ACKTS Lab Project Report

On
“AUTOMATIC STREET LIGHT”

Submitted in Partial Fulfilment of the Requirements

For the award of the Degree of

Bachelor of Technology
In
Electronics & Communication Engineering (ECE)

By

A. SRILEKHA (21311A04BZ)

V. RADHIKA (22315A0432)

M. ANUSHA (22315A0434)

Under the supervision of

“MS. K. DEEPTHI”

Department of Electronics & Computer Engineering

Sreenidhi Institute of Science & Technology (Autonomous)
2022-2023
 DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS & COMMUNICATION
ENGINEERING
SREENIDHI INSTITUTE OF SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY
(AUTONOMOUS)

CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that the EDC Lab Project work entitled “AUTOMATIC
STREET LIGHT USING 555 IC”, submitted by Srilekha, Radhika, Anusha
(21311A04BZ, 22315A0432, 22315A0434) towards partial fulfilment for the
award of Bachelor of Technology Degree in in Electronics and
Communication Engineering in Sreenidhi Institute of Science & Technology,
Ghatkesar, Hyderabad, is a record of bonafide work done by him/ her during the
academic year 2022-2023 under our guidence and evaluation.

MS.K. DEEPTHI
Lab Project Coordinator

Dr. S.P.V. Subba Rao

HOD, ECE Department
 DECLARATION

This is to certify that the Technical Seminar Report titled “AUTOMATIC

STREET LIGHT USING TRANSISTOR”, is a record work done by us in the
department of Electronics and Communication Engineering (ECE), Sreenidhi
Institute of Science & Technology, Ghatkesar, Hyderabad.
The report is based on the seminar work done entirely by us and not copied
from any other source.

NAME OF THE STUDENT ROLLNO

A. SRILEKHA 21311A04BZ
V. RADHIKA 22315A0432
M.ANUSHA 22315A0434
 ACKNOWLEDGMENT

I wish to express immense gratitude to my supervisor, K. Deepthi, ECE Department, for her
able guidance and useful suggestions, who helped me in completing my project in time. Her
valuable suggestions and comments towards this project have been very much helpful in
tackling various obstacles and accomplishing the major tasks.
I take immense pleasure in thanking HOD Dr. S.P.V. Subba Rao, Principal Dr. Shiva
Reddy and our Executive Director Prof. CV. Tomy and all faculty members of ECM
department for having permitted me to carry out this project work.
Last but not least I would like to express my heartful thanks to my beloved parents
for their blessings, friends, and classmates for their help and wishes for the successful
completion of the project work.

NAME OF THE STUDENT ROLLNO

A. SRILEKHA 21311A04BZ
V. RADHIKA 22315A0432
M.ANUSHA 22315A0434
 INDEX

CONTENTS PAGE NO
1. Abstract 06
2. Introduction 07
3. Principle 08
4. Components Used 09
5. Components Description 09
6. Circuit Diagram 13
7. Procedure 14
8. Output 15
9. Advantages 15
10. Disadvantages 16
11. Applications 17
12. Result 18
13. Conclusion 18
14. Future Scope 18
15. References 19
 AUTOMATIC STREET LIGHT USING
TRANSISTOR

Abstract:
Automatic Street Light Control System is a simple yet powerful concept,
which uses transistor as a switch. By using this system manual works are 100%
removed. It automatically switches ON lights when the sunlight goes below the
visible region of our eyes. This is done by a sensor called Light Dependant
Resistor (LDR) which senses the light actually like our eyes.
It automatically switches OFF lights whenever the sunlight comes, visible to
our eyes. By using this system energy consumption is also reduced because
nowadays the manually operated street lights are not switched off even the
sunlight comes and also switched on earlier before sunset. In this project, no
need of manual operation like ON time and OFF time setting.
This project clearly demonstrates the working of transistor in saturation region
and cut-off region. The working of relay is also known.
Smart Street light is a robotized framework which automate the road. The
primary point of Smart Street light is to reduce the power utilization when
there are no vehicle moments on road. The Smart Road light will turn to be ON
when there are vehicles out and about generally the lights will be turned OFF.
With improvement in technology, things are getting to be easier and simpler
for everybody around the world today. Robotization is the utilization of control
frameworks and information technologies to decrease the requirement for
human work in the production of services and enterprises. In the extent of
industrialization, robotization is a stage past mechanization, though
motorization gave human operators apparatus to help the clients with the solid
prerequisites of work, robotization enormously diminishes the requirement for
human sensory and mental requirements also. The Smart Road light gives an
answer for energy recusing and saving which is accomplished by detecting a
moving toward vehicle utilizing the IR sensors and after that exchanging ON a
block of road lights in front of the vehicle. As the vehicle moves by, the street
lights turn OFF naturally. Subsequently, we save a great deal of energy. So at
the point when there are no vehicles on the roadway, at that point every one of
the lights stay OFF Index Terms: IR (infrared motion sensor), LDR(Light
dependent resistor),LED(light emitting diode),HID(High intensity Discharge
lamps).
 Aim:
The aim of this project is to automatic street light using transistor.

Introduction:

Street lighting provides a safe night time environment for all road users
including pedestrians. Research indicates that night-time vehicular accidents are
significantly reduced by provision of street lighting. It also help to reduce the
fear of crime, and encourages social inclusion by providing an environment in
which people feel they can walk in hours of darkness. Providing street lighting
is one of the most important and expensive responsibilities of a city. Lighting
can account for 10-38% of the total energy bill in typical cities worldwide.

Street lighting is a particularly critical concern for public authorities in

developing countries because of its strategic importance for economic and
social stability. Inefficient lighting wastes significant financial resources each
year, and poor lighting creates unsafe conditions. Energy efficient technologies
and design can cut street lighting costs dramatically (often by 25-60%). The
main consideration in the present field technologies is Automation, Power
consumption and cost effectiveness.

Automation is intended to reduce man power with the help of intelligent

systems. Power saving is the main consideration forever as the sources of the
power are getting diminished due to various reasons. The main aim of the
project is Automatic Street power saving system with LDR this is to save the
power. We want to save power automatically instead of doing manual. So, it is
easy to cost effectiveness. This saved power can be used in some other cases.
So, in villages, towns etc. we can design intelligent systems for the usage of
street lights.

This project Automatic Street Light Control System can be implemented by

four different ways: by using transistors, CMOS ICs and by using IC555 timer.
Here, we will implement this project by using 555 timers IC. Other basic
components which we used are power supply, Light Dependent Resistor (LDR),
Relay and Light emitting diodes (LED’s) which are using in place of a light
bulb.
OBJECTIVE:
It senses the light intensity from surroundings and find whether its day or
night. And it automatically turns ON when the surrounding is dark and it
turns OFF when it receives light from surroundings. A sensor called LDR is
used to detect the light intensity.

FEATURES:

 It is a dark detector circuit based on LDR and a transistor (BC-547

NPN) which automatically switches ON and OFF the street light
system.

 It automatically switches ON street lights when the sunlight goes

below the visible region of our eyes. (e.g., in the evening after sunset).

 It automatically switches OFF the lights when sunlight falls on it ( i.e.

on LDR ) e.g. in the morning, the sensor called LDR (Light Dependent
Resistor) senses the light just like our eyes and deactivates the circuit.

BASIC PRINCIPLE:

The automatic streetlight control system operates on 12 V DC supply. The

automatic streetlight controller has a photoconductive device whose resistance
changes proportional to the extent of illumination, which switches ON or OFF
the LED with the use of transistor as a switch.

Light dependent resistor, a photoconductive device has been used as the

transducer to convert light energy into electrical energy.

The central dogma of the circuit is that the change in voltage drop across the
light dependent resistor on illumination or darkness switches the transistor
between cut-off region or saturation region and switches OFF or ON the LEDAs
we know property of LDR that during the time of day resistance is low therefore
voltage at the inverting input ( IE pin 2) is higher than the voltage at the non-
inverting input (pin3) hence the output at the pin6 is low so the transistor goes
into the cut off state which means LED or bulb will not glow.

EQUIPMENTS/APPARATUS U S E D :

 LDR – Light Dependent Resistor

 2 Nos. of transistors. (NPN transistor – BC547 or BC147 or BC548)
 Resistor- 1kΩ, 100kΩ, 330 Ohm & 470 ohms.
 Light emitting diode (LED) – Any color
 Connecting wires – (Use single-core plastic-coated wire of 0.6mm
diameter (the standard size) or any wire used in computer
networking).
 Power supply-6V or 9V

Components Description:

1.LDR (LIGHT DEPENDENT RESISTER):

LDRs or Light Dependent Resistors are very useful especially in light/dark

sensor circuits. Normally the resistance of an LDR is very high, sometimes as
high as 1000 000 ohms, but when they are illuminated with light resistance
drops dramatically.

When the light level is low the resistance of the LDR is high. This
prevents current from flowing to the base of the transistors. Consequently
the LED does not light.
 2.LED (LIGHT EMITTING DIODE):
A light-emitting diode (LED) is a two-lead semiconductor light source
that resembles a basic pn junction diode, except that an LED also emits light.
When an LED's anode lead has a voltage that is more positive than its cathode
lead by at least the LED's forward voltage drop, current flows. Electrons are
able to recombine with holes within the device, releasing energy in the form of
photons. This effect is called electroluminescence, and the colour of the light
(corresponding to the energy of the photon) is determined by the energy band
gap of the semiconductor.

3.RESISTORS:
Resistor is an electrical component that reduces the electric current. The
resistor's ability to reduce the current is called resistance and is measured in
units of ohms (symbol: Ω). If we make an analogy to water flow through pipes,
the resistor is a thin pipe that reduces the water flow.
4.CONNECTIC WIRES:

A connecting wire allows travels the electric current from one point to
another point without resistivity. Resistance of connecting wire should
always be near zero. Copper wires have low resistance and are therefore
suitable for low resistance.

5.BREAD BOARD:
A breadboard is used to build and test circuits quickly before finalizing any
circuit design. The breadboard has many holes into which circuit components
like ICs and resistors can be inserted.
6. TRANSISTOR NPN BC547:
BC547 is an NPN bi-polar junction transistor. A transistor, stands for transfer or
resistance commonly used to amplify current. A small current at its base
controls a larger current at collector & emitter terminals. BC547 is mainly used
for amplification and switching purposes. It has a maximum current gain of 800.
Its equivalent transits. The transistor terminals require a fixed DC voltage to
operate in the desired region of its characteristic curves. This is known as the
biasing. For amplification applications, the transistor is biased such that it is
partly on for all input conditions. The input signal at base is amplified and taken
at the emitter. BC547 is used in common emitter configuration for amplifiers.
The transistor is an NPN bipolar junction transistor used for general purpose
applications like low-power amplifying or switching applications. It is designed
for low to medium current, low power, medium voltage and can operate at
moderately high speeds.
7. 9V BATTERY:
The nine-volt battery, or 9-volt battery, is an electric battery that supplies a
nominal voltage of 9 volts. Actual voltage measures 7.2 to 9.6 volts, depending
on battery chemistry. Batteries of various sizes and capacities are manufactured;
a very common size is known as PP3, introduced for early transistor radios.

Circuit Diagram:
Experimental Procedure:
 Insert first transistor Q1-BC547 (NPN) on breadboard (or general PCB)
as shown in the circuit diagram 1.
 Connect another transistor Q2- BC547 (NPN) on the breadboard as in
step 1.
 Connect wires across the emitter pin of both transistors and -Ve terminal
of battery (lowest/bottom row of breadboard.)
 Connect a wire across the Collector pin of transistor Q1 and Base pin of
transistor Q2.
 Connect a resistor 1K across the positive terminal of battery (topmost row
of breadboard) and Collector pin of transistor Q1.
 Connect Light Dependent Resistor (LDR) across the positive terminal of
battery (topmost row of breadboard) and base terminal of transistor Q1.
 Insert a resistor- 330 Ohm across base pin of transistor Q1 and negative
terminal of battery (lowest bottom row of breadboard).
 Connect a resistor 330R across the positive terminal of battery (topmost
row of breadboard) and anode terminal of LED (Light emitting diode) &
connect the cathode terminal of LED to Collector pin of transistor Q2.
 The simple circuit is ready for testing now. Connect 6V to 9V battery
terminals to the circuit as shown in fig and see the output. As you block
light falling on the Light dependent resistor (LDR), the LED glows and
vice versa.
 LED GLOWS EVEN IN LESS DARKNESS. Use torch light or lighter if
the LED glows in less darkness. In addition, you can try to adjust the
sensitivity of this circuit by using a variable resistor in place of R1-300
Ohm. You may use other resistances as well, (e.g., 1KΩ, 10KΩ and
100KΩ, etc.)
Output:

Advantages:

The uses of automatic street light are on the rise. To save energy, automatic
streetlights can be set to turn on and off at specific times of the day or to
activate in response to motion detection. The advantages of automatic street
light include:

1. The potential for overheating is reduced in an automatic street lighting

working system.
2. The cost of maintaining automatic solar street lighting is quite low compared
to traditional street lights.
3. Automatic solar-powered streetlights help cut down on pollution by
minimizing energy use.
4. Energy utilization in the city as a whole can be cut down considerably by
switching to automatic street lights.
5. Assuming that a city observes standard day-and-night hours, street lights can
be routinely operated at certain times.
6. LED bulbs, light sensors, and motion sensors all contribute to reducing
energy use. Automatic street lights will help us save a significant amount of
money each year. In terms of both money and time saved, automatic street
lights are the clear winner. In addition, they use less power.

Disadvantages:

At night, having lights that turn on and off automatically is helpful for both cars
and pedestrians. Nonetheless, you should evaluate the potential drawbacks of
the uses of automatic street light before making up your mind. The
disadvantages of automatic street light are-

1. The initial cost of an automatic street lighting system is more than that of a
traditional one.

2. Solar-powered, automatically-operated streetlights are completely reliant on

the climate for energy production.

3. There is a great possibility of theft of solar-powered automatic street lights

because they are not wired and are quite expensive.

4. Automatic Street lights that run on solar power have rechargeable

batteries that need to be replaced at regular intervals.

5. When snow, dust, or moisture settles on a PV panel, it might reduce the

panel’s ability to generate electricity. Therefore, in the case of solar-powered
automatic street lights, it is necessary to clean panels on a regular basis.

6. If there are problems with the sensors, the lights may not turn on or may stay
on for an extended amount of time, wasting energy.

Applications:
Worldwide, automatic solar street lighting systems are becoming increasingly
popular. But where are automatic street lights used? These are low-cost, long-
lasting, and environmentally beneficial options for street lighting as a result of
their useful qualities, they are used in a variety of contexts.

When compared to manually performed street light controlling activities,

automation operation of street light controlling systems helps to reduce energy
usage. This is due to a delay in the earlier switching processes both in the
morning and in the evening. The major uses of automatic street light can be
seen in:

1. Government Units and Municipalities:

Municipalities and other governmental entities can save significant sums of
money by switching to an autonomous solar street light system for their outdoor
lighting needs. By 2026, it’s expected that there will be 359 million street
lights in use around the world.
2. Excellent Way to Illuminate Streets:
Automatic solar street lights coupled with closed-circuit television can do more
than just illuminate the streets; they can also give us peace of mind. One of the
solutions to the problem of inadequate street illumination is the use of
wireless smart solar street lights.
3.Along Roads and Highways:
Near roads and highways, automatic street lighting systems of high quality can
greatly improve night-time visibility on both rural roads and main roads and
highways. These are also incredibly user-friendly and cheap.
4.Parks & Recreational Areas:
Automatic Street lighting systems are useful in parks and other recreational
areas frequented by children. They are reliable and trustworthy, and they light
up parks with just the perfect amount of illumination while maintaining a
consistent lighting scheme.

Result:
The main objective of this project was to reduce the power consumption of
street lights by avoiding inefficient lighting which wastes significant financial
resources each year. This is done by using Automatic Street Light Control
System. So, the ambiance of light is checked and lights are turned ON when it is
dark and turned OFF during the day. This project is implemented by using
Transistors BC547, LDR and relay. So, when light is present LDR detects and
circuit is in the OFF state. LED’s which we are used as load don’t show any
output. But in reverse when darkness appears LDR works in ON state and
complete circuit work. LEDs shows output which are attached with the relay.

Conclusion:
The Streetlight controller using ldr based Light intensity & traffic density, in the
todays up growing countries will be more effective in case of cost, manpower
and security as compare with today's running complicated and complex light
controlling systems. Automatic Street Light Controlling System puts up a very
user-friendly approach and could increase the power This paper elaborates the
design and construction of automatic street control system circuit. Circuit works
properly to turn street lamp ON/OFF. After designing the circuit which controls
the light of the street as illustrated in the previous sections. LDR sensor and the
photoelectric sensors are the two main conditions in working the circuit. If the
two conditions have been satisfied the circuit will do the desired work according
to specific program. Each sensor controls the turning ON or OFF the lighting
column. The street lights has been successfully controlled by microcontroller.
With commands from the controller the lights will be ON in the places of the
movement when it is dark. furthermore, the drawback of the street light system
using timer controller has been overcome, where the system depends on light
dependent resistor.

Future Scope:
We can save the energy for the future use and we can control the losses of the
power. We can implement this project for the home lamp or night lamp of the
room. This is also used for the signals.

References:

 https://homemadecircuitsandschematics.blogspot.com
 https://www.scribd.com/doc/115004345/Qa-00177-Automatic street
Light-Control
 https://www.reuk.co.uk/Light-Dependent-Resistor.html
 https://www.scribd.com
  Hunain Khan (2012), Automatic Street Light Control System Using LDR
and IC555, from
https://www.academia.edu/8276092/Automatic_Street_Light_Control_
System_U sing_LDR_and_IC555_Timer
 Yashaswini N (2018), Automatic Street Light Control by Detecting Vehicle
Movement, 847-848. 15.
 Monika Vaghela (2017), Arduino Based Auto Street Light Intensity
Controller, 1.
 Noriaki Yoshiura (2013), Smart Street light system looking like usual
street lights based on sensor networks, 1-2.
 “SMART STREET LIGHTING”, International Research Journal of
Engineering and Technology, Volume 3 Issue 4, April 2016.
 Noriaki Yoshiura, Yusaku Fujii, Naoya Ohta, “Smart Street light system
looking like usual street lights based on sensor networks”, 13th
International Symposium on Communications and Information
Technologies, 2013.

Circuit Diagram: