1. What is UDP ?

Write any 4 services provided by udp

 UDP stands for User Datagram Protocol. UDP is a simple protocol
and it provides non sequenced transport functionality. UDP is a
connectionless protocol.
 Services of UDP protocol
1. Transport layer protocol
2. Connectionless
3. Ports
4. Faster transmission
2. State the use of telnet
 Telnet stands for the Teletype network. It helps in terminal
emulation. It allows Telnet clients to access the resources of the
Telnet server. Port number of telnet is 23.
3. State the use of 6 flags in TCP header
 There are total six types of flags in control field:
 URG: The URG field indicates that the data in a segment is urgent.
 ACK: When ACK field is set, then it validates the
acknowledgement number.
 PSH: The PSH field is used to inform the sender that higher
throughput is needed so if possible, data must be pushed with
higher throughput.
 RST: The reset bit is used to reset the TCP connection when there
is any confusion occurs in the sequence numbers.
 SYN: The SYN field is used to synchronize the sequence numbers
in three types of segments: connection request, connection
confirmation ( with the ACK bit set ), and confirmation
acknowledgement.
 FIN: The FIN field is used to inform the receiving TCP module
that the sender has finished sending data. It is used in connection
termination in three types of segments: termination request,
 termination confirmation, and acknowledgement of termination
confirmation.
4. Difference between FTP and TFTP

FTP TFTP

FTP stands for File Transfer TFTP stands for Trivial File
Protocol Transfer Protocol

Establishes a connection Establishes a connection

between two computers, between two computers, but
allowing for a more complex with a more limited set of
set of commands and options commands and options
Uses username and password Does not support authentication
for authentication
Encrypts data transfer Does not encrypt data transfer

5. Define the term multicast and its importance

 Multicast is a method of group communication where the
sender sends data to multiple receivers or nodes present in the
network simultaneously. Multicasting is a type of one-to-many
and many-to-many communication as it allows sender or
senders to send data packets to multiple receivers at once
across LANs or WANs. This process helps in minimizing the
data frame of the network because at once the data can be
received by multiple nodes.
6. List two protocols of Connection less and connection oriented
 Connection less: User Datagram Protocol (UDP), Internet
Protocol (IP), Internet Control Message Protocol (ICMP).
  Connection Oriented: Transmission Control Protocol (TCP),
FTP, DNS, Telnet.
7. State the transmission mode of FTP
 Block mode : Separates data into blocks, with each block
preceded by a header that specifies its size. This mode is
mainly used for transferring record-oriented files, but can
also be used for stream-oriented text files.
 Stream mode: Transfers data as a continuous stream of
characters or bytes. This mode relieves FTP of
processing, leaving it to TCP instead.
 Compressed mode: Uses an algorithm to compress the
data, typically using run-length encoding. This mode
extends block mode with data compression.

8. Define the purpose of DNS Protocol

 It stands for Domain Name System. Every time you use a
domain name, therefore, a
DNS service must translate the name into the corresponding
IP address The Port number for DNS is 53.
4 mks
1. Explain Distance Vector Routing with suitable example
(refer from note book with example)
2. Describe SCTP packet format Explain SCTP association
establishment process
 The Stream Control Transmission Protocol (SCTP) has a
simpler basic packet structure than TCP. Each consists of two
basic sections:
 1. The common header, which occupies the first 12 bytes. In
the adjacent diagram, this header is highlighted in blue.
 2. The data chunks, which form the remaining portion of the
packet. In the diagram, the first chunk is highlighted in green
and the last of N chunks (Chunk N) is highlighted in red.
There are several types, including payload data and different
control messages
 All SCTP packets require the common header section (shown
with a blue background). Source port This field identifies the
sending port
 Destination port This field identifies the receiving port that
hosts use to route the packet to the appropriate
endpoint/application
 Verification tag A 32-bit random value created during
initialization to distinguish stale packets from a previous
connection.
 Checksum SCTP's original design catered for Adler-32; but
RFC 3309 changed the protocol to use.

 SCTP Association Two SCTP endpoints (servers) have an

SCTP association between them .An association has an
association ID and includes multiple streams (unidirectional
logical channels). An upper-layer SCTP protocol (such as
Diameter, for example) initiates an SCTP association, which
starts a four-way handshake.

3. Draw and explain TCP state transition diagram

( Refer your notes)
4. Describe E-mail security over non-secure channel
 Basically, Email security refers to the steps where we
protect the email messages and the information that they
contain from unauthorized access, and damage.
  It involves ensuring the confidentiality, integrity, and
availability of email messages, as well as safeguarding
against phishing attacks, spam, viruses, and another form
of malware.
 It can be achieved through a combination of technical
and non-technical measures
5. Define WWW dot explain static and dynamic web documents in
details.
 The World Wide Web or Web is basically a collection
of information that is linked together from points all
over the world. It is also abbreviated as WWW.
 World Wide Web provides flexibility, portability, and
user-friendly features.
 It mainly consists of a worldwide collection of
electronic documents (i.e, Web Pages).
 It is basically a way of exchanging information
between computers on the Internet.
 The WWW is mainly the network of pages consists of
images, text, and sounds on the Internet which can be
simply viewed on the browser by using the browser
software.
 It was invented by Tim Berners-Lee.
 Static Web page
 Static Web pages are very simple.
 It is written in languages such as HTML, JavaScript,
CSS, etc.
 For static web pages when a server receives a request
for a web page, then the server sends the response to
the client without doing any additional process.
  These web pages are seen through a web browser.
In static web pages, Pages will remain the same until
someone changes it manually.

 Dynamic web page

 Dynamic Web Pages are written in languages such as
CGI, AJAX, ASP, ASP.NET, etc.
 In dynamic web pages, the Content of pages is
different for different visitors.
 It takes more time to load than the static web
page. Dynamic web pages are used where the
information is changed frequently, for example, stock
prices, weather information, etc.

6. Explain RIP with example

 Refer notes
7.

Distance Vector Routing Link State Routing

Bandwidth required is less due to Bandwidth required is more due

local sharing, small packets and to flooding and sending of large
no flooding. link state packets.

Based on local knowledge, since Based on global knowledge, it

it updates table based on have knowledge about entire
information from neighbours. network.

Make use of Bellman Ford Make use of Dijakstra’s

Algorithm. algorithm.

Traffic is less. Traffic is more.

Distance Vector Routing Link State Routing

Converges slowly i.e, good news

spread fast and bad news spread Converges faster.
slowly.

Count of infinity problem. No count of infinity problem.

8. Explain how TCP connecting are established using 3 way handshake

(refer 4 lesson pdf for this answer)