Computer science, XI Ch#1: Overview of computer

UNIT 1
Overview Of Computers
Topic:
Introduction to Computers
” A computer is an electronic device that accepts data, processes it according to instructions
given by the user and give outputs(result).”

. The components of a computer include the Central Processing Unit (CPU), input devices, output
devices, primary storage, secondary storage, and communication devices. The CPU is the brain of the
computer, responsible for interpreting and executing instructions.

Explanation:Computers have become an essential part of our daily life. From

smartphones to industrial robots, computers can be found everywhere. They are used for various tasks
such as communication, data processing, entertainment, and controlling complex machinery

Computing Devices
The term "computing device" refers to any machine capable of performing calculations, whether simple
or complex. Computers are the fastest computing devices known to man. These devices can be
categorized into early and modern computing devices.

(a) Early Computing Devices

Abacus: Invented around 5000 years ago by the Chinese, it is considered one of the first
computing devices. Users perform calculations using beads on a rack. It was widely used in ancient
Greece, Rome, and China. The Chinese version, called Suanpan, became very popular. Though
calculators and computers have replaced it, the abacus is still used in some regions for teaching math.

Leibniz’s Mechanical Multiplier (1694): Created by

German philosopher Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz, this device could perform addition, subtraction, and
multiplication using gears and dials.

1
Computer science, XI Ch#1: Overview of computer

Difference Engine (1822): Proposed by English mathematician Charles

Babbage, it was designed to solve differential equations. Later, he developed the Analytical Engine, the
first generalpurpose computer.

Tabulating Machine (1889): Developed by Herman Hollerith, it was used

to process the U.S. census by employing punched cards.

Z3 (1941): German engineer Konrad Zuse developed this computer for designing airplanes
and missiles.

Mark I (1944): An allelectronic calculator developed by Howard H. Aiken in

collaboration with IBM. It used electromagnetic signals to solve both simple and complex arithmetic
problems.

ENIAC (1945): The first generalpurpose computer, developed by John Presper Eckert
and John W. Mauchly. It was 1,000 times faster than Mark I.

EDVAC (1945): Designed by John von Neumann, this computer introduced the concept
of stored programs.

UNIVAC1 (1951): The first commercially available computer, built by Remington

Rand.

Transistor and Integrated Circuits

The invention of the transistor in 1948 revolutionized computing devices, allowing for faster processing
and smaller sizes. Early supercomputers like IBM’s Stretch and SperryRand’s LARC utilized this
technology. The development of Integrated Circuits (ICs) by Jack Kilby in 1958 further enhanced
computing by integrating many electronic components onto a single chip.

3. Modern Computing Devices

2
Computer science, XI Ch#1: Overview of computer

Over the years, computers have evolved from large mainframes to portable devices such as laptops,
tablets, and smartphones. These modern devices offer powerful computing capabilities in compact, user
friendly designs.

Examples: Laptops for mobile computing, smartphones for communication and apps, and
smartwatches for fitness tracking and notifications.

Intel 4004 Chip (1971): Marked a significant advancement in computing by

placing all the core components (CPU, memory, input/output controls) on a single chip.

IBM PC (1981): Introduced for home, office, and school use, this personal computer
laid the foundation for the modern PC era.

Basic Operations of a Computer

Computers perform four fundamental operations: input, processing, output, and storage.

1 Input Operation
This involves capturing or accepting data through input devices like keyboards, mice, scanners, or even
data from other computers. The input can be in the form of text, commands, or digital files.

Example: Typing a document using a keyboard.

2 Processing Operation
The CPU processes the input data according to instructions provided by a program. During processing,
data is temporarily stored in memory for quick access.

Example: Calculating the sum of two numbers using a calculator app on your computer.

3 Output Operation
After processing, the result is displayed or presented through output devices like monitors, speakers, or
printers.

Example: Seeing the calculated result on the screen after pressing "=" on a calculator.

4 Storage Operation
Computers can save data for future use using various storage devices, such as Hard Disk Drives (HDDs),
Solid State Drives (SSDs), DVDs, and USB flash drives.

Example: Saving a word document to a hard drive for future editing.

3
Computer science, XI Ch#1: Overview of computer

 TYPES OF COMPUTER
Computers can be categorized into four main types:

1. Supercomputers
2. Mainframes
3. Minicomputers
4. Microcomputers

These are categories in terms of processing power, size, cost, efficiency, and the types of tasks they are
used for.

1. Supercomputers:
Super computers are the most powerfull and expensive computers that can process data
quickly.

Characteristics:

 Speed: Supercomputers are the fastest computers available, capable of performing trillions of
calculations per second (measured in FLOPS Floating Point Operations Per Second).
 Modern supercomputers: can exceed 1 exaFLOP (10^18 FLOPS).
 Size: Typically supercomputers are very large in size and can occupy entire rooms or even
floors of a building.
 Cost: Extremely expensive, often costing tens to hundreds of millions of dollars.
 Efficiency: Highly efficient for parallel processing tasks, such as weather forecasting, scientific
simulations, and complex calculations.
 Examples:
 Summit (USA) 200 petaflops: Summit is a supercomputer used for complex scientific research
and big data tasks.
 Fugaku (Japan) over 442 petaflops: Fugaku is the world's fastest supercomputer, used for
various scientific and medical studies.
 Sierra (USA) 125 petaflops: Sierra is a supercomputer focused on nuclear simulations and
national security research.
Advantages:
1. Extremely high processing power.
2. Capable of handling largescale simulations and complex calculations.
3. Crucial for research in fields like climate science, astrophysics, and artificial intelligence.

Disadvantages:
Very high cost.
Requires specialized environments (cooling, power supply).

4
Computer science, XI Ch#1: Overview of computer

Complex to program and maintain.

2. Mainframe Computers:
Characteristics:
These are the second powerful and expensive computers than supercomputers.

 Speed: Mainframes are powerful, though not as fast as supercomputers, with processing
speeds measured in MIPS (Millions of Instructions Per Second).
 Size: Mainframes are large, though smaller than supercomputers, often occupying multiple
cabinets.
 Cost: Expensive, but generally less costly than supercomputers, ranging from hundreds of
thousands to millions of dollars.
 Efficiency: Highly efficient for handling large volumes of transactions and data processing tasks.

Examples:

 IBM zSeries:
 IBM zSeries is a powerful mainframe computer used by large organizations for highvolume
transaction processing.
 Fujitsu GS21:
 Fujitsu GS21 is a mainframe computer designed for reliable and largescale business operations,
mainly in Japan.
Advantages:
1. Capable of processing large volumes of transactions simultaneously.
2. Highly reliable with extensive backup and recovery options.
3. Strong security features.

Disadvantages:
1. High cost.
2. Requires specialized environments.
3. Less versatile for generalpurpose computing compared to other types.

3. Minicomputers
Characteristics:

Speed: Moderate(slow,normal) processing power, typically measured in millions of instructions per

second (MIPS).

 Size: Smaller in size than mainframes, often the size of a small refrigerator.

5
Computer science, XI Ch#1: Overview of computer

 Cost: Less expensive than mainframes, typically costing tens of thousands to hundreds of
thousands of dollars.
 Efficiency: Efficient for small to mediumsized businesses or departments needing processing
power without the scale of a mainframe.
Examples:
 PDP11 (Digital Equipment Corporation):
PDP11 was a popular minicomputer known for its versatility and wide use in the 1970s and
1980s.
 AS/400 (IBM):
AS/400 is a midrange computer system by IBM, widely used for business applications and known
for its reliability.
Advantages:
1. Costeffective for mediumscale processing tasks.
2. Easier to maintain and operate than mainframes.
3. Versatile for a variety of business applications.

Disadvantages:
1. Limited processing power compared to mainframes and supercomputers.
2. Can be less efficient for largescale data processing.

4. Microcomputers (Personal Computers)

Characteristics:

 Speed: Typically ranges from 1 to 5 GHz in processing speed, depending on the CPU.
 Size: Compact and portable, often the size of a desktop or laptop.
 Cost: Relatively inexpensive, ranging from a few hundred to a few thousand dollars.
 Efficiency: Highly efficient for personal use, small business tasks, and general computing needs.
Examples:

1. Desktop PCs (Dell, HP): Desktop PCs are personal computers used for everyday tasks at home
or work, typically requiring a separate monitor and peripherals.
2. Laptops (MacBook, Lenovo ThinkPad):
Laptops are portable computers with builtin screens and keyboards, ideal for use on the go.
3. Tablets (iPad, Samsung Galaxy Tab):
Tablets are handheld devices with touchscreens, used for browsing, media consumption, and
light computing tasks.

Advantages:
4. Affordable and accessible to a wide range of users.

6
Computer science, XI Ch#1: Overview of computer

5. Versatile for a variety of applications, including business, education, entertainment, and

personal use.
6. Portable (in the case of laptops and tablets).

Disadvantages:
Limited processing power compared to minicomputers, mainframes, and supercomputers.

Less suited for largescale, intensive computational tasks.

Can become obsolete relatively quickly due to rapid technological advancements.

HARDWARE AND SOFTWARE

Software:
Definition: Software refers to the programs and applications that run on a computer, telling it what
to do. OR
Software is a set of instructions that tell the computer what to do and how to do.

It enables the computer to do something and operate the hardware.

Examples:
Operating Systems: Windows, macOS

Applications: Microsoft Word, Adobe Photoshop

Games: Minecraft, Fortnite

Hardware:
Definition: Hardware refers to the physical components of a computer that can be touch and seen
by us.

Examples:
Components: CPU, RAM, Hard Drive

Devices: Keyboard, Monitor, Printer

Differences Between Software and Hardware

7
Computer science, XI Ch#1: Overview of computer

Feature Software Hardware

Definition Programs and instructions that run on a computer. Physical parts of a computer that can be touched.

Examples Operating systems, applications, games. CPU, RAM, keyboard, monitor.

Function Tells the hardware what tasks to perform. Performs the physical operations as instructed by the software.

Tangibility Intangible (cannot be touched). Tangible (can be touched).

Creation Developed using programming languages. Manufactured using electronic and mechanical components.

Dependency Cannot function without hardware to run on. Requires software to operate and perform tasks.

Lifespan Can be updated and modified frequently. Has a fixed lifespan, affected by wear and tear.

COMPUTER SOFTWARE
Computer Software:
Definition: refers to the collection of programs, applications, and data that tell a computer how
to perform specific tasks. Unlike hardware, which is physical, software is intangible and exists as code
that can be stored and executed by hardware components.

Types of software:
The software is classified into two main types:

 System software
 Application software

System Software:
Definition: System software manages and controls the hardware components and provides a
platform for running application software.

It manages and controls your computer's hardware, making sure everything works together smoothly.

Example:
Operating Systems (OS): The Windows operating system that helps you use your computer.

8
Computer science, XI Ch#1: Overview of computer

Windows: Manages files, runs applications, and provides a graphical user interface (GUI) for users.

macOS: Apple's operating system for Mac computers, known for its smooth user interface and
reliability.

Linux: An opensource operating system used for servers, desktops, and more.

Features of System Software

1. Hardware Management:
o Controls and manages the computer’s hardware components like the CPU,
memory, and storage.
2. Operating System Interface:
o Provides a user interface (like Windows or macOS) to interact with the computer.
3. Resource Allocation:
o Manages and allocates system resources (such as memory and processing power)
to various programs.
4. System Security:
o Offers builtin security features to protect the system from unauthorized access and
malware.
5. Driver Support:
o Includes drivers that enable communication between the operating system and
peripheral devices like printers and graphics cards.

Application Software:
Definition: Software designed for specific tasks that you use directly, like creating documents or
browsing the web.

Example:
Google Chrome: for surfing the internet.

Microsoft Word: Used for creating and editing text documents.

Excel: A spreadsheet program for organizing data and performing calculations.

Mozilla Firefox: Another popular browser for internet access.

VLC Media Player: Plays video and audio files.

Adobe Photoshop: Used for editing images and graphics.

Minecraft: A popular sandbox game that allows users to build and explore virtual worlds.

Fortnite: An online battle royale game.

Features of Application Software

9
Computer science, XI Ch#1: Overview of computer

1. TaskSpecific Functionality:
o Designed to perform specific tasks, such as word processing, image editing, or web
browsing.

2. User Interaction:
o Provides tools and interfaces directly used by the enduser to complete tasks (like
buttons and menus).

3. Data Management:
o Allows users to create, manage, and manipulate data, such as documents, spreadsheets,
or media files.

4. Customization Options:
o Offers settings and features that can be customized according to user preferences or
requirements.

5. Output Generation:
o Produces results or outputs, such as printed documents, saved files, or displayed
content, based on user input.
6. Purpose:
7. System software acts as an intermediary between the user and the hardware, ensuring that
other software and hardware work together smoothly.

Types of system software:

System software manages and controls computer hardware and provides a platform for running
application software.

1. Operating System (OS)

Definition:
An operating system is the main software that runs on a computer, managing hardware
resources and providing services for application software.

Explanation:
It manages the hardware also monitor the execution of application programs and reside inside
the computer. It provides the platform for installation and running of programs.

Examples:
Windows: Used in most personal computers and laptops.
macOS: Used in Apple Mac computers.

10
Computer science, XI Ch#1: Overview of computer

Linux: An opensource OS used in servers and desktops.

Purpose:
To manage hardware, provide a user interface, and enable applications to run.

Features:

Recognizing input: from the keyboard.

Output: Sending output to the display screen.

User Interface (UI): Provides graphical (GUI) or command line interfaces for user interaction.
Resource Management: Manages CPU, memory, and storage.
File Management: Keeping track of files and directories on the disk.
Task Scheduling: Manages and schedules running applications and processes.
Security Features: Protects against unauthorized access and malware.

Characteristics:
Multitasking: Allows multiple applications to run simultaneously.
Multiuser Capabilities: Supports multiple users with different accounts and permissions.
System Resource Management: Allocates resources efficiently to different programs.

Advantages:
UserFriendly Interface: Makes interacting with the computer easier.
Resource Management: Efficiently handles hardware resources.
Security Features: Protects the system from unauthorized access.

Disadvantages:
Vulnerable to Malware: Can be targeted by viruses and malware.
Requires Updates: Needs regular updates and maintenance.
Resource Intensive: Can consume significant system resources.

2. Utility Software
Definition:
11
Computer science, XI Ch#1: Overview of computer

Utility software is a software that helps maintain, manage, and optimize the performance of a
computer.

Examples:
Password protection,virus protection and file compression etc.

Purpose:
To enhance the performance, security, and usability of the computer.

Features: System Optimization: Improves the efficiency of the computer’s operation.

Data Protection: Includes tools for backing up and restoring data.
File Management: Provides tools for managing and organizing files.

Characteristics:
Specialized Functions: Focuses on specific tasks like cleaning up disk space or protecting against
malware.
Maintenance Tools: Regularly used to maintain system health.

Advantages:
Improves Performance: Helps in maintaining system speed and efficiency.
Enhances Security: Provides protection against malware and data loss.
Ease of Use: Simplifies complex maintenance tasks.

Disadvantages:
Can be Overkill: Some utilities may be too complex for casual users.
Potential Conflicts: May conflict with other software or system components.
Requires Regular Use: Needs to be used regularly for optimal performance.

3. Device Driver
Definition:
A device driver is a small software program that allows the operating system to communicate
with hardware devices.

12
Computer science, XI Ch#1: Overview of computer

It controls a particular type of device that is attach to the computer. Without it, a computer
hardware would not be able to work with the computer. There are drivers for
printers,monitors,CDROM drives etc.

Examples:
Printer Driver: Allows the OS to send print jobs to a printer.
Graphics Driver: Enables the OS to use the computer's graphics card for rendering images and
videos.
Network Driver: Facilitates communication between the computer and network hardware.

Purpose:
To enable the operating system to interact with and control hardware devices.

Features:
Hardware Communication: Translates OS commands into instructions the hardware can
understand.
Device Configuration: Manages settings and operations of the hardware device.
Performance Optimization: Enhances the performance of hardware components.

Characteristics:
HardwareSpecific: Tailored for specific hardware devices.
UpdateDependent: Requires updates to ensure compatibility with new OS versions.

Advantages:
Enables Functionality: Allows hardware devices to function correctly with the OS.
Optimizes Performance: Can improve hardware performance through proper configuration.

Disadvantages:
Compatibility Issues: Can cause problems if not properly updated or if incompatible with the
OS.
Requires Updates: Needs regular updates for new hardware and OS versions.
Can Be Complex: Troubleshooting driver issues can be challenging.

4. Language Processor
13
Computer science, XI Ch#1: Overview of computer

Definition:
Language processors are tools that convert programming code written by developers into
machine language that a computer can execute.

OR

Language processor or translator is a type of system software that translates a source

program(other than machine language) into object program(Machine Language).

Purpose:
To translate code written in highlevel programming languages into a format that the computer
can understand and execute.

Features:
Code Translation: Converts code from highlevel languages to machine code or intermediate
code.
Error Detection: Identifies and reports errors in the code.
Optimization: Improves the performance of the generated machine code.

Characteristics:
LanguageSpecific: Designed for specific programming languages or tasks.
Execution Speed: Compilers produce faster executable code compared to interpreters.

Advantages:
Error Checking: Helps in identifying syntax and logical errors in code.
Performance Improvement: Optimizes code for better execution speed.
Flexibility: Supports various programming languages and paradigms.

Disadvantages:
Complexity: Language processors can be complex and require understanding of programming
and machine languages.
Compilation Time: Compilers may take time to process large codebases.
Resource Usage: Some language processors can be resourceintensive.

Types Of Language Processor:

14
Computer science, XI Ch#1: Overview of computer

Compiler: It is a program that Converts entire source code into machine code. These are
large programs with error checking and other abilities etc.

Examples:

 GCC (GNU Compiler Collection) – supports C, C++, ObjectiveC.

 Javac – Java compiler.
 Clang – supports C, C++, ObjectiveC.

Interpreter: An interpreter is a software that reads and executes code line by line, without
converting the entire program into machine code. It translates and executes code line by line.

Examples:
 Python Interpreter – for Python scripts.
 Ruby Interpreter – for Ruby programs.
 PHP Interpreter – for executing PHP scripts.

Assembler: An assembler translates assembly language (a lowlevel programming language that is

closer to machine code) into machine language.It is also called symbolic language.Assembly language
uses mnemonics (short codes like MOV, ADD, etc.) to represent machine instructions.

Examples:
 NASM – Netwide Assembler for x86 and x8664 architecture.
 MASM – Microsoft Macro Assembler.
 GAS – GNU Assembler

Types of Application Software

Application software is designed to help users perform specific tasks on their computers

Types:
It can be broadly categorized into two types:
1. General Purpose Software
2. Special Purpose Software.

1. General Purpose Software

15
Computer science, XI Ch#1: Overview of computer

Definition:
General purpose software is designed to perform a wide range of tasks that are useful for most
users in various situations. This type of software is flexible and can be used for multiple
purposes.

packages or commercial software:

.These are called packages or commercial software.A single software can be applied for a wide
variety of tasks. BY using such software one can fulfill his or her general needs.

Examples:
Microsoft Word: Used for creating and editing text documents like reports, letters, and essays.
Excel: A spreadsheet program used for organizing data, performing calculations, and creating
charts.
Web Browsers (e.g., Google Chrome, Mozilla Firefox): Used for accessing and browsing the
internet.
Email Clients (e.g., Microsoft Outlook, Gmail): Used for sending, receiving, and managing
emails.

Types of General purpose or Customized

Application Software
1. Productivity Software: Helps users create documents, manage data, and
organize tasks. . It allows users to store, retrieve, manipulate, and update data.

Examples:
MySQL, MS Access, Microsoft SQL Server, Oracle.

1. Some common types of Productivity Software

Database Software: Used to create to retrieve,manipulate,and update the data that
westore iin the databases .

Examples: MySQL, MS Access, Microsoft SQL Server and Oracle.

Multimedia Software: They allow the users to create and play audio and video media.

16
Computer science, XI Ch#1: Overview of computer

Examples: Adobe products, Photos, Audacity.

Word Processors: They are used to create, edit, and format text documents.
Examples: Microsoft Word, Notepad, WordPad.
Spreadsheet Software: Allows users to work with numbers and formulas in rows and
columns.

Examples: MS Excel, Lotus 123.

Presentation Software: Designed for creating onscreen presentations combining text and
graphics.

Example: Microsoft PowerPoint.

2. Business Software
Software designed to increase or measure business productivity.

Examples: include marketing software, payroll systems, inventory control systems, communication
software, and accounting software.

3. Entertainment Software
Software that turns a computer into an entertainment tool, such as media players or video games.
Example: Windows Media Player, Video Games.
4. Educational Software
Software used as teaching or learning tools. Examples include:

ComputerBased Training (CBT): Software used for training in specialized fields like
flying or surgery.

Encyclopedia Software: Provides comprehensive information on various topics. Examples:

Encarta, Britannica.

ComputerAided Learning (CAL): Interactive instructional software, often

subjectspecific.

2. Special Purpose Software

Definition:

17
Computer science, XI Ch#1: Overview of computer

Special purpose software is designed to perform specific tasks or functions for a particular
industry or application. This type of software is usually tailored to meet the needs of a
particular user group or profession.

Examples:
Accounting Software (e.g., QuickBooks, Tally): Used by accountants to manage financial
records, invoices, and payroll.
Hospital Management Software (e.g., Meditech, Epic): Used by hospitals to manage patient
records, appointments, and billing.
Graphic Design Software (e.g., Adobe Illustrator, CorelDRAW): Used by designers to create and
edit vector graphics and illustrations.
CAD Software (e.g., AutoCAD, SolidWorks): Used by engineers and architects to design and
model buildings, machines, and products.

Purpose:
To provide users with specialized tools that meet the specific requirements of their profession
or industry, allowing them to perform tasks that general purpose software cannot handle.

Categories:
IndustrySpecific Software: Tailored to specific industries, such as healthcare, education, or
finance (e.g., School Management Software).
TaskSpecific Software: Focused on specific tasks like graphic design, video editing, or 3D
modeling (e.g., Final Cut Pro for video editing).
Custom Software: Developed for a particular organization or purpose, often to meet unique
requirements (e.g., custom ERP systems).

Software Terminologies
a) Licensed or Proprietary Software
Proprietary software is licensed and restricts user rights while protecting the copyright holder. And also
from further distribution, modification and rebuilding etc.

Examples: Microsoft Windows, Adobe Photoshop, Google Earth.

b) Open Source Software

18
Computer science, XI Ch#1: Overview of computer

This software is available for free of cost, allowing users to modify and improve it. . Such software are
often developed in a public, collaborative manner.

Examples: Linux, Open Office.

c) Shareware
Shareware is distributed for free on a trial basis, usually with limited functionality and after a specific
period it expires. It often requires payment after the trial.

Example: WinRAR.
d) Freeware
Software available for free, though not necessarily opensource. . A freeware application may or may not
have its source code freely available. It usually carries a license that permits redistribution but many
other restrictions, such as limitations on its commercial use.

Examples: VLC, Skype, Google Chrome.

e) Firmware
Programs embedded in hardware devices like ROMs, mobile phones, and digital cameras. These
programs control the basic operations of the device. . These programs are written in machine languages
and are permanently embedded in the hardware for which it is developed.

Examples: Examples of devices containing firmware are ROM, Mobile phones, Digital cameras,
Toys, etc.

Computer Hardware
Computer hardware refers to the physical components of a computer system. These are the
parts you can touch and see, and they work together to perform various tasks. . Without
hardware, the software cannot run, making hardware a fundamental aspect of any computing
system.Hardware includes the CPU, input and output devices, and memory.

Types:
The main categories of computer hardware are:
Input devices
Output devices

19
Computer science, XI Ch#1: Overview of computer

Central Processing Unit (CPU)

Memory

1. Input Devices
Input devices are used to send data or instructions into a computer system for processing.
These devices allow users to interact with the computer and provide the necessary input for
various operations.

Common Input Devices:

Keyboard:
The keyboard is the most common input device that allows users to enter textual data into a
computer. It consists of keys for letters, numbers, and special characters. A keyboard is a
primary input device that allows users to enter data into a computer. It is divided into sections
including alphanumeric keys for typing letters and numbers, function keys (F1–F12) for special
commands, and modifier keys like Shift, Ctrl, and Alt that enable shortcuts. Navigation keys
(arrow keys, Home, End) help move the cursor, while the numeric keypad is used for quick
number entry. Control keys like Enter and Backspace assist with command execution and text
editing. Special keys, such as Print Screen and the Windows key, provide additional
functionality. Different types of keyboards, such as mechanical, wireless, and ergonomic, cater
to various user needs.

Pointing devices:
Mouse:
A mouse is a common pointing device used to control the cursor on a computer screen. It
allows users to click, drag, and select items by moving it across a flat surface. Most mice have
two main buttons (left and right) and a scroll wheel for easy navigation. Modern mice can be
wired or wireless, with optical sensors for smoother and more accurate movement. It’s a
simple, essential tool for interacting with graphical user interfaces in everyday computing.

Trackball:
A trackball is a pointing input device with a stationary base that houses a movable ball, which
users manipulate with their fingers, thumb, or palm to control the computer's cursor. Unlike a
traditional mouse, a trackball stays in place while the ball rotates freely within its socket,
typically made of hard plastic or rubber. Sensors, often optical in modern models, detect the
ball's movement, offering greater precision compared to earlier mechanical rollers. Trackballs
also have buttons similar to a mouse for standard clicks, with some models featuring additional

20
Computer science, XI Ch#1: Overview of computer

programmable buttons and scroll mechanisms like wheels or rings for easier navigation. The
ergonomic housing supports the user's hand during extended use. Popular models include the
Kensington Expert Mouse, Logitech MX Ergo, and Elecom EXG Pro.
A touchpad is a flat, touchsensitive surface found on laptops and some external keyboards,
used to control the cursor by sliding your finger across the pad. It detects the movement and
position of the finger to move the onscreen pointer, and tapping the pad simulates mouse
clicks. Multitouch gestures, such as pinching or swiping, allow for additional functions like
zooming or scrolling. Touchpads eliminate the need for an external mouse, making them a
convenient input device for portable computing. Examples of devices with touchpads include
Apple MacBook Pro, Dell XPS 13, and HP Spectre x360.

Touchscreen:
Touchscreens are displays that serve as both input and output devices, allowing users to
interact directly with what is displayed by touching the screen.

Joystick:
Used primarily in gaming, these devices allow for directional control, button presses, and other
forms of input for interactive applications.

Scanner:
Scanners convert physical documents and images into digital form, which can be stored and
processed by the computer.

Microphone:
A microphone captures audio input, such as voice or sound, and converts it into digital signals
for processing.

Input Devices:
Input devices are hardware components that allow users to send data, instructions, or
commands to a computer for processing. These devices act as a bridge between the user and
the computer, enabling interaction in various ways, such as through text input, pointing, audio,
or scanning.

Types of input devices :

1. Keyboard

21
Computer science, XI Ch#1: Overview of computer

The keyboard is the most common input device used to enter textual data into a computer. It
consists of keys for letters, numbers, and special characters, and also includes function keys,
arrow keys, and control keys to perform various actions.

Types of Keyboards:
QWERTY Keyboard: Standard keyboard layout named after the first six letters in the top row of
keys.
Ergonomic Keyboard: Designed to reduce strain on the hands and wrists during prolonged use.
Virtual Keyboard: A softwarebased keyboard displayed on a touchscreen.

Example:
A standard keyboard used with a desktop computer or laptop to type documents, code, or
commands.

2. Pointing Devices
a) Mouse
The mouse is a handheld pointing device used to control the movement of a cursor on the
screen. It detects motion and translates it into cursor movement.
Optical Mouse: Uses a light sensor to detect movement.
Mechanical Mouse: Uses a ball to track movement (older technology).

Example:
A USB optical mouse used to navigate web pages, select text, or open files.

b) Trackball
A trackball is a stationary pointing device that has a ball on top, which the user rotates to move
the cursor. Unlike a mouse, it doesn't require moving the entire device.

Example:
A trackball mouse often used in tight spaces or for precision control in graphic design.

c) Joystick
A joystick is a pivoting stick used primarily for gaming and simulations. It allows users to control
movement in various directions, and often includes buttons for additional actions.

22
Computer science, XI Ch#1: Overview of computer

Example:
A gaming joystick used in flight simulators to control the movement of an aircraft.

d) Touch Screen
A touchscreen acts as both an input and output device. Users interact directly with what is
displayed by touching the screen to perform actions like selecting, dragging, or scrolling.

Example:
A smartphone touchscreen allows users to open apps, type messages, and zoom into images.

e) Light Pen
A light pen is a pointing device that allows users to draw or select items on a screen by
detecting light from the screen. It is often used in design applications.

Example:A light pen used on specialized CRT monitors to create drawings or select objects
in CAD programs.

f) Touchpad
A touchpad is a flat, touchsensitive surface found on laptops. Users can move their fingers
across it to control the cursor on the screen.

Example:A laptop touchpad used for navigation, clicking, and scrolling without the need
for a mouse.

3. Microphone
A microphone captures sound and converts it into digital signals for the computer. It is used for
voice recognition, communication, and recording purposes.

Types of Microphones:
Desktop Microphone: Used for voice recording, online meetings, or podcasts.
Lapel Microphone: Small, clipon microphone used for presentations or interviews.

Example:
A USB microphone used to record a podcast or join a virtual meeting.

23
Computer science, XI Ch#1: Overview of computer

4. Digital Cameras
A digital camera captures images and videos in a digital format, which can then be transferred
to a computer for editing, viewing, or sharing. They can be connected directly to the computer
via USB or memory cards.

Types of Digital Cameras:

DSLR Camera: Highquality digital camera used by professional photographers.
Webcam: A lowresolution camera typically used for video conferencing.

Example:
A webcam used for live video streaming or online meetings via Zoom or Skype.

5. Scanners
Scanners capture images, text, or objects and convert them into a digital format that can be
saved, edited, or processed on a computer.

a) Handheld Scanner
A handheld scanner is a portable device that is manually passed over an object or document to
capture its image.

Example:
A barcode scanner used in retail stores to scan product codes for pricing and inventory.

b) Flatbed Scanner
A flatbed scanner has a glass surface on which documents or images are placed. The scanner
then passes a sensor over the document to capture the image.

Example:
A flatbed scanner used to digitize documents and images for archiving or sharing.

c) Optical Scanner
An optical scanner captures the physical appearance of an object or text and converts it into a
digital image. It is often used for scanning text for optical character recognition (OCR).

24
Computer science, XI Ch#1: Overview of computer

Example:
An OCR scanner used to scan books and convert printed text into editable digital files.

6. Magnetic Cards
Magnetic cards store data using a magnetic strip, which can be read by specialized readers to
retrieve information.

a) Magnetic Ink Character Recognition (MICR)

MICR is a technology used to read characters printed with magnetic ink, typically found on
checks. It allows banks to process and verify checks quickly.

Example:
A bank check with MICR codes for account number and bank routing information.

b) Magnetic Stripe Card

A magnetic stripe card is a card that has a magnetic stripe containing encoded data. These are
commonly used for payment, access control, or identification.

Example:
A credit card with a magnetic stripe used for swiping to make purchases or access secure areas.

7. Smart Card
A smart card is an advanced version of a magnetic stripe card but contains an embedded
microchip that can store more data and provide higher security. These cards are widely used in
banking and secure identification systems.

Example:
A debit card with a smart chip used for secure, contactless payments at retail stores or ATMs.

2. Output Devices
Output devices are hardware components that convey the processed data from a computer to
the user. These devices convert digital signals from the computer into a humanreadable form,
such as text, images, or sounds.

25
Computer science, XI Ch#1: Overview of computer

Common Output Devices:

Monitor (Display Screen):
A monitor is a visual output device that displays images, text, and video. Modern monitors
include LED, LCD, and OLED types with highresolution capabilities.

Types of monitors:

CRT Monitors
Cathode Ray Tube (CRT) monitors are an older type of display that uses electron beams to
illuminate phosphor dots on the screen, creating images. They are bulky and heavy, with deep
cabinets due to the CRT's glass tube. CRT monitors offer high color accuracy and good response
times, but they consume more power and emit more heat. They are now largely obsolete,
replaced by more modern display technologies.

Examples:
Sony Trinitron: Known for its color accuracy and sharp image quality.
Dell P991: A popular CRT monitor for professional use.

LCD Monitors
Liquid Crystal Display (LCD) monitors use liquid crystals sandwiched between layers of glass or
plastic to control light and display images. They are much thinner and lighter than CRT
monitors, offer better energy efficiency, and have improved resolution and color accuracy. LCDs
are widely used in various applications due to their slim profile and low power consumption.

Examples:
Apple iMac (2021): Features a highresolution Retina display with vibrant colors.
Dell UltraSharp U2720Q: Known for its 4K resolution and accurate color reproduction.

Printer:
A printer is used to produce physical copies of digital documents, images, or graphics on paper
or other materials. Common printers include inkjet, laser, and 3D printers.

Plotter:
A plotter is a specialized printing device used to produce highquality, precise drawings and
graphics. Unlike standard printers that use inkjet or laser technology, plotters use pens or other

26
Computer science, XI Ch#1: Overview of computer

tools to draw continuous lines and detailed designs on large sheets of paper or other media.
Plotters are commonly used for creating technical drawings, architectural plans, engineering
diagrams, and largeformat graphics. They are valued for their ability to accurately reproduce
complex, detailed images with smooth lines and curves.

1. Drum Plotter:
A drum plotter uses a rotating drum to hold the paper while a pen moves across its surface to
draw the image. As the drum rotates, the pen draws lines and patterns with high precision.
Drum plotters are used for largeformat drawings, such as architectural plans and engineering
diagrams.

Example:
HP 7470A: An early drum plotter known for its accuracy in technical drawings.

2. Flatbed Plotter:
A flatbed plotter holds the paper flat on a stationary bed while the pen moves over it. This
design allows for greater flexibility in handling various media sizes and types, making it ideal for
detailed and intricate designs. Flatbed plotters are often used for producing highquality
graphics and large posters.

Example:
Roland DG GS24: A versatile flatbed plotter used for cutting and plotting largeformat graphics.

Speakers:
Speakers convert digital audio signals into audible sound. They are used to output music,
voice, or other sound effects from the computer.

Difference Between Soft Copy and Hard Copy

Soft Copy:
1. Digital Format: Exists in digital form, stored on electronic devices such as computers, tablets,
or smartphones.
2. Accessibility: Can be easily shared and accessed electronically via email, cloud storage, or
online platforms.
3. Modification: Easily editable and updateable using software applications.

27
Computer science, XI Ch#1: Overview of computer

4. Storage: Requires digital storage media like hard drives, SSDs, or cloud services.
5. Environmental Impact: Reduces the use of paper and physical resources.
6. Viewing: Displayed on screens and can be viewed in various digital formats (PDF, DOC, etc.).

Hard Copy:
1. Physical Format: Exists in physical form, such as printed paper documents, books, or reports.
2. Accessibility: Requires physical handling and distribution, such as mailing or handing out
documents.
3. Modification: Changes require reprinting or manual updates, often making it less flexible.
4. Storage: Physically stored in file cabinets, folders, or other physical storage solutions.
5. Environmental Impact: Involves paper use and physical resources, potentially leading to
higher environmental impact.
6. Viewing: Viewed in a physical format, such as printed pages or documents.

28