its concentration once the experiment is concluded.

In order to preserve Sodium hydroxide, it must be stored in a locked-up container in a cool, dry,
and well-ventilated space. If a stock solution of NaOH was standardized a day before an experiment,
it is not necessary to standardize it again the on day of the experiment, as long as it is kept well stored
in a laboratory. But in cases where the stock solution of Sodium hydroxide is exposed to air, high
temperatures, and was stored improperly, it is important to standardize it again in order to get more
accurate results in an experiment.

In neutralizing dark soda, we can also utilize what we had used in this experiment as our base
which is the Sodium hydroxide. Sodium hydroxide can react effectively with acids present in the dark
 soda. For the dark soda, we can simply put it as acid that contains phosphoric acid, citric acid, and
carbonic acid. The procedure for this titration will almost be the same with the titration of HCl. We
will first be starting with removing the carbonic acid in the dark soda by heating it up. After this, we
will be adding drops of phenolphthalein to the dark soda in order for the titration to occur since it is
the one responsible for color change. Then titrate with the Sodium hydroxide. Make sure to record the
measurements accurately to avoid errors in succeeding trials.

VI. CONCLUSION
This laboratory experiment titled “Titration Laboratory: Titration of HCl vs NaOH” focuses
on trying to determine the unknown concentration of hydrochloric acid through the process of titration
with sodium hydroxide. During the experimentation process, 1 out of the 4 trials was successful, while
the rest were OT or over-titrated. Trial 2, which was successful titrated at 2.5mL while trials 1, 3, and
4 titrated at 2.6mL onwards. With 2.5mL as the benchmark for a successful titration, any amount of
Sodium hydroxide that went beyond it over-titrated. The experimenters can conclude that the data
gatherers is not accurate because some of the NaOH went to the side of the Erlenmeyer flask, thus
making the measurement somewhat unreliable. This experiment taught the importance of accuracy and
patience when it comes to conducting titration experiments. The experiment required precise and
careful drops of base in order to achieve the slim margin of a successful titration, as going too fast and
not observing subtle changes with the solution will just cause an over-titration.

VII. RECOMMENDATION
The following are the recommendations from the titration laboratory by the students:
1. Wear preventive measures like lab coats gloves, face masks, and lab goggles.
2. Study the pre-laboratory worksheet prior to doing the experiment.
3. Ensure that the Erlenmeyer flask is lined properly with the burette to avoid over-titration,
4. Make sure to take note of every difference in amounts of NaOH put into the HCl solution to
properly take note of the specific measurements needed for solution to titrate.
5. Be more patient in putting the titrant in the analyte as there is only a small room for error.
 VIII. REFERENCES
(Put all your references here in APA format. It may be books, articles, or online journals. Garamond, 11, justified.))
Helmenstine, A. M., PhD. (2019, May 7). What is titration? ThoughtCo. https://www.thoughtco.com/titration-
definition-602128

Iqbal, A. (2019, December 6). Titration Indicator | Types, Procedure & Indicators. Chemistry Dictionary.
https://chemdictionary.org/titration-indicator/

Libretexts. (2023, January 30). Neutralization. Chemistry LibreTexts.

https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Suppleme
ntal_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Acids_and_Bases/Acid_Base_Reactions/Neutralizatio
n
Vollbrecht, C. (2024, October 11). Acid base neutralization reactions. ChemTalk. https://chemistrytalk.org/acid-base-
neutralization-reaction/?
Murmson, S. (2022, March 24). The effects of water during a titration experiment. Sciencing.
https://www.sciencing.com/the-effects-of-water-during-a-titration-experiment-12072241/
Renae. (2024, November 5). Safe Handling Guide: Sodium hydroxide. CORECHEM Inc.
https://corecheminc.com/safe-handling-guide-sodium-
hydroxide/#:~:text=Sodium%20Hydroxide%20should%20be%20stored,disposal%20may%20vary%20by%2
0location.