A Study on Prevalence of Skin Infections Among Children

A STUDY ON PREVALENCE OF SKIN INFECTIONS
AMONG CHILDREN BETWEEN AGES 5-15 YEARS

IN MAKONGENI AREA, THIKA SUB-COUNTY
Introduction
• Skin infection is affecting human population
worldwide as approximately 300 million people
are being infected with various types of skin
infection yearly.
• In the year 2010, a study by the Global Burden of
Disease (GBD) found fungal and acne to be listed
in the top 10 most prevalent diseases.
• The study reported skin conditions to be ranging
from 2nd to the 11th leading causes of years lived
with disability and 4th leading cause of nonfatal
disease burden.
Causes of skin infection in the
study
• They are caused by factors such as
– climate,
– low social economic status,
– overcrowding,
– poor skin condition,
– low hygienic level
– lacking in awareness of skin infections.
Situation in the study
• In Makongeni Area, about 4.1% of children are
infected with skin infections
• This has led to increase in the number of children
affected and deaths every day.
• This now gives skin infections an area of concern
and this will help the health workers and nurses
in hospitals to gain knowledge on factors
contributing to high incidence and high increase
of skin infections in children and how they can
come up with possible solution to reduce the
number of children affected with skin diseases.
Problem statement
• The global estimate of childhood skin infections indicates
that over 1.3 million of children between ages 5-15 years
approximately 40% have this condition of skin infection
worldwide.
• It is considered to be a major public health problem with
prevalence of 60%, equivalent to 22.5% million children in
Sub-Saharan Africa.
• In East Africa, approximately 70% of kids of ages 5-15 years
are suffering from skin infections. The prevalence of skin
infection in Uganda for example ranges between 44% and
76% in 2012.
• The estimate in Makongeni area, skin infections takes the
largest percentile when compared to other areas.
Research objectives
• General Objectives
• To determine prevalence of skin infections among
children between ages 5-15 years in Makongeni area,
Thika sub county.
• Specific Objectives
• To examine the causes of skin infections
• To find out the effects of skin infections among children
of age 5-15 years
• To determine the types of skin infections among
children of age 5-15 years
• To find out the pre-disposing factors of skin infections
among children 5-15 years.
Research questions
• What are the predisposing factors of skin
infections among children of age 5-15 years
• What are the types of skin infections among
• What are the ways to examine the causes of
skin infections among children
• What are the effects of skin infections among
Significance of the study
• To ensure that the children are aware of

skin infections and how to maintain and
keep good hygiene both in schools and
home.
• To make sure that the government comes
up with measures that will help prevent
these invading skin infections in children.
Limitations of the study
• Language barrier
• Inadequate resources to carry out the
study on skin infections
• Poor security
Skin infections
• The treatment of skin structure infections,
generally consisting of surgical debridement
or drainage and empiric antibiotics in the
hospital can be further complicated by
emerging multi-drug resistant bacterial, most
notably methicillin-resistant staphylococcus
aureus.
• As the incidence rates increase alongside with

rising antibiotic resistance, this infections are
• Skin infections are common and may be
caused by bacteria, fungi or viruses. The
most common bacterial skin pathogens
are staphylococcus aureus and group A,
Beta-hemolytic streptococci. Herpes
simplex is the most common viral skin
disease.
• Dermatophytic fungi, trichophyton
rubrum is the most prevalent cause of
skin and nail infections.
Epidemiology of skin infections
• The prevalence of skin infections has been
reported as follows: Pyoderma (prevalence
range 0.2%-35%, 6.9-35% in sub-Saharan
Africa), tinea capitis (1-19.7%), scabies (0.2%-
24%, 1.3-17%) in sub-Saharan Africa), viral
skin disorders (0.4%-9%) mainly molluscum
contagiosum), pediculosis capitis (0-51%).
Clinical manifestation of skin
infections
• A skin infection is a condition in which germs
(bacteria, viruses or fungi) infect your skin and
sometimes the deep tissues underneath it.
• Some of this symptoms of skin infections are
– pus or fluid leaking out of the cut,
– Red skin around the injury,
– a pimple or yellowish crust on top,
– sores that look like blisters,
– fever.
• Common types of skin infections are
Preventing skin infections
• washing wounds well with soap and water and
applying an antibiotic ointment
• avoiding contact with those who have a skin
infection
• protecting your skin from elements
• keeping your work and home clean
• You should also cut or file your child’s fingernails
often
• bug spray or other insect repellant may be worth
to purchase.
• If a child comes home with a mosquito bite, it is
Research design
• The research design adopted for this study is the
quantitative method where the researcher will
access conditions of skin infections among
children of age 5-15 years in Makongeni area,
Thika sub-county.
• These include both exploratory study (small study
at a particular time) and comparative or
analytical studies where there will be difference
of those who are seriously infected with skin
infections and those who are not affected.
• Those exposed to risks of getting skin diseases
Target population
• All population of children between age 5-15
years in Kamenu primary school that was
present and willing to participate in the study
was used.
• Most pupils were day students minus few

boarders who lived at schools and pupils for
the staff members who lived in the staff
quarters.
Data collection methods
• A structured questionnaire comprising of both
open and closed questions will be carried out
in a respondent sample of pupils that can
read, write and who can understand the
instructions that are used.
• The researcher administered the questions
himself and answering to enable the pupils
understands the questionnaire and provides
the required information.
• Direct interaction was done in addition to the
questionnaire to collect more data and to
Validity and reliability
• RELIABILITY
• A sample questionnaire will be
distributed to 100 respondents of pupils
in this study.
• Any question that is not clear is to be
rephrased to convey the same meaning to
the other pupils.
• Some comments from the pupils will be
incorporated into the final questionnaire.
• VALIDITY
• The information on the research
instrument will be cross-checked,
inspected and scrutinized to ensure
accuracy, consistency and uniformity of
the collected data.
• The skin infections testing will be done in

Kamenu primary school where data for
the actual study was not collected and
adequate adjustments implemented to
enhance validity.
Ethical considerations
• Permission was sought from the school
management and ethics committee (my
supervisors) as well as introduction letter to
the head teacher Kamenu primary school
where research was to be carried out after my
proposal submission.
• Consent was gained from the participants in
the process of the study.
• Teachers and some other trained community
health workers helped in the organization of
pupils and the information collected was and
Thank you!!

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A STUDY ON PREVALENCE OF SKIN INFECTIONS

AMONG CHILDREN BETWEEN AGES 5-15 YEARS

• To ensure that the children are aware of

• As the incidence rates increase alongside with

• Most pupils were day students minus few

• The skin infections testing will be done in

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