The Indian Evidence Act, 1872

-------------------------------------------------------
(Act no. 1 of 1872)

CONTENTS
Sections Particulars

Preamble

PART I RELEVANCY OF FACTS

CHAPTER I Preliminary

1 Short title, extent and commencement

2 [Repealed]
3 Interpretation clause
4 Interpretation clause (contd.)

CHAPTER II Of the relevancy of facts

5 Evidence may be given of facts in issue and relevant facts

6 Relevancy of facts forming part of same transaction
7 Facts which are the occasion, cause or effect of facts in issue
8 Motive, preparation and previous or subsequent conduct
9 Facts necessary to explain or introduce relevant facts
10 Things said or done by conspirator in reference to common design
11 When facts not otherwise relevant become relevant
12 In suits for damages facts tending to enable Court to determine amount are
relevant
13 Facts relevant when right or custom is in question
14 Facts showing existence of state of mind, or of body or bodily feeling
15 Facts bearing on question whether act was accidental or international
16 Existence of course of business when relevant Admissions
17 Admission defined
18 Admission by party to proceeding or his agent by suit or in representative
character by party interested in subject-matter by person from whom interest
derived
19 Admission by persons whose position must be proved as against party to suit
20 Admissions by person expressly referred to by party to suit
21 Proof of admissions against persons making them and by or on their behalf
22 When oral admissions as to contents of documents are relevant
23 Admissions in civil cases, when relevant
24 Confession caused by inducement, threat or promise when irrelevant in criminal
proceeding
25 Confession to police officer not to be proved
26 Confession by accused while in custody of police not to be proved against him
27 How much of information received from accused may be proved
28 Confession made after removal of impression caused by inducement, threat or
promise relevant
29 Confession otherwise relevant not to become irrelevant because of promise of
secrecy, etc.
30 Consideration of proved confession affecting person making it and others
jointly under trail for same offence
 31 Admissions not conclusive proof, but may be estopped Statements by persons
who cannot be called as witnesses
32 Cases in which statement of relevant fact by person who is dead or cannot be
found, etc. is relevant
33 Relevancy of certain evidence for proving, in subsequent proceeding, the truth
of facts therein stated Statements made under special circumstances
34 Entries in books of account when relevant
35 Relevancy of entry in public record, made in performance of duty
36 Relevancy of statements in maps, charts and plans
37 Relevancy of statement as to fact of public nature, contained in certain Acts or
notifications
38 Relevancy of statements as to any law contained in law books
39 What evidence to be given when statement forms part of a conversation,
document, book, or series of letters or papers Judgments of courts of justice,
when relevant
40 Previous judgments relevant to bar a second suit or trail
41 Relevancy of certain judgments in probate, etc. jurisdiction
42 Relevancy and effect of judgments, orders or decrees, other than those
mentioned in Section 41
43 Judgments, etc. other than those mentioned in Sections 40 to 42, when relevant
44 Fraud or collusion in obtaining judgment, or incompetence of Court, may be
proved Opinion of third persons, when relevant
45 Opinions of experts
46 Facts bearing upon opinions of experts
47 Opinion as to handwriting, when relevant
48 Opinion as to existence of right or custom, when relevant
49 Opinion as to usage's, tenets, etc., when relevant
50 Opinion on relationship, when relevant
51 Grounds of opinion, when relevant Character when relevant
52 In civil cases, character to prove conduct imputed irrelevant
53 In criminal cases, previous good character relevant
54 Previous bad character not relevant, except in reply
55 Character as affecting damages

PART II ON PROOF

CHAPTER III Facts which need not be proved

56 Facts judicially noticeable need not be proved

57 Facts of which Court must take judicial notice
58 Facts admitted need not be proved

CHAPTER IV Of oral evidence

59 Proof of facts by oral evidence

60 Oral evidence must be direct

CHAPTER V Of documentary evidence

61 Proof of contents of documents

62 Primary evidence
63 Secondary evidence
64 Proof of documents by primary evidence
 65 Cases in which secondary evidence relating to documents may be given
66 Rules as to notice to produce
67 Proof of signature and handwriting of person alleged to have signed or written
document produced
68 Proof of execution of document required by law to be attested
69 Proof where not attesting witness found
70 Admission of execution by party to attested document
71 Proof when attesting witness denies the execution
72 Proof of document not required by law to be attested
73 Comparison of signature, writing or seal with others admitted or proved Public
Documents
74 Public documents
75 Private documents
76 Certified copies of public documents
77 Proof of documents by production of certified copies
78 Proof of other official documents
79 Presumption as to genuineness of certified copies
80 Presumption as to documents produced as record of evidence
81 Presumption as to Gazetteers newspapers, private Act of Parliament and other
documents
82 Presumption as to document admissible in England without proof of seal or
signature
83 Presumption as to maps or plans made by authority of Government
84 Presumption as to collections of laws and reports of decisions
85 Presumption as to powers of attorney
86 Presumption as to certified copies of foreign judicial records
87 Presumption as to books, maps and charts
88 Presumption as to telegraphic messages
89 Presumption as to due execution, etc., of document not
90 Presumption as to documents thirty years old
90A Presumption Document custody in court

CHAPTER VI Of the exclusion of oral by documentary evidence

91 Evidence of terms of contracts, grants and other dispositions of property

reduced to form of document
92 Exclusion of evidence of oral agreement
93 Exclusion of evidence to explain or amend ambiguous document
94 Execution of evidence against application document to existing facts
95 Evidence as to document unmeaning in reference to existing facts
96 Evidence as to application of language which can apply to one only of several
persons
97 Evidence as to application language to one of two set of facts, to neither of
which the whole correctly applies
98 Evidence as to meaning of illegible characters, etc.
99 Who may give evidence of agreement varying terms of document
100 Saving of provisions of Indian Succession Act relating to wills

PART III PRODUCTION AND EFFECT OF EVIDENCE

CHAPTER VII Of the burden of proof

 101 Burden of proof
102 On whom burden of proof lies
103 Burden of proof as to particular fact
104 Burden of proving fact to be proved to make evidence admissible
105 Burden of proving that case of accused comes within exceptions
106 Burden of proving fact especially within knowledge
107 Burden of proving death of person know to have been alive within thirty years
108 Burden of proving that person is alive who has not been heard of for seven
years
109 Burden of proof as to relationship in the cases of partners, landlords and tenant,
principal and agent
110 Burden of proof as to ownership
111 Proof of good faith in transaction where one party
111A Presumption as to certain offences
112 Birth during marriage, conclusive proof of legitimacy
113 Proof of cession of territory
113A Presumption as to abutment of suicide by a married women
113B Presumption as to dowry death
114 Court may presume existence of certain facts
114A Presumption as to absence of consent in certain prosecutions for rape

CHAPTER VIII Estoppel

115 Estoppel
116 Estoppel of tenant and of licensee of person in communications
117 Estoppel of acceptor of bill of exchange, bailee or licensee

CHAPTER IX Of witnesses

118 Who may testify

119 Dumb witness
120 Parties to civil suit and their wives or husband-Husband or wife of person under
criminal trial
121 Judges and Magistrates
122 Communications during marriage
123 Evidence as to affairs of State
124 Official communications
125 Information as to commission of offences
126 Professional communications
127 Section 126 to apply to interpreters, etc.
128 Privilege not waived by volunteering evidence
129 Confidential communications with legal advisers
130 Production of title-deeds of witness not party
131 Production of documents which another person, having possession, could refuse
to produce
132 Witness not excused from answering on ground that answer will criminate
133 Accomplice
134 Number of witnesses

CHAPTER X Of the examination of witnesses

135 Order of production and examination of witnesses

 136 Judge to decide as to admissibility of evidence
137 Examination-in-chief
138 Order of examinations
139 Cross-examination of person called to produce a document
140 Witnesses to character
141 Leading questions
142 When they may not be asked
143 When they may be asked
144 Evidence as to matters in writing
145 Cross-examination as to previous statements in writing
146 Questions lawful in cross-examination
147 When witness to be compelled to answer
148 Court to decide when question shall be asked and when witness compelled to
answer
149 Question not to be asked without reasonable grounds
150 Procedure of Court in case of question being asked without reasonable grounds
151 Indecent and scandalous questions
152 Questions intended to insult or annoy
153 Exclusion of evidence to contradict answer to questions testing veracity
154 Question by party to his own witness
155 Impeaching credit of witness
156 Questions tending to corroborate evidence of relevant fact, admissible
157 Former statements of witness may be proved to corroborate later testimony as
to same fact
158 What matters may be proved in connection with proved statement relevant
under section 32 or 33
159 Refreshing memory -When witness may use copy of document to refresh
memory
160 Testimony to facts stated in document mentioned in Section 159
161 Right of adverse party as to writing used to refresh memory
162 Production of documents -Translation of documents
163 Giving, as evidence of document called for and produced on notice
164 Using, as evidence, of document, production of which was refused on notice
165 Judge's power to put questions or order production
166 Power of jury or assessors to put questions

CHAPTER XI Of improper admission and rejection of evidence

167 No new trail for improper admission or rejection of evidence

The Schedule.

[Repealed].
 CIVIL PROCEDURE CODE
Contents
Sections Particulars
Preliminary
1 Short title
2 Definitions
3 Subordination of Courts
4 Savings
5 Application of the Code to Revenue Courts
6 Pecuniary jurisdiction
7 Provincial Small Cause Courts
8 Presidency Small Cause Courts
Part I Suits In General
9 Courts to try all civil suits unless barred
10 Stay of suit
11 Res judicata
12 Bar to further suit
13 When foreign judgment not conclusive
14 Presumption as to foreign judgments
15 Court in which suits to be instituted
16 Suits to be instituted where subject matter situate
17 Suits for immovable property situate within jurisdiction of different Courts
18 Place of institution of suit where local limits of jurisdiction of Courts are uncertain
19 Suits for compensation for wrongs to person or movables
20 Other suits to be instituted where defendants reside or cause of action arises
21 Objections to jurisdiction
22 Power to transfer suits which may be instituted in more than one Court
23 To what Court application lies
24 General power of transfer and withdrawal
25 Power of State Government to transfer suits
26 Institution of suits
27 Summons to defendants
28 Service of summons where defendant resides in another State
29 Service of foreign summonses.Summonses and other processes issued by 30
Power to order discovery and the like.Subject to such conditions and limitations as may be prescribed,
30
any time, either of its own motion or on the application of any party
31 Summons to witness
32 Penalty for default
33 Judgment and decree
34 Interest
35 Costs
Part II Execution
36 Application to orders
37 Definition of Court which passed a decree
38 Court by which decree may be executed
39 Transfer of decree
40 Transfer of decree to Court in another State
41 Result of execution-proceedings to be certified
42 Powers of Court in executing transferred decree
43 Execution of decrees passed by Civil Courts in places to which this Code does not extend
44 Execution of decrees passed by Revenue Courts in places to which this Code does not extend
44A Execution of decrees passed by Courts in reciprocating territory
45 Execution of decrees outside India
46 Precepts
47 Questions to be determined by the Court executing decree
48 Execution barred in certain cases
49 Transferee
50 Legal representative
51 Powers of Court to enforce execution
52 Enforcement of decree against legal representative
53 Liability of ancestral property
54 Partition of estate or separation of share
55 Arrest and detention
56 Prohibition of arrest or detention of women in execution of decree for money
57 Subsistence allowance
58 Detention and release
59 Release on ground of illness
60 Property liable to attachment and sale in execution of decree
61 Partial exemption of agricultural produce
62 Seizure of property in dwelling house
63 Property attached in execution of decrees of several Courts
64 Private alienation of property after attachment to be void
65 Purchasers title
66 Suit against purchaser not maintainable on ground of purchase being on behalf of plaintiff
67 Power for State Government to make rules as to sales of land in execution of decrees for payment of m
68 Power to prescribe rules for transferring to Collector execution of certain decrees
69 Provisions of Third Schedule to apply
70 Rules of procedure
71 Collector deemed to be acting judicially
72 Where Court may authorize Collector to stay public sale of land
73 Proceeds of execution-sale to be rateably distributed among decree-holders
74 Resistance to execution
PART III Incidental Proceedings
75 Power of Court to issue commissions
76 Commission to another Court
77 Letter of request
PART IV Suits In Particular Cases
80 Notice
81 Exemption from arrest and personal appearance
82 Execution of decree
83 When aliens may use
84 When foreign States may use
85 Persons specially appointed by Government to prosecute or defend on behalf of foreign Rulers
86 Suits against foreign Rulers, Ambassadors and Envoys
87 Style of foreign Rulers as parties to suits
87A Definitions of foreign State and Rulers
87B Application of sections 85 and 86 to Rulers of former Indian States
88 Where interpleader suit may be instituted
Part V Special Proceedings] Dings
89 [Arbitration.] Rep.by the Arbitration Act, 1940 (10 of 1940), s.49 and Sch.III
90 Power to state case for opinion of Court
91 Public nuisances
92 Public Charities
93 Exercise of powers of Advocate General outside presidency-towns
Part VI Supplemental Proceedings
94 Supplemental proceedings
95 Compensation for obtaining arrest, attachment or injunction on insufficient grounds
Part VII Appeals From Original Decrees
96 Appeal from original decree
97 Appeal from final decree where no appeal from preliminary decree
98 Decision where appeal heard by two or more Judges
No decree to be reversed or modified for error or irregularity not affecting merit or jurisdiction
99

100 Second appeal

101 Second appeal on no other grounds
102 No second appeal in certain suits
103 Power of High Court to determine issues of fact
104 Orders from which appeal lies
105 Other orders
106 What Courts to hear appeals
107 Power of Appellate court
108 Procedure in appeals from appellate decrees and orders
109 When appeal lie to the Supreme Court
110 Value of subject-matter
111 Bar of certain appeals
111A Appeal to Federal Court
112 Savings
Part VIII Reference, Review And Revision
113 Refence to High Court
114 Review
115 Revision
Special Provisions Relating To The {Subs. By Act 2 Of 1951, S.14, For "Chartered High Courts".}
Part IX
Part A States And Part B States]
116 Part to apply only to certain High Courts
117 Application of Code to High Courts
118 Execution of decree before ascertainment of costs
119 Unauthorized persons not to address Court
120 Provision not applicable to High Court on original civil jurisdiction
Part X Rules
121 Effect of rules in First Schedule
122 Power of certain High Court to make rules
123 Constitution of Rule Committees in certain States
124 Committee to report to High Court
125 Power of other High Courts to make rules
126 Rules to be subject to approval
127 Publication of rules
128 Matters for which rules may provide
129 Power of High Courts to make rules as to their original civil procedure
130 Power of other High Courts to make rules as to matters other than procedure
131 Publication of rules
Part XI Miscellaneous
132 Exemption of certain women from personal appearance
133 Exemption of other persons
134 Arrest other than in execution of decree
135 Exemption from arrest under civil Process
135A Exemption of members of legislative bodies from arrest and detention under civil process
136 Procedure where person to be arrested or property to be attached is outside district
137 Language of Subordinate Courts
138 Power of High Court to require evidence to be recorded English
139 Oath on affidavit by whom to be administered
140 Assessors in causes of salvage, etc
141 Miscellaneous proceedings
142 Orders and notices to be in writing
143 Postage
144 Application for restitution
145 Enforcement of Liability of surety
146 Proceedings by or against representatives
147 Consent or agreement by persons under disability
148 Enlargement of time
149 Power to make up deficiency of court-fees
150 Transfer of business
151 Saving of inherent powers of Court
152 Amendment of judgments, decrees or orders
153 General power to amend
154 Saving of present right of appeal
155 Amendment of certain Acts
156 Repeals
157 Continuance of Orders under repealed enactments
158 Reference to Code of Civil Procedure and other repealed enactment
The First Schedule
Order I Parties To Suits
Order II Frame of Suit
Order III Recognized Agents And Pleaders
Order IV Institution Of Suits
Order V Issue Ann Service Of Summons
Order VI Pleadings Generally
Order VII Plaint
Order VIII Written Statement And Set-Off
Order IX Appearance of Parties and Consequence Of Non-Appearance
Order X Examination Of Parties By The Court
Order XI Discovery And Inspection
Order XII Admissions
Order XIII Production, Impounding And Return Of Documents
Order XIV Settlement Of Issues And Determination Of Suit On Issues Of Law Or On Issues Agreed Upon
Order XV Disposal Of The Suit At The First Hearing
Order XVI Summoning And Attendance Of Witnesses
Order XVII Adjournments
Order XVIII Hearing Of The Suit And Examination Of Witnesses
Order XIX Affidavits
Order XX Judgment And Decree
Order XXI Execution Of Decrees And Orders
Order XXII Death, Marriage And Insolvency Of Parties
Order XXIII Withdrawal and Adjustment of Suits
Order XXIV Payment Into Court
Order XXV Security For Costs
Order XXVI Commissions
Order XXVII Suits By Or Against The Government Or Public Officers In Their Official Capacity
Order XXVIIA Suits Involving A Substantial Question Of Law As To The Interpretation Of The Constitution
Order XXVIII Suits By Or Against Military Or Naval Men Or Airmen
Order XXIX Suits By Or Against Corporations
Order XXX Suits By Or Against Firms And Persons Carrying On Business In Names Other Than Their Own
Order XXXI Suits By Or Against Trustees, Executors And Administrators
Order XXXII Suits By Or Against Minors And Persons Of Unsound Mind
Order XXXIII Suits By Paupers
Order XXXIV Suits Relating To Mortgages Of Immovable Property
Order XXXV Interpleader
Order XXXVI Special Case
Order XXXVII Summary Procedure On Negotiable: Instruments
Order XXXVIII Arrest and Attachment Before Judgment
Order XXXIX Temporary Injunctions And Interlocutory Orders
Order XL Appointment OK, Receivers
Order XLI Appeals From Original Decrees
Order XLII Appeals From Appellate Decrees
Order XLIII Appeals From Orders
Order XLIV Pauper Appeals
Order XLV Appeals To The Supreme Court
Order XLVI Reference
Order XLVII Review
Order XLVIII Miscellaneous
Order XLIX Chartered High Courts
Order L Provincial Small Cause Courts
Order LI Presidency Small Cause Courts
Appendices to The First Schedule
Appendix A Pleadings
Appendix B Process
Appendix C Discovery, Inspection And Admission
Appendix D Decrees

Code of Criminal Procedure Act, 1973

NO.2 OF 1974
Contents
Sections Particulars
Chapter I Preliminary
1 Short title, extent and commencement
2 Definitions
3 Construction of references
4 Trial of offences under the Indian Penal Code and other laws
5 Saving
Chapter II Constitution Of Criminal Courts And Offices
6 Classes of Criminal Courts
7 Territorial divisions
8 Metropolitan areas
9 Court of Session
10 Subordination of Assistant Sessions Judges
11 Courts of Judicial Magistrates
12 Chief Judicial Magistrate and Additional Chief Judicial Magistrate, etc
13 Special Judicial Magistrates
14 Local jurisdiction of Judicial Magistrates
15 Subordination of Judicial Magistrates
16 Courts of Metropolitan Magistrates
17 Chief Metropolitan Magistrate and Additional Chief Metropolitan Magistrates
18 Special Metropolitan Magistrates
19 Subordination of Metropolitan Magistrates
20 Executive Magistrates
21 Special Executive Magistrates
22 Local jurisdiction of Executive Magistrates
23 Subordination of Executive Magistrates
24 Public Prosecutors
25 Assistant Public Prosecutors
Chapter III Power Of Courts
26 Courts by which offences are triable
27 Jurisdiction in the case of juveniles
28 Sentences which High Courts and Sessions Judges may pass
29 Sentences which Magistrates may pass
30 Sentence of imprisonment in default of fine
31 Sentence in cases of conviction of several offences at one trial
32 Mode of conferring powers
33 Powers of officers appointed
34 Withdrawal of powers
35 Powers of Judges and Magistrates exercisable by their successors-in-office
Chapter IV Powers Of Superior Officers Of Police
36 Powers of superior officers of police
37 Public when to assist Magistrates and police
38 Aid to person, other than police officer, executing warrant
39 Public to give information of certain offences
40 Duty of officers employed in connection with the affairs of a village to make certain report
Chapter V Arrest Of Persons
41 When police may arrest without warrant
42 Arrest on refusal to give name and residence
43 Arrest by Private person and procedure on such arrest
44 Arrest by Magistrate
45 Protection of members of the Armed Forces from arrest
46 Arrest how made
47 Search of place entered by person sought to be arrested
48 Pursuit of offenders into other jurisdictions
49 No unnecessary restraint
50 Person arrested to be informed of grounds of arrest and of right to bail
51 Search of arrested person
52 Power to seize offensive weapons
53 Examination of accused by medical practitioner at the request of police officer
54 Examination of arrested person by medical practitioner at the request of the arrested person
55 Procedure when police officer deputes subordinate to arrest without warrant
56 Person arrested to be taken before Magistrate or officer in charge of police station
57 Person arrested not to be detained more than twenty-four hours
58 Police to report apprehensions
59 Discharge of person apprehended
60 Power, on escape, to pursue and retake
Chapter VI Processes To Compel Appearance
61 Form of summons
62 Summons how served
63 Service of summons on corporate bodies and societies
64 Service when persons summoned cannot be found
65 Procedure when service cannot be effected as before provided
66 Service on Government
67 Service of summons outside local limits
68 Proof of service in such cases and when serving officer not present
69 Service of summons on witness by post
70 Form of warrant of arrest and duration
71 Power to direct security to be taken
72 Warrants to whom directed
73 Warrant may be directed to any person
74 Warrant directed to police officer
75 Notification of substance of warrant
76 Person arrested to be brought before Court without delay
77 Where warrant may be executed
78 Warrant forwarded for execution outside jurisdiction
79 Warrant directed to police officer for execution outside jurisdiction
80 Procedure on arrest of person against whom warrant issued
81 Procedure by Magistrate before whom such person arrested is brought
82 Proclamation for person absconding
83 Attachment of property of person absconding
84 Claims and objections to attachment
85 Release, sale and restoration of attached property
86 Appeal from order rejecting application for restoration of attached property
87 Issue of warrant in lieu of, or in addition to, summons
88 Power to take bond for appearance
89 Arrest on breach of bond for appearance
90 Provisions of this Chapter generally applicable to summonses and warrants of arrest
Chapter XIII Jurisdiction Of The Criminal Courts In Inquiries And Trials
177 Ordinary place of inquiry and trial
178 Place of inquiry or trial
179 Offence triable where act is done or consequence ensues
180 Place of trial where act is an offence by reason of relation to other offence
181 Place of trial in case of certain offences
182 Offences committed by letters, etc
183 Offence committed on journey or voyage
184 Place of trial for offences triable together.- Where
185 Power to order cases to be tried in different sessions divisions
186 High Court to decide, in case of doubt, district where inquiry or trial shall take place
187 Power to issue summons or warrant for offence committed beyond local jurisdiction
188 Offence committed outside India
189 Receipt of evidence relating to offences committed outside India
Chapter XIV Conditions Requisite For Initiation Of Proceeding
190 Cognizance of offences by Magistrates
191 Transfer on application of the accused
192 Making over of cases to Magistrates
193 Cognizance of offences by Courts of Session
194 Additional and Assistant Sessions Judges to try cases made over to them
Prosecution for contempt of lawful authority of public servants, for offences against public justice
195
and for offences relating to documents given in evidence
196 Prosecution for offences against the State and for criminal conspiracy to commit such offence
197 Prosecution of Judges and public servants
198 Prosecution for offences against marriage
199 Prosecution for defamation
Chapter XV Complaints To Magistrates
200 Examination of complainant
201 Procedure by Magistrate not competent to take cognizance of the case
202 Postponement of issue of process
203 Dismissal of complaint
Chapter XVI Commencement Of Proceedings Before Magistrates
204 Issue of process
205 Magistrate may dispense with personal attendance of accused
206 Special summons in cases of petty offence
207 Supply to the accused of copy of police report and other documents
Supply of copies of statements and documents to accused in other cases triable by Court of
208
Session
209 Commitment of case to Court of Session when offence is triable exclusively by it
Procedure to be followed when there is a complaint case and police investigation in respect of the
210
same offence
Chapter XVII The Charge
211 Contents of charge
212 Particulars as to time, place and person
213 When manner of committing offence must be stated
214 Words in charge taken in sense of law under which offence is punishable
215 Effect of errors
216 Court may alter charge
217 Recall of witnesses when charge altered
218 Separate charges for distinct offences
219 Three offences of same kind within year may be charged together
220 Trial for more than one offence
221 Trial for more than one offence-1
222 When offence proved included in offence charged
223 What persons may be charged jointly
224 Withdrawal of remaining charges on conviction on one of several charges
Chapter XVIII Trial Before A Court Of Session
225 Trial to be conducted by Public Prosecutor
226 Opening case for prosecution
227 Discharge
228 Framing of charge
229 Conviction on plea of guilty
230 Date for prosecution evidence
231 Evidence for prosecution
232 Acquittal
233 Entering upon defence
234 Arguments
235 Judgment of acquittal of conviction
236 Previous conviction
237 Procedure in cases instituted under section 199(2)
Chapter XIX Trial Of Warrant-Cases By Magistrates
238 Compliance with section 207
239 When accused shall be discharged
240 Framing of charge
241 Conviction on plea of guilty
242 Evidence for prosecution
243 Evidence for defence
244 Evidence for prosecution
245 When accused shall be discharged
246 Procedure where accused is not discharged
247 Evidence for defence
248 Acquittal or conviction
249 Absence of complainant
250 Compensation for accusation without reasonable cause
Chapter XX Trial Of Summons-Cases By Magistrates
251 Substance of accusation to be stated
252 Conviction on plea of guilty
253 Conviction on plea of guilty in absence of accused in petty cases
254 Procedure when not convicted
255 Acquittal or conviction
256 Non-appearance or death of complainant
257 Withdrawal of complaint
258 Power to stop proceedings in certain cases
259 Power of Court to convert summons-cases into warrant-cases
Chapter XXI Summary Trials
260 Power to try summarily
261 Summary trial by Magistrate of the second class
262 Procedure for summary trials
263 Record in summary trials
264 Judgment in cases tried summarily
265 Language of record and judgment
Chapter XXII Attendance Of Persons Confined Or Detained In Prisons
266 Definitions
267 Power to require attendance of prisoners
268 Power of State Government to exclude certain persons from operation of section 267
269 Officer in charge of prison to abstain from carrying out order in certain contingencies
270 Prisoner to be brought to Court in custody
271 Power to issue commission for examination of witness in prison
Chapter XXIII Evidence In Inquiries And Trials
272 Language of Courts
273 Evidence to be taken in presence of accused
274 Record in summons cases and inquiries
275 Record in warrant-cases
276 Record in trial before Court of Session
277 Language of record of evidence
278 Procedure in regard to such evidence when completed
279 Interpretation of evidence to accused or his pleader
280 Remarks respecting demeanour of witness
281 Record of examination of accused
282 Interpreter to be bound to interpret truthfully
283 Record in High Court
284 When attendance of witness may be dispensed with and commission issued
285 Commission to whom to be issued
286 Execution of commissions
287 Parties may examine witnesses
288 Return of commission
289 Adjournment of proceeding
290 Execution of foreign commissions
291 Deposition of medical witness
292 Evidence of the officers of the Mint
293 Reports of certain Government scientific experts
294 No formal proof of certain documents
295 Affidavit in proof of conduct of public servant
296 Evidence of formal character on affidavit
297 Authorities before whom affidavits may be sworn
298 Previous conviction or acquittal how proved
299 Record of evidence in absence of accused
Chapter
General Provisions As To Inquiries And Trials
XXIV
300 Person once convicted or acquitted not to be tried for same offence
301 Appearance by Public Prosecutors
302 Permission to conduct prosecution
303 Right of person against whom proceedings are instituted to be defended
304 Legal aid to accused at State expense in certain cases
305 Procedure when corporation or registered society is an accused
306 Tender of pardon to accomplice
307 Power to direct tender of pardon
308 Trial of person not complying with conditions of pardon
309 Power to postpone or adjourn proceedings
310 Local inspection
311 Power to summon material witness, or examine person present
312 Expenses of complainants and witnesses
313 Power to examine the accused
314 Oral arguments and memorandum of arguments
315 Accused person to be competent witness
316 No influence to be used to induce disclosure
317 Provision for inquiries and trial being held in the absence of accused in certain cases
318 Procedure where accused does not understand proceedings
319 Power to proceed against other persons appearing to be guilty of offence
320 Compounding of offences
321 Withdrawal from prosecution
322 Procedure in cases which Magistrate cannot dispose
 Procedure when, after commencement of inquiry or trial, Magistrate finds case should be
323
committed
324 Trial of persons previously convicted of offences against coinage, stamp-law or property
325 Procedure when Magistrate cannot pass sentence sufficiently severe
326 Conviction or commitment on evidence partly recorded by one Magistrate and partly by another
327 Court to be open
Chapter XXV Provisions As To Accused Persons Of Unsound Mind
328 Procedure in case of accused being lunatic
329 Procedure in case of person of unsound mind tried before Court
330 Release of lunatic pending investigation or trial
331 Resumption of inquiry or trial
332 Procedure on accused appearing before Magistrate or Court
333 When accused appears to have been of sound mind
334 Judgment of acquittal on ground of unsoundness of mind
335 Person acquitted on such ground to be detained in safe custody
336 Power of State Government to empower officer in charge to discharge
337 Procedure where lunatic prisoner is reported capable of making his defence
338 Procedure where lunatic detained is declared fit to be released
339 Delivery of lunatic to care of relative or friend
Chapter
Provisions As To Offences Affecting The Administration Of Justice
XXVI
340 Procedure in cases mentioned in section 195
341 Appeal
342 Power to order costs
343 Procedure of Magistrate taking cognizance
344 Summary procedure for trial for giving false evidence
345 Procedure in certain cases of contempt
346 Procedure where Court considers that case should not be dealt with under section 345
347 When Registrar or Sub-Registrar to be deemed a Civil Court
348 Discharge of offender on submission of apology
349 Imprisonment or committal of person refusing to answer or produce document
350 Summary procedure for punishment for non-attendance by a witness in obedience to summons
351 Appeals from convictions under sections 344, 345, 349 and 350
352 Certain Judges and Magistrates not to try certain offences when committed before themselves
Chapter
The Judgment
XXVII
353 Judgment
354 Language and contents of judgment
355 Metropolitan Magistrates judgment
356 Order for notifying address of previously convicted offender
357 Order to pay compensation
358 Compensation to persons groundlessly arrested
359 Order to pay costs in non-cognizable cases
360 Order to release on probation of good conduct or after admonition
Special reasons to be recorded in certain cases.- Where in any case the Court could have dealt
361
with
362 Court not to alter judgment
363 Copy of judgment to be given to the accused and other persons
364 Judgment when to be translated
365 Court of Session to send copy of finding and sentence to District Magistrate
Chapter
Submission Of Death Sentences For Confirmation
XXVIII
366 Sentence of death to be submitted by Court of Session for confirmation
367 Power to direct further inquiry to be made or additional evidence to be taken
368 Power of High Court to confirm sentence or annul conviction
369 Confirmation or new sentence to be signed by two Judges
370 Procedure in case of difference of opinion
371 Procedure in cases submitted to High Court for confirmation
Chapter
Appeals
XXIX
372 No appeals to lie unless otherwise provided
Appeal from orders requiring security or refusal to accept or rejecting surety for keeping peace or
373
good behaviour
374 Appeals from convictions
375 No appeal in certain cases when accused pleads guilty
376 No appeal in petty cases
377 Appeal by the State Government against sentence
378 Appeal in case of acquittal
379 Appeal against conviction by High Court in certain cases
380 Special right of appeal in certain cases
381 Appeal to Court of Session how heard
382 Petition of appeal
383 Procedure when appellant in jail
384 Summary dismissal of appeal
385 Procedure for hearing appeals not dismissed summarily
386 Powers of the Appellate Court
387 Judgments of subordinate Appellate Court
388 Order of High Court on appeal to be certified to lower Court
389 Suspension of sentence pending the appeal; release of appellant on bail
390 Arrest of accused in appeal from acquittal
391 Appellate Court may take further evidence or direct it to be taken
392 Procedure where Judges of Court of Appeal are equally divided
393 Finality of judgments and orders on appeal
394 Abatement of appeal
Chapter XXX Reference And Revision
395 Reference to High Court
396 Disposal of case according to decision of High Court
397 Calling for records to exercise powers of revision
398 Power to order inquiry
399 Sessions Judges powers of revision
400 Power of Additional Sessions Judge
401 High Courts powers of revision
402 Power of High Court to withdraw or transfer revision cases
403 Option of Court to hear parties
404 Statement by Metropolitan Magistrate of grounds of his decision to be considered by High Court
405 High Courts order to be certified to lower Court
Chapter
Transfer Of Criminal Cases
XXXI
406 Power to Supreme Court to transfer cases and appeals
407 Power of High Court to transfer cases and appeals
408 Power of Sessions Judge to transfer cases and appeals
409 Withdrawal of cases and appeals by Sessions Judges
410 Withdrawal of cases by Judicial Magistrates
411 Making over or withdrawal of cases by Executive Magistrates
412 Reasons to be recorded
Chapter
Execution, Suspension, Remission And Commutation Of Sentences
XXXII
413 Execution of order passed under section 368
414 Execution of sentence of death passed by High Court
415 Postponement of execution of sentence of death in case of appeal to Supreme Court
416 Postponement of capital sentence on pregnant woman
417 Power to appoint place of imprisonment
418 Execution of sentence of imprisonment
419 Direction of warrant for execution
420 Warrant with whom to be lodged
427 Sentence on offender already sentenced for another offence
428 Period of detention undergone by the accused to be set off against the sentence of imprisonment
429 Saving
430 Return of warrant on execution of sentence
431 Money ordered to be paid recoverable as a fine
432 Power to suspend or remit sentences
433 Power to commute sentence
434 Concurrent power of Central Government in case of death sentences
435 State Government to act after consultation with Central Government in certain cases
Chapter
Provisions As To Bail And Bonds
XXXIII
436 In what cases bail to be taken
437 When bail may be taken in case of non-bailable offence
438 Direction for grant of bail to person apprehending arrest
440 Amount of bond and reduction thereof
441 Bond of accused and sureties
442 Discharge from custody
443 Power to order sufficient bail when that first taken in insufficient
444 Discharge of sureties
445 Deposit instead of recognizance
446 Procedure when bond has been forfeited
447 Procedure in case of insolvency or death of surety or when a bond is forfeited
448 Bond required from minor
449 Appeal from orders under section 446
450 Power to direct levy of amount due on certain recognizances
Chapter
Disposal Of Property
XXXIV
451 Order for custody and disposal of property pending trial in certain cases
452 Order for disposal of property at conclusion of trial
453 Payment to innocent purchaser of money found on accused
454 Appeal against orders under section 452 or section 453
455 Destruction of libellous and other matter
456 Power to restore possession of immovable property
457 Procedure by Police upon seizure of property
458 Procedure where no claimant appears within six months
459 Power to sell perishable property
Chapter
Irregular Proceedings
XXXV
460 Irregularities which do not vitiate proceedings
461 Irregularities which vitiate proceedings
462 Proceedings in wrong place
463 Non-compliance with provisions of section 164 or section 281
464 Effect of omission to frame, or absence of, or error in, charge
465 Finding or sentence when reversible by reason of error, omission or irregularity
466 Defect or error not to make attachment unlawful
Chapter
Limitation For Taking Cognizance Of Certain Offences
XXXVI
467 Definitions
468 Bar to taking cognizance after lapse of the period of limitation
469 Commencement of the period of limitation
470 Exclusion of time in certain cases
471 Exclusion of date on which Court is closed
472 Continuing offence
473 Extension of period of limitation in certain cases
Chapter
Miscellaneous
XXXVII
474 Trials before High Courts
475 Delivery to commanding officers of persons liable to be tried by Court-martial
476 Forms
477 Power of High Court to make rules
478 Power to alter functions allocated to judicial and Executive Magistrates in certain cases
479 Case in which Judge or Magistrate is personally interested
480 Practising pleader not to sit as Magistrate in certain Courts
481 Public servant concerned in sale not to purchase or bid for property
482 Saving of inherent powers of High Court
483 Duty of High Court to exercise continuous superintendence over Courts of Judicial Magistrates
484 Repeal and savings

Transfer of Property Act, 1882

[Act No. 4 of Year 1882]
Contents
Sections Particulars
Chapter I Preliminary
l Short title
2 Repeal of Acts-Saving of certain enactments, incidents, rights, liabilities, etc.
3 Interpretation clause
Enactments relating to contracts to be taken as part of Contract Act and supplemental to the
4
Registration Act
Chapter II Transfers Of Property By Act Of Parties
5 Transfer of property defined
6 What may be transferred
7 Persons competent to transfer
8 Operation of transfer
9 Oral transfer
10 Condition restraining alienation
11 Restriction repugnant to interest created
12 Condition making interest determinable on insolvency or attempted alienation
13 Transfer for benefit of unborn person
14 Rule against perpetuity
15 Transfer to a class, some of whom come under sections 13 and 14
16 Transfer to take effect on failure of prior interest
17 Direction for accumulation
18 Transfer in perpetuity for benefit of public
19 Vested interest
20 When unborn person acquires vested interest on transfer for his benefit
21 Contingent interest
22 Transfer to members of a class who attain a particular age
23 Transfer contingent on happening of specified uncertain event
24 Transfer to such of certain persons as survive at some period not specified
25 Conditional transfer
26 Fulfillment of condition precedent
27 Conditional transfer to one person coupled with transfer to another on failure of prior disposition
28 Ulterior transfer conditional on happening or not happening of specified event
29 Fulfillment of condition subsequent
30 Prior disposition not affected by invalidity of ulterior disposition
Condition that transfer shall cease to have effect in case specified uncertain event happens or
31
does not happen
32 Such condition must not be invalid
33 Transfer conditional on performance of act, no time being specified for performance
34 Transfer conditional on performance of act, time being specified
Election
35 Election when necessary
36 Apportionment of periodical payments on determination of interest of person entitled
37 Apportionment of benefit of obligation on severance
38 Transfer by person authorized only under certain circumstances to transfer
39 Transfer where third person is entitled to maintenance
40 Burden of obligation imposing restriction on use of land
41 Transfer by ostensible owner
42 Transfer by person having authority to revoke former transfer
43 Transfer by unauthorized person who subsequently acquires interest in property transferred
44 Transfer by one co-owner
45 Joint transfer for consideration
46 Transfer for consideration by persons having distinct interests
47 Transfer by co-owners of share in common property
48 Priority of rights created by transfer
49 Transferee's right under policy
50 Rent bona fide paid to holder under defective title
51 Improvements made by bona fide holders under defective titles
52 Transfer of property pending suit relating thereto
53 Fraudulent transfer
53A Part performance
Chapter III Sales Of Immovable Property
54 Sale defined
55 Rights and liabilities of buyer and seller
56 Marshalling by subsequent purchaser
Discharge Of Encumbrances On Sale
57 Provision by court for encumbrances and sale freed there from
Chapter IV Mortgages Of Immovable Property And Charges
58 Mortgage, mortgagor mortgagee mortgage-money and not;mortgaged defined
59 Mortgage when to be by assurance
59A References to mortgagors and mortgagees to include persons deriving title from them
Rights And Liabilities Of Mortgagor
60 Right of mortgagor to redeem
60A Obligation to transfer to third party instead of re-transference to mortgagor
60B Right to inspection and production of documents
61 Right to redeem separately or simultaneously
62 Right of usufructuary mortgagor to recover possession
63 Accession to mortgaged property
63A Improvements to mortgaged property
64 Renewal of mortgaged lease
65 Implied contracts by mortgagor
65A Mortgagor's power to lease
66 Waste by mortgagor in possession
Rights And Liabilities Of Mortgagee
67 Right to foreclosure or sale
67A Mortgagee when bound to bring one suit on several mortgages
68 Right to sue for mortgage-money
69 Power of sale when valid
69A Appointment of receiver
70 Accession to mortgaged property
71 Renewal of mortgaged lease
72 Rights of mortgagee, in possession
73 Right to proceeds of revenue sale or compensation on acquisition
74 Right of subsequent mortgagee to pay off prior mortgagee
75 Rights of mesne mortgagee against prior and subsequent mortgagees
76 Liabilities of mortgagee in possession
77 Receipts in lieu of interest
Priority
78 Postponement of prior mortgagee
79 Mortgage to secure uncertain amount when maximum is expressed
80 Tacking abolished
Marshalling And Contribution
81 Marshalling securities
82 Contribution to mortgage-debt
Deposit In Court
83 Power to deposit in court money due on mortgage
84 Cessation of interest
Suits For Foreclosure, Sale Or Redemption
85 Parties to suits for foreclosure, sale and redemption
86-90 [Repealed by the Code of Civil Procedure, 1908 (5 of 1908).]
91 Persons who may sue for redemption
92 Subrogation
93 Prohibition of tacking
94 Rights of mesne mortgagee
95 Right of redeeming co-mortgagor to expenses
96 Mortgage by deposit of title-deeds
97 Application of proceeds
Anomalous Mortgages
98 Rights and liabilities of parties to anomalous mortgage
Attachment Of Mortgaged Property
99 Attachment of mortgaged property
Charges
100 Charges
101 No merger in case of subsequent encumbrance
Notice And Tender
102 Service or tender on or to agent
103 Notice, etc., to or by person incompetent to contract
104 Power to make rules
Chapter V Leases Of Immovable Property
105 Lease defined
106 Duration of certain leases in absence of written contract or local usage
107 Leases how made
108 Rights and liabilities of lessor and lessee
109 Rights of lessor's transferee
110 Exclusion of day on which term commences
111 Determination of lease
112 Waiver of forfeiture
113 Waiver of notice to quit
114 Relief against forfeiture for non-payment of rent
114A Relief against forfeiture in certain other cases
115 Effect of surrender and forfeiture on under leases
116 Effect of holding over
117 Exemption of leases for agricultural purposes
Chapter VI Exchanges
118 "Exchange" defined
119 Right of party deprived of thing received in exchange
120 Rights and liabilities of parties
121 Exchange of money
Chapter VII Gifts
122 "Gift" defined
123 Transfer how effected
124 Gift of existing and future property
125 Gift to several of whom one does not accept
 126 When gift may be suspended or revoked
127 Onerous gifts
128 Universal donee
129 Saving of donations mortis cause and Mohammedan Law
Chapter VIII Transfers Of Actionable Claims
130 Transfer of actionable claim
130A Transfer of policy of marine insurance
131 Notice to be in writing, signed
132 Liability of transferee of actionable claim
Schedule Schedule
133 Warranty of solvency of debtor
134 Mortgaged debt
135 Assignment of rights under policy of insurance against fire
135A Assignment of rights under policy of marine insurance
136 Incapacity of officers connected with courts of justice
137 Saving of negotiable instruments, etc.

Constitution of India, 1949

Contents
Sections Particulars
Preamble
Part I The Union And Its Territory
1 Name and territory of the Union
2 Admission or establishment of new States
2A [Repealed]
3 Formation of new States and alteration of areas, boundaries or names of existing States
Laws made under articles 2 and 3 to provide for the amendment of the First and the Fourth Schedules
4
and supplemental, incidental and consequential matters
Part II Citizenship
5 Citizenship at the commencement of the Constitution
6 Rights of citizenship of certain persons who have migrated to India from Pakistan
7 Rights of citizenship of certain migrants to Pakistan
8 Rights of citizenship of certain persons of Indian origin residing outside India
9 Persons voluntarily acquiring citizenship of a foreign State not to be citizens
10 Continuance of the rights of citizenship
11 Parliament to regulate the right of citizenship by law
Part III Fundamental Rights
General
12 Definition
13 Laws inconsistent with or in derogation of the fundamental rights Right of Equality
14 Equality before law
15 Prohibition of discrimination on grounds of religion, race, caste, sex or place of birth
16 Equality of opportunity in matters of public employment
17 Abolition of untouchability
18 Abolition of titles
Right to Freedom
19 Protection of certain rights regarding freedom of speech, etc.
20 Protection in respect of conviction for offences
21 Protection of life and personal liberty
22 Protection against arrest and detention in certain cases
Right against Exploitation
23 Prohibition of traffic in human beings and forced labor
24 Prohibition of employment of children in factories, etc.
Right to Freedom of Religion
25 Freedom of conscience and free profession, practice and propagation of religion
26 Freedom to manage religious affairs
27 Freedom as to payment of taxes for promotion of any particular religion
Freedom as to attendance at religious instruction or religious worship in certain educational
28
institutions
Cultural and Educational Rights
29 Protection of interests of minorities
30 Right of minorities to establish and administer educational institutions
31 [Repealed]
Saving of certain laws
31A Saving of laws providing for acquisition of estates, etc.
31B Validation of certain Acts and Regulations
31C Saving of laws giving effect to certain directive principles
31D [Repealed]
Right to Constitutional Remedies
32 Remedies for enforcement of rights conferred by this Part
32A [Repealed]
33 Power of Parliament to modify the rights conferred by this Part in their application, etc.
34 Restriction on rights conferred by this Part while martial law is in force in any area
35 Legislation to give effect to the provisions of this Part
Part IV Directive Principles Of State Policy
36 Definition
37 Application of the principles contained in this Part
38 State to secure a social order for the promotion of welfare of the people
39 Certain principles of policy to be followed by the State
39A Equal justice and free legal aid
40 Organization of village panchayats
41 Right to work, to education and to public assistance in certain cases
42 Provision for just and humane conditions of work and maternity relief
43 Living wage, etc., for workers
43A Participation of workers in management of industries
44 Uniform civil code for the citizens
45 Provision for free and compulsory education for children
Promotion of educational and economic interests of Scheduled Castes, Scheduled Tribes and other
46
weaker sections
47 Duty of the State to raise the level of nutrition and the standard of living and to improve public health
48 Organization of agriculture and animal husbandry
48A Protection and improvement of environment and safeguarding of forests and wild life
49 Protection of monuments and places and objects of national importance
50 Separation of judiciary from executive
51 Promotion of international peace and security
Part IVA Fundamental Duties
51A Fundamental duties
Part V The Union
Chapter I The Executive
The President and Vice-President
52 The President of India
53 Executive power of the Union
54 Election of President
55 Manner of election of President
56 Term of office of President
57 Eligibility for re-election
58 Qualifications for election as President
59 Conditions of President’s office
60 Oath or affirmation by the President
61 Procedure for impeachment of the President
Time of holding election to fill vacancy in the office of President and the term of office of person
62
elected to fill casual vacancy
63 The Vice-President of India
64 The Vice-President to be ex-officio Chairman of the Council of States
The Vice-President to act as President or to discharge his functions during casual vacancies in the
65
office, or during the absence, of President
66 Election of Vice-President
67 Term of office of Vice-President
Time of holding election to fill vacancy in the office of Vice-President and the term of office of person
68
elected to fill casual vacancy
69 Oath or affirmation by the Vice-President
70 Discharge of President’s functions in other contingencies
71 Matters relating to, or connected with, the election of a President or Vice-President
Power of President to grant pardons, etc., and to suspend, remit or commute sentences in certain
72
cases
73 Extent of executive power of the Union Council of Ministers
74 Council of Ministers to aid and advise President
75 Other provisions as to Ministers
The Attorney-General for India
76 Attorney-General for India
Conduct of Government Business
77 Conduct of business of the Government of India
78 Duties of Prime Minister as respects the furnishing of information to the President, etc.
Chapter
Parliament
II
General
79 Constitution of Parliament
80 Composition of the Council of States
81 Composition of the House of the People
82 Readjustment after each census
83 Duration of Houses of Parliament
84 Qualification for membership of Parliament
85 Sessions of Parliament, prorogation and dissolution
86 Right of President to address and send messages to Houses
87 Special address by the President
88 Rights of Ministers and Attorney-General as respects Houses Officers of Parliament
89 The Chairman and Deputy Chairman of the Council of States
90 Vacation and resignation of, and removal from, the office of Deputy Chairman
Power of the Deputy Chairman or other person to perform the duties of the office of, or to act as,
91
Chairman
The Chairman or the Deputy Chairman not to preside while a resolution for his removal from office is
92
under consideration
93 The Speaker and Deputy Speaker of the House of the People
94 Vacation and resignation of, and removal from, the offices of Speaker and Deputy Speaker
Power of the Deputy Speaker or other person to perform the duties of the office of, or to act as,
95
Speaker
The Speaker or the Deputy Speaker not to preside while a resolution for his removal from office is
96
under consideration
Salaries and allowances of the Chairman and Deputy Chairman and the Speaker and Deputy
97
Speaker
98 Secretariat of Parliament
Conduct of Business
99 Oath or affirmation by members
100 Voting in Houses, power of Houses to act notwithstanding vacancies and quorum
Disqualifications of Members
101 Vacation of seats
102 Disqualifications for membership
103 Decision on questions as to disqualifications of members
Penalty for sitting and voting before making oath or affirmation under article 99 or when not qualified
104
or when disqualified Powers, Privileges and Immunities of Parliament and its Members
105 Powers, privileges, etc. of the Houses of Parliament and of the members and committees thereof
106 Salaries and allowances of members
Legislative Procedure
107 Provisions as to introduction and passing of Bills
108 Joint sitting of both Houses in certain cases
109 Special procedure in respect of Money Bills
110 Definition of Money Bill
111 Assent to Bills
Procedures in Financial Matters
112 Annual financial statement
113 Procedure in Parliament with respect to estimates
114 Appropriation Bills
115 Supplementary, additional or excess grants
116 Votes on account, votes of credit and exceptional grants
117 Special provisions as to financial Bills
Procedure Generally
118 Rules of procedure
119 Regulation by law of procedure in Parliament in relation to financial business
120 Language to be used in Parliament
121 Restriction on discussion in Parliament
122 Courts not to inquire into proceedings of Parliament
Chapter Legislative Powers Of The President
123 Power of President to promulgate Ordinances during recess of Parliament
Chapter The Union Judiciary
124 Establishment and Constitution of Supreme Court
125 Salaries, etc., of Judges
126 Appointment of acting Chief Justice
127 Appointment of ad hoc Judges
128 Attendance of retired Judges at sittings of the Supreme Court
129 Supreme Court to be a court of record
130 Seat of Supreme Court
131 Original jurisdiction of the Supreme Court
131A [Repealed]
132 Appellate jurisdiction of Supreme Court in appeals from High Courts in certain cases
133 Appellate jurisdiction of Supreme Court in appeals from High Courts in regard to civil matters
134 Appellate jurisdiction of Supreme Court in regard to criminal matters
134A Certificate for appeal to the Supreme Court
Jurisdiction and powers of the Federal Court under existing law to be exercisable by the Supreme
135
Court
136 Special leave to appeal by the Supreme Court
137 Review of judgments or orders by the Supreme Court
138 Enlargement of the jurisdiction of the Supreme Court
139 Conferment on the Supreme Court of powers to issue certain writs
139A Transfer of certain cases
140 Ancillary powers of Supreme Court
141 Law declared by Supreme Court to be binding on all courts
142 Enforcement of decrees and orders of Supreme Court and orders as to discovery, etc.
143 Power of President to consult Supreme Court
144 Civil and judicial authorities to act in aid of the Supreme Court
144A [Repealed]
145 Rules of court, etc.
146 Officers and servants and the expenses of the Supreme Court
147 Interpretation
Chapter Comptroller And Auditor-General Of India
148 Comptroller and Auditor-General of India
149 Duties and powers of the Comptroller and Auditor-General
150 Form of accounts of the Union and of the States
151 Audit reports
Part VI The States
Chapter General
152 Definition
Chapter The Executive
The Governor
153 Governors of States
154 Executive power of State
155 Appointment of Governor
156 Term of office of Governor
157 Qualifications for appointment as Governor
158 Conditions of Governor’s office
159 Oath or affirmation by Governor
160 Discharge of the functions of the Governor in certain contingencies
Power of Governor to grant pardons, etc., and to suspend, remit or commute sentences in certain
161
cases
162 Extent of executive power of State
Council of Ministers
163 Council of Ministers to aid and advise Governor
164 Other provisions as to Ministers
The Advocate-General for the State
165 Advocate-General for the State
Conduct of Government Business
166 Conduct of business of the Government of a State
167 Duties of Chief Minister as respects the furnishing of information to Governor, etc.
Individual officers
Chapter The State Legislature
General
168 Constitution of Legislatures in States
169 Abolition or creation of Legislative Councils in States
170 Composition of the Legislative Assemblies
171 Composition of the Legislative Councils
172 Duration of State Legislatures
173 Qualification for membership of the State Legislature
174 Sessions of the State Legislature, prorogation and dissolution
175 Right of Governor to address and send messages to the House or Houses
176 Special address by the Governor
177 Rights of Ministers and Advocate-General as respects the Houses
Officers of the State Legislature
178 The Speaker and Deputy Speaker of the Legislative Assembly
179 Vacation and resignation of, and removal from, the offices of Speaker and Deputy Speaker
180 Power of the Deputy Speaker or other person to perform the duties of the office of, or to act as, Speaker
The Speaker or the Deputy Speaker not to preside while a resolution for his removal from office is under
181 consideration
182 The Chairman and Deputy Chairman of the Legislative Council
183 Vacation and resignation of, and removal from, the offices of Chairman and Deputy Chairman
184 Power of the Deputy Chairman or other person to perform the duties of the office of, or to act as, Chairman
The Chairman or the Deputy Chairman not to preside while a resolution for his removal from office is under
185 consideration
186 Salaries and allowances of the Speaker and Deputy Speaker and the Chairman and Deputy Chairman
187 Secretariat of State Legislature
Conduct of Business
188 Oath or affirmation by members
189 Voting in Houses, power of Houses to act notwithstanding vacancies and quorum
Disqualifications of Members
190 Vacation of seats
191 Disqualifications for membership
192 Decision on questions as to disqualifications of members
193 Penalty for sitting and voting before making oath or affirmation under article 188 or when not qualified
 or when disqualified
Powers, Privileges and Immunities of State Legislatures and their Members
194 Powers, privileges, etc., of the House of Legislatures and of the members and committees thereof
195 Salaries and allowances of members
Legislative Procedure
196 Provisions as to introduction and passing of Bills
197 Restriction on powers of Legislative Council as to Bills other than Money Bills
198 Special procedure in respect of Money Bills
199 Definition of Money Bills
200 Assent to Bills
Governor’s assent to Bills
201 Bills reserved for consideration
Procedure in Financial Matters
202 Annual financial statement
203 Procedure in Legislature with respect to estimates
204 Appropriation Bills
205 Supplementary, additional or excess grants
206 Votes on account, votes of credit and exceptional grants
207 Special provisions as to financial Bills
Procedure Generally
208 Rules of procedure
209 Regulation by law of procedure in the Legislature of the State in relation to financial business
210 Language to be used in the Legislature
211 Restriction on discussion in the Legislature
212 Courts not to inquire into proceedings of the Legislature
Chapter Legislative Power Of The Governor
213 Power of Governor to promulgate Ordinances during recess of Legislature
Chapter The High Courts In The States
214 High Courts for States
215 High Courts to be courts of record
216 Constitution of High Courts
217 Appointment and conditions of the office of a Judge of a High Court
218 Application of certain provisions relating to Supreme Court to High Courts
219 Oath or affirmation by Judges of High Courts
220 Restriction on practice after being a permanent Judge
221 Salaries etc., of Judges
222 Transfer of a Judge from one High Court to another
223 Appointment of acting Chief Justice
224 Appointment of additional and acting Judges
224A Appointment of retired Judges at sittings of High Courts
225 Jurisdiction of existing High Courts
226 Power of High Courts to issue certain writs
226A [Repealed]
227 Power of superintendence over all courts by the High Court
228 Transfer of certain cases to High Court
228A [Repealed]
229 Officers and servants and the expenses of High Courts
230 Extension of jurisdiction of High Courts to Union territories
231 Establishment of a common High Court for two or more States
Chapter
Subordinate Courts
VI
233 Appointment of district judges
233A Validation of appointments of, and judgments, etc., delivered by, certain district judges
234 Recruitment of persons other than district judges to the judicial service
235 Control over subordinate courts
236 Interpretation
237 Application of the provisions of this Chapter to certain class or classes of magistrates
Part VII [Repealed]
Part VIII The Union Territories
239 Administration of Union territories
239A Creation of local Legislatures or Council of Ministers or both for certain Union territories
239B Power of administrator to promulgate Ordinances during recess of Legislature
240 Power of President to make regulations for certain Union territories
241 High Courts for Union territories
242 [Repealed]
Part IX The Panchayats
243 Definitions
243A Gram Sabha
243B Constitution of Panchayats
243C Composition of Panchayats
243D Reservation of seats
243E Duration of Panchayats, etc.
243F Disqualifications for membership
243G Powers, authority and responsibilities of Panchayats
243H Powers to impose taxes by, and funds of, the Panchayats
243I Constitution of finance Commissions to review financial position
243J Audit of accounts of Panchayats
243K Elections to the Panchayats
243L Application to Union territories
243M Part not to apply to certain areas
243N Continuance of existing laws and Panchayats
243O Bar to interference by courts in electoral matters

Election process (Gram Panchayats)

Part IX A The Municipalities
243P Definitions
243Q Constitution of Municipalities
243R Composition of Municipalities
243S Constitution and composition of wards Committees, etc.
243T Reservation of seats
243U Duration of Municipalities, etc.
243V Disqualifications for membership
243W Powers, authority and responsibilities of Municipalities, etc.
243X Power to impose taxes by, and funds, of, the Municipalities
243Y Finance Commission
243Z Audit of accounts of Municipalities
243ZA Elections to the Municipalities
243ZB Application to Union territories
243ZC Part not to apply to certain areas
243ZD Committee for district planning
243ZE Committee for Metropolitan Planning
243ZF Continuance of existing laws and Municipalities
243ZG Bar to interference by courts in electoral matters
Part X Scheduled And Tribal Areas
244 Administration of Scheduled Areas and Tribal Areas
Formation of an autonomous State comprising certain tribal areas in Assam and creation of local
244A
Legislature or Council of Ministers or both therefor
Part XI Relations Between The Union And The States
Chapter Legislative Relations
Distribution of Legislative Powers
245 Extent of laws made by Parliament and by the Legislatures of States
246 Subject-matter of laws made by Parliament and by the Legislatures of States
247 Power of Parliament to provide for the establishment of certain additional courts
248 Residuary powers of legislation
249 Power of Parliament to legislate with respect to a matter in the State List in the national interest
Power of Parliament to legislate with respect to any matter in the State List if a Proclamation of
250
Emergency is in operation
Inconsistency between laws made by Parliament under articles 249 and 250 and laws made by the
251
Legislatures of States
Power of Parliament to legislate for two or more States by consent and adoption of such legislation by
252
any other State
253 Legislation for giving effect to international agreements
254 Inconsistency between laws made by Parliament and laws made by the Legislatures of States
Requirements as to recommendations and previous sanctions to be regarded as matters of procedure
255
only
Chapter Administrative Relations
General
256 Obligation of States and the Union
257 Control of the Union over States in certain cases
257A [Repealed]
258 Power of the Union to confer powers, etc., on States in certain cases
258A Power of the States to entrust functions to the Union
259 [Repealed]
260 Jurisdiction of the Union in relation to territories outside India
261 Public acts, records and judicial proceedings

Disputes relating to Waters

262 Adjudication of disputes relating to waters of inter-State rivers or river valleys
Co-ordination between States
263 Provisions with respect to an inter-State Council

Part XII Finance, Property, Contracts And Suits

Chapter Finance
General
264 Interpretation
265 Taxes not to be imposed save by authority of law
Fee
266 Consolidated Funds and public accounts of India and of the States
267 Contingency Fund
Distribution of Revenues between the Union and the States
268 Duties levied by the Union but collected and appropriated by the States
269 Taxes levied and collected by the Union but assigned to the States
270 Taxes levied and distributed between the Union and the States
271 Surcharge on certain duties and taxes for purposes of the Union
272 Taxes which are levied and collected by the Union and may be distributed between the Union and the States
273 Grants in lieu of export duty on jute and jute products
274 Prior recommendation of President required to Bills affecting taxation in which States are interested
275 Grants from the Union to certain States
276 Taxes on professions, trades, callings and employments
277 Savings
279 Calculation of "net proceeds", etc.
280 Finance Commission
281 Recommendations of the Finance Commission

Miscellaneous Financial Provisions

282 Expenditure defrayable by the Union or a State out of its revenues
283 Custody, etc. of Consolidated Funds, Contingency Funds and moneys credited to the public accounts
284 Custody of suitors’ deposits and other moneys received by public servants and courts
285 Exemption of property of the Union from State taxation
286 Restrictions as to imposition of tax on the sale or purchase of goods
287 Exemption from taxes on electricity
288 Exemption from taxation by States in respect of water or electricity in certain cases
289 Exemption of property and income of a State from Union taxation
290 Adjustment in respect of certain expenses and pensions
290A Annual payment to certain Devaswom Funds

Chapter II. Borrowing

292 Borrowing by the Government of India
293 Borrowing by States
Chapter III.Property, Contracts, Rights, Liabilities, Obligations And Suits
294 Succession to property, assets, rights, liabilities and obligations in certain cases
295 Succession to property, assets, rights, liabilities and obligations in other cases
296 Property accruing by escheat or lapse or as bona vacantia
Things of value within territorial waters or continental shelf and resources of the exclusive economic zone to vest in
297 the Union
298 Power to carry on trade, etc.
299 Contracts
300 Suits and proceedings

Chapter Right To Property

300A Persons not to be deprived of property save by authority of law
Part XIII Trade, Commerce And Intercourse Within The Territory Of India
301 Freedom of trade, commerce and intercourse
302 Power of Parliament to impose restrictions on trade, commerce and intercourse
303 Restrictions on the legislative powers of the Union and of the States with regard to trade and commerce
Restrictions on trade, commerce and intercourse among States Regulation and Prohibition must be distinguished
304 from each other
305 Saving of existing laws and laws providing for State monopolies
306 [Repealed]
307 Appointment of authority for carrying out the purposes of articles 301 to 304

Part XIV Services Under The Union And The States

Chapter I. Services
308 Interpretation
309 Recruitment and conditions of service of persons serving the Union or a State
310 Tenure of office of persons serving the Union or a State
311 Dismissal, removal or reduction in rank of persons employed in civil capacities under the Union or a State
312 All-India Services
312A Power of Parliament to vary or revoke conditions of service of officers of certain services
313 Transitional provisions
314 [Repealed]
Chapter II. Public Service Commission
315 Public Service Commissions for the Union and for the States
316 Appointment and term of office of members
317 Removal and suspension of a member of a Public Service Commission
318 Power to make regulations as to conditions of service of members and staff of the Commission
319 Prohibition as to the holding of offices by members of Commission on ceasing to be such members
320 Functions of Public Service Commissions
321 Power to extend functions of Public Service Commissions
322 Expenses of Public Service Commission
323 Reports of Public Service Commissions
Part
Tribunals
XIVA
323A Administrative tribunals
323B Tribunals for other matters
Part XV Elections
324 Superintendence, direction and control of elections to be vested in an Election Commission
No person to be ineligible for inclusion in, or to claim to be included in a special, electoral roll on
325
grounds of religion, race, caste or sex
Elections to the House of the People and to the Legislative Assemblies of States to be on the basis of
326
adult suffrage
327 Power of Parliament to make provision with respect to elections to Legislatures
328 Power of Legislature of a State to make provision with respect to elections to such Legislature
329 Bar to interference by courts in electoral matters
329A [Repealed]
Part XVI Special Provisions Relating To Certain Classes
330 Reservation of seats for Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes in the House of the People
331 Representation of the Anglo-Indian community in the House of the People
Reservation of seats for Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes in the Legislative Assemblies of the
332
States
333 Representation of the Anglo-Indian community in the Legislative Assemblies of the States
334 Reservation of seats and special representation to cease after fifty years
335 Claims of Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes to services and posts
336 Special provision for Anglo-Indian community in certain services
337 Special provision with respect to educational grants for the benefit of Anglo-Indian community
338 Special Officer for Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes, etc.
339 Control of the Union over the administration of Scheduled Areas and the welfare of Scheduled Tribes
340 Appointment of a Commission to investigate the conditions of backward classes
341 Scheduled Castes
342 Scheduled Tribes
Part XVII Official Language
Chapter I Language Of The Union
343 Official language of the Union
344 Commission and Committee of Parliament on official language
Chapter
Regional Languages
II
345 Official language or languages of a State
Official language for communication between one State and another or between a State and the
346
Union
347 Special provision relating to language spoken by a section of the population of a State
Chapter
Language Of The Supreme Court, High Courts, Etc
III
348 Language to be used in the Supreme Court and in the High Courts and for Acts, Bills, etc.
349 Special procedure for enactment of certain laws relating to language
Chapter
Special Directives
IV
350 Language to be used in representations for redress of grievances
350A Facilities for instruction in mother-tongue at primary stage
350B Special Officer for linguistic minorities
351 Directive for development of the Hindi language
Part XVIII Emergency Provisions
352 Proclamation of Emergency
353 Effect of Proclamation of Emergency
354 Application of provisions relating to distribution of revenues while a Proclamation of Emergency is in operation
355 Duty of the Union to protect States against external aggression and internal disturbance
356 Provisions in case of failure of constitutional machinery in State
357 Exercise of legislative powers under Proclamation issued under article 356
358 Suspension of provisions of article 19 during emergencies
359 Suspension of the enforcement of the rights conferred by Part III during emergencies
359A [Repealed]
360 Provisions as to financial emergency
Part XIX Miscellaneous
361 Protection of President and Governors and Rajpramukhs
361A Protection of publication of proceedings of Parliament and State Legislature
363 Bar to interference by courts in disputes arising out of certain treaties, agreements, etc.
363A Recognition granted to Rulers of Indian States to cease and privy purses to be abolished
364 Special provisions as to major ports and aerodromes
365 Effect of failure to comply with, or to give effect to, directions given by the
366 Definitions
367 Interpretation
Part XX Amendment Of The Constitution
368 Power of Parliament to amend the Constitution and procedure therefor
Part XXI Temporary, Transitional And Special Provisions
Temporary power to Parliament to make laws with respect to certain matters in the State List as if they were
369
matters in the Concurrent List
370 Temporary provisions with respect to the State of Jammu and Kashmir
371 Special provision with respect to the States of Maharashtra and Gujarat
371A Special provision with respect to the State of Nagaland
371B Special provision with respect to the State of Assam
371C Special provision with respect to the State of Manipur
371D Special provisions with respect to the State of Andhra Pradesh
371E Establishment of Central University in Andhra Pradesh
371F Special provisions with respect to the State of Sikkim
371G Special provision with respect to the State of Mizoram
371H Special provision with respect to the State of Arunachal Pradesh
371-I Special provision with respect to the State of Goa
372 Continuance in force of existing laws and their adaptation
372A Power of the President to adapt laws
373 Power of President to make order in respect of persons under preventive detention in certain cases
Provisions as to Judges of the Federal Court and proceedings pending in the Federal Court or before
374
His Majesty in Council
375 Courts, authorities and officers to continue to function subject to the provisions of the Constitution
376 Provisions as to Judges of High Courts
377 Provisions as to Comptroller and Auditor-General of India
378 Provisions as to Public Service Commissions
378A Special provisions as to duration of Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly
379-391 [Repealed]
392 Power of the President to remove difficulties
Part XXII Short title, commencement, Authoritative text in Hindi and Repeals
393 Short title
394 commencement
395 Repeals

Indian Contract Act, 1872

[Act No. 9 of Year 1872, dated 25th. April, 1872]
Contents
Sections Particulars
Preliminary
1 Short title
2 Interpretation-clause
Chapter I Communication, Acceptance and Revocation of Proposals
3 Communication, acceptance and revocation of proposals
4 Communication when complete
5 Revocation of proposals and acceptances
6 Revocation how made
7 Acceptance must be absolute
8 Acceptance by performing conditions, or receiving consideration
9 Promises, express and implied
Chapter II Contracts, Voidable Contracts, and Void Agreements
10 What agreements are contracts
11 Who are competent to contract
12 What is a sound mind for the purposes of contracting
13 Consent defined
14 "Free consent" defined
15 "Coercion" defined
16 "Undue influence" defined
17 "Fraud defined
18 "Misrepresentation" defined
19 Voidability of agreements without free consent
19A Power to set aside contract induced by undue influence
20 Agreement void where both parties are under mistake as to matter of fact
21 Effect of mistakes as to law
22 Contract caused by mistake of one party as to matter of fact
23 What consideration and objects are lawful, and what not
24 Agreements void, if considerations and objects unlawful in part
Agreement without consideration, void, unless it is in writing and registered or is a promise to
25
compensate for something done or is a promise to pay a debt barred by limitation law
26 Agreement in restraint of marriage, void
27 Agreement in restraint of trade, void
28 Agreements in restraint of legal proceedings, void
29 Agreements void for uncertainty
30 Agreements by way of wager, void
Chapter III Contingent Contracts
31 "Contingent contract" defined
32 Enforcement of contracts contingent on an event happening
33 Enforcement of contract contingent on an event not happening
When event on which contract is contingent to be deemed impossible, if it is the future conduct of a
34
living person
35 When contracts become void, which are contingent on happening of specified event within fixed time
36 Agreements contingent on impossible events, void
Chapter IV Performance of Contracts which must be Performed
37 Obligations of parties to contracts
38 Effect of refusal to accept offer of performance
39 Effect of refusal of party to perform promise wholly
40 Person by whom promise is to be performed
41 Effect of accepting performance from third person
42 Devolution of joint liabilities
43 Any one of joint promisors may be compelled to perform
44 Effect of release of one joint promisor
45 Devolution of joint rights
46 Time for performance of promise, where no application is to be made and no time is specified
47 Time and place for performance of promise, where time is specified and no application to be made
48 Application for performance on certain day to be at proper time and place
Place for the performance of promise, where no application to be made and no place fixed for
49
performance
50 Performance, in manner or at time prescribed or sanctioned by promisee
51 Promisor not bound to perform, unless reciprocal promisee ready and willing to perform
52 Order of performance of reciprocal promises
53 Liability of party preventing event on which contract is to take effect
Effect of default as to the promise which should be performed, in contract consisting of reciprocal
54
promises
55 Effect of failure to perform at fixed time, in contract in which time is essential
56 Agreement to do impossible act
57 Reciprocal promise to do things legal, and also other things illegal
58 Alterative promise, one branch being illegal
59 Application of payment where debt to be discharged is indicated
60 Application of payment where debt to be discharged is not indicated
61 Application of payment where neither party appropriates
62 Effect of novation, rescission, and alteration of contract
63 Promise may dispense with or remit performance of promise
64 Consequence of rescission of a voidable contract
Obligation of person who has received advantage under void agreement, or contract that becomes
65
void
66 Mode of communicating or revoking rescission of voidable contract
67 Effect of neglect of promisee to afford promisor reasonable facilities for performance
Chapter V Certain Relations Resembling those created by Contract
68 Claim for necessaries supplied to person incapable of contracting, or on his account
69 Reimbursement of person paying money due by another, in payment of which he is interested
70 Obligation of person enjoying benefit of non-gratuitous act
71 Responsibility of finder of goods
72 Liability of person to whom money is paid, or thing delivered, by mistake or under coercion
Chapter VI The Consequences of Breach of Contract
73 Compensation of loss or damage caused by breach of contract
74 Compensation for breach of contract where penalty stipulated for
75 Party rightfully rescinding contract, entitled to compensation
Chapter
Sections 76-123
VII
Chapter
Indemnity and Guarantee
VIII
124 "Contract of indemnity" defined
125 Right of indemnity-holder when sued
126 "Contract of guarantee", "surety", "principal debtor" and "creditor"
127 Consideration for guarantee
128 Surety's liability
129 Continuing guarantee
130 Revocation of continuing guarantee
131 Revocation of continuing guarantee by surety's death
Liability of two persons, primarily liable, not affected by arrangement between them that one shall be
132
surety on other's default
133 Discharge of surety by variance in terms of contract
134 Discharge of surety by release or discharge of principal debtor
Discharge of surety when creditor compounds with, gives time to, or agrees not to sue, principal
135
debtor
136 Surety not discharged when agreement made with third person to give time to principal debtor
137 Creditor's forbearance to sue does not discharge surety
138 Release of one co-surety does not discharge others
139 Discharge of surety by creditor's act or omission impairing surety's eventual remedy
140 Rights of surety on payment or performance
141 Surety's right to benefit of creditor's securities
142 Guarantee obtained by misrepresentation, invalid
143 Guarantee obtained by concealment, invalid
144 Guarantee on contract that creditor shall not act on it until co-surety joins
145 Implied promise to indemnify surety
146 Co-sureties liable to contribute equally
147 Liability of co-sureties bound in different sums
Chapter IX Bailment
148 "Bailment", "bailor" and "bailee" defined
149 Delivery to bailee how made
150 Bailor's duty to disclose faults in goods bailed
151 Care to be taken by bailee
152 Bailee when not liable for loss, etc, of thing bailed
153 Termination of bailment by bailee's act inconsistent with conditions
154 Liability of bailee making unauthorized use of goods bailed
155 Effect of mixture with bailor's consent, of his goods with bailee's
156 Effect of mixture, without bailor's consent, when the goods can be separated
157 Effect of mixture, without bailor's consent, when the goods cannot be separated
158 Repayment, by bailor, of necessary expenses
159 Restoration of goods lent gratuitously
160 Return of goods bailed, on expiration of time or accomplishment of purpose
161 Bailee's responsibility when goods are not duly returned
162 Termination of gratuitous bailment by death
163 Bailer entitled to increase or profit from goods bailed
164 Bailor's responsibility to bailee
165 Bailment by several joint owners
166 Bailee not responsible on redelivery to bailor without title
167 Right of third person claiming goods bailed
168 Right of finder of goods may sue for specified reward offered
169 When finder of thing commonly on sale may sell it
170 Bailee's particular lien
171 General lien of bankers, factors, wharfingers, attorneys and policy brokers
172 "Pledge", "pawnor", and "pawnee" defined
173 Pawnee's right of retainer
Pawnee not to retain for debt or promise other than that for which goods pledged-Presumption in
174
case of subsequent advances
175 Pawnee's right as to extraordinary expenses incurred
176 Pawnee's right where pawnor makes default
177 Defaulting pawnor's right to redeem
178 Pledge by mercantile agent
178A Pledge by person in possession under voidable contract
179 Pledge where pawnor has only a limited interest
180 Suit by bailor or bailee against wrong-doer
181 Appointment of relief or compensation obtained by such suits
Chapter X Agency Appointment and Authority of agents
182 "Agent" and "principal" defined or to represent another
183 Who may employ agent
184 Who may be an agent
185 Consideration not necessary
186 Agent's authority may be express or implied
187 Definitions of express and implied authority
188 Extent of agent's authority
189 Agent's authority in an emergency
190 When agent cannot delegate
191 "Sub-agent" defined
192 Representation of principal by sub-agent properly appointed
193 Agent's responsibility for sub-agent appointed without authority
194 Relation between principal and person duly appointed by agent to act in business of agency
195 Agent's duty in naming such person
196 Right of person as to acts done for him without his authority-effect of ratification
197 Ratification may be expressed or implied
198 Knowledge requisite for valid ratification
199 Effect of ratifying unauthorized act forming part of a transaction
200 Ratification of unauthorized act cannot injure third person
201 Termination of agency
202 Termination of agency, where agent has an interest in subject-matter
203 When principal may revoke agent's authority
204 Revocation where authority has been partly exercised
205 Compensation for revocation by principal, or renunciation by agent
206 Notice of revocation or renunciation
207 Revocation and renunciation may be expressed or implied
208 When termination of agent's authority takes effect as to agent, and as to third persons
209 Agent's duty on termination of agency by principal's death or insanity
210 Termination of sub-agent's authority
211 Agent's duty in conducting principal's business
212 Skill and diligence required from agent
213 Agent's accounts
214 Agent's, duty to communicate with principal
Right of principal when agent deals, on his own account, in business of agency without principal's
215
consent
216 Principal's right to benefit gained by agent dealing on his own account in business of agency
217 Agent's right of retainer out of sums received on principal's account
218 Agent's duty to pay sums received for principal
219 When agent's remuneration becomes due
220 Agent not entitled to remuneration for business misconducted
221 Agent's lien on principal's property
222 Agent to be indemnified against consequences of lawful acts
223 Agent to be indemnified against consequences of acts done in good faith
224 Non-liability of employer of agent to do a criminal act
225 Compensation to agent for injury caused by principal's neglect
226 Enforcement and consequences of agent's contract
227 Principal how far bound, when agent exceeds authority
228 Principal not bound when excess of agent's authority is not separable
229 Consequences of notice given to agent
230 Agent cannot personally enforce, nor be bound by, contracts on behalf of principal
231 Right of parties to a contract made by agent not disclosed
232 Performance of contract with agent supposed to be principal
233 Right of person dealing with agent personally liable
Consequence of inducing agent or principal to act on belief that principal or agent will be held
234
exclusively liable
235 Liability of pretended agent
236 Person falsely contracting as agent, not entitled to performance
237 Liability of principal inducing belief that agent's unauthorized acts were authorized
238 Effect, on agreement, of misrepresentation or fraud by agent
Chapter XI Of Partnership [ Repealed by the Indian Partnership Act, 1932 (9 of 1932)]