INTRODUCTION

The Twitter Sentiment Analysis project focuses on leveraging Natural Language Processing (NLP)
techniques to analyze public sentiment from tweets. With the increasing importance of social media
platforms like Twitter, understanding public opinion through real-time sentiment analysis has become
essential for businesses, researchers, and organizations. This project uses a pretrained RoBERTa
model fine-tuned for sentiment classification on Twitter data, provided by the Hugging Face
Transformers library.
In this project, tweets are collected, preprocessed, and classified into three sentiment categories:
Positive, Neutral, or Negative. The project begins by tokenizing the input tweet using the
AutoTokenizer, which prepares the tweet for the model's input. The sentiment is then analyzed using
the
AutoModelForSequenceClassification, which outputs sentiment scores that are normalized using the
softmax function to produce a probability distribution for each sentiment class.
A simple and interactive user interface (UI) is built using Streamlit, allowing users to input a tweet
and instantly get sentiment analysis results. This project demonstrates the application of transformer-
based models in real-world scenarios for understanding public mood, monitoring brand perception, and
tracking sentiment trends over time.
By using a powerful pretrained model and an easy-to-use interface, this project showcases how
advanced machine learning and NLP technologies can be applied to the domain of social media
analytics to gain valuable insights.

The workflow of this project includes:

1. Preprocessing the tweets by tokenizing the text, handling mentions, URLs, and any other
irrelevant data.
2. Feeding the processed tweet into the RoBERTa model to perform sequence classification,
which predicts the sentiment of the tweet.

3. Applying the softmax function to the model’s output to generate a probability distribution across
the sentiment categories: Negative, Neutral, and Positive.
4. Presenting the results to users via an interactive Streamlit interface, where users can input any
tweet and get a real-time sentiment analysis.
This project aims to demonstrate the power of transformer-based models and how they can be used in
realworld applications for mining public opinion, conducting brand monitoring, political analysis, or
market research. The sentiment analysis of tweets provides an immediate reflection of public emotion
on topics and trends, enabling organizations, researchers, and marketers to make data-driven decisions
based on the insights gained from social media.
By combining the robustness of machine learning and the versatility of NLP, this project offers a
comprehensive solution for anyone looking to understand public sentiment on Twitter with minimal
effort and high accuracy.

Page | 1
 OBJECTIVE
The primary objective of the Twitter Sentiment Analysis project is to develop a tool that can
accurately classify the sentiment of tweets as positive, negative, or neutral using advanced Natural
Language Processing (NLP) techniques. The specific goals of this project are:
1. Automate Sentiment Classification: To build a system that automatically processes and
classifies the sentiment of tweets without manual intervention, helping users quickly understand
the overall emotional tone of public conversations on Twitter.
2. Utilize Transformer Models: To leverage pre-trained transformer models (specifically the
RoBERTa model) fine-tuned for sentiment analysis, ensuring high accuracy and performance on
Twitter data.
3. Real-time Analysis: To create a user-friendly and interactive Streamlit interface that allows
users to input tweets and receive real-time sentiment analysis results, enabling immediate insights
into public opinion.
4. Preprocess and Clean Data: To implement an effective data preprocessing pipeline that handles
noise in tweets such as mentions, URLs, and special characters, ensuring that the input is clean
and ready for analysis.
5. Provide Sentiment Confidence Scores: To not only classify tweets into sentiment categories but
also provide probability scores (using the softmax function) that reflect the confidence level of
the classification for each sentiment category.
6. Enable Public Opinion Tracking: To offer a tool that can be used to track sentiment trends over
time, allowing researchers, marketers, and organizations to monitor shifts in public mood on
topics, events, or brands.
7. Showcase NLP Applications: To demonstrate the practical application of NLP and machine
learning models in analyzing unstructured social media data and extracting actionable insights.
8. Efficient Handling of Noisy Social Media Data:
9. To effectively handle the inherent challenges of social media data, such as the use of slang,
abbreviations, and emojis, and ensure that sentiment analysis remains accurate even with
informal and varied language.
10. Visualization and Reporting:

11. To present sentiment analysis results in an intuitive format, allowing users to visualize sentiment
trends and insights, making it easier to interpret large volumes of Twitter data at a glance.
12. Enhance Decision Making:

13. To provide a tool that helps businesses, marketers, and researchers understand the general
sentiment around products, services, events, or topics, enabling them to make informed decisions
based on real-time social media feedback.

Page | 2
 BACKGROUND

3.1 Introduction to Sentiment Analysis

Sentiment analysis, also known as opinion mining, is a subfield of Natural Language Processing (NLP)
that focuses on analyzing and understanding the emotions expressed in text data. This technique
categorizes opinions into predefined categories such as positive, negative, or neutral. Sentiment analysis
has become increasingly important as more people express their thoughts and opinions online,
particularly on social media platforms like Twitter, Facebook, and Instagram.

Historically, sentiment analysis began as a rule-based system where specific words were assigned
sentiment scores. These systems relied heavily on dictionaries of positive and negative words, which
were used to determine the sentiment of a given text. However, the rise of social media and the
complexity of human language necessitated more advanced techniques capable of understanding
nuances, context, and sentiment expressed through slang, emojis, and abbreviations.

3.2 The Importance of Twitter for Sentiment Analysis

Twitter has emerged as one of the most influential platforms for sentiment analysis due to its real-time
nature and the vast volume of user-generated content. With millions of tweets being sent daily, Twitter
serves as a rich source of public opinion on various topics ranging from politics, entertainment, health,
and social issues to brand perceptions.

3.3 Evolution of Sentiment Analysis Techniques

The early approaches to sentiment analysis primarily relied on lexicon-based methods, where
predefined lists of words associated with positive or negative sentiments were used. While this method
was straightforward, it struggled with nuanced language, context, and sarcasm. For example, the phrase
"I love this product!" would be correctly classified as positive, while "I love waiting in long lines"
would be incorrectly interpreted as positive due to the presence of the word "love."

With the advancement of machine learning, researchers began to utilize supervised learning
techniques. This approach involved training classifiers on labeled datasets, allowing models to learn
from examples and make predictions based on new, unseen data. Popular algorithms included Naive
Bayes, Support Vector Machines (SVMs), and Decision Trees. However, these models still struggled
with the sequential nature of language, where the order of words could significantly alter meaning.

The introduction of Recurrent Neural Networks (RNNs), especially Long Short-Term Memory
(LSTM) networks, marked a significant advancement in sentiment analysis. LSTMs could capture
long-term dependencies in text, making them more effective in understanding context. However, these
models required substantial computational resources and large amounts of training data, which posed
limitations for many applications.

Page | 3
3.4 Advancements with Transformer Models
In recent years, transformer models have revolutionized the field of NLP and sentiment analysis.
Introduced in the seminal paper "Attention is All You Need" by Vaswani et al. in 2017, transformers
use a mechanism called self-attention to weigh the significance of different words in a sentence. This
architecture allows the model to consider the entire context of a sentence simultaneously rather than
processing it sequentially.

BERT (Bidirectional Encoder Representations from Transformers) and its variants, such as
RoBERTa, have set new standards for performance in sentiment analysis. These models are pre-trained
on vast amounts of text data, allowing them to learn rich representations of language that can be fine-
tuned for specific tasks like sentiment classification. This process involves training the model on
labeled sentiment datasets, enabling it to understand the subtleties of human language better.

In our project, we utilize a pre-trained model called cardiffnlp/twitter-roberta-base-sentiment, which

has been specifically fine-tuned for sentiment analysis on Twitter data. This model is designed to
effectively handle the unique characteristics of tweets, such as informal language, hashtags, and
mentions.

3.5 Challenges in Twitter Sentiment Analysis

While Twitter provides a wealth of data for sentiment analysis, it also presents numerous challenges.
Some of the key challenges include:
• Informal Language: Tweets often contain abbreviations, slang, and colloquial expressions that
can differ significantly from formal language. For instance, phrases like "LOL" (laugh out loud)
or "OMG" (oh my God) carry specific sentiments but may not be recognized by traditional
sentiment analysis tools.
• Context and Ambiguity: The meaning of words can change based on their context. For example,
"sick" can mean something negative in a medical context or something positive when used to
describe an exciting event. Disambiguating such terms requires models that can understand
contextual relationships.
• Sarcasm and Irony: Detecting sarcasm and irony remains one of the biggest challenges in
sentiment analysis. Tweets that are intended to be sarcastic often use positive language to convey
negative sentiments, which can lead to misclassification.

Page | 4
IDE Use In a Project –

1.Visual Studio Code - Visual Studio Code (VS Code) is a versatile, lightweight integrated
development environment (IDE) by Microsoft. It offers powerful features for coding, debugging,
and version control, making it popular among developers across various platforms. With a
customizable interface and support for a wide range of programming languages and extensions,
VS Code enhances productivity and collaboration. Its IntelliSense feature provides context-
aware code suggestions, while built-in Git integration streamlines version control workflows.
Whether for web
development, data science, or
cloud applications, VS Code's
speed, flexibility, and
extensive ecosystem make it a
preferred choice for
programmers seeking an
efficient and customizable
development environment.

Data Set Use In Project –

Cardetails.csv

Steps to Develop a Project –

1. Data Collection
• Obtain a dataset containing information about used cars from sources like Kaggle or other
automotive databases.
• Ensure the dataset includes features such as kilometers driven, manufacturing year, car
company, number of seats, fuel type, engine size, mileage, and price for comprehensive
analysis.
2. Data Preprocessing
• Load Dataset: Import the dataset containing information about used cars using Pandas.
• Clean Data: Handle missing values, remove duplicates, and format data appropriately
to ensure accuracy.
• Transform Data: Convert categorical variables (e.g., car company, fuel type) into
numerical representations using techniques like one-hot encoding.

Page | 5
 • Normalize Data: Normalize numerical features, such as mileage and engine size, to
ensure consistency in the dataset.
3. Feature Engineering
• Extract features that are crucial for price prediction, such as age of the car, and the ratio
of kilometers driven to the manufacturing year.
• Create additional features if necessary to enhance the model’s prediction accuracy.
4. Building the Prediction Model
• Implement Linear Regression as the predictive model for estimating car prices based on
the preprocessed features.
• Utilize NumPy for efficient computations and data manipulation required for model
development.
• Train the model using the preprocessed dataset to learn patterns and make accurate
predictions.
5. Serialization with Pickle
• Save Model: After training, save the trained Linear Regression model using the Pickle
library.
• Serialize Model: Use the pickle.dump() function to serialize the trained model into a
file for later use.
6. Create Streamlit Web Application
• Install Streamlit - If not installed, use pip to install the Streamlit library.
pip install streamlit
• Import Libraries - Import necessary libraries including Streamlit, Pandas, NumPy, and
Pickle.
• Load Trained Model - Load the trained recommendation model using Pickle.
• Create UI Components - Design the user interface using Streamlit components like
st.title(), st.sidebar(), st.selectbox(), etc.
• Write Recommendation Logic - Implement logic to take user input (e.g., movie
selection) and generate recommendations.
Utilize the loaded recommendation model to provide personalized recommendations.
• Display Recommendations - Present recommendations to the user through Streamlit
components such as tables or lists.
• Run the App - Use the streamlit run command to run the Streamlit app.
streamlit run app.py

Page | 6
 7. Integration
• Integrate the serialized prediction model with the Streamlit web interface.
• Retrieve user inputs from the interface and utilize the model to generate price predictions
accordingly.

Python Libraries Use In Project -

1. Streamlit - Streamlit is a powerful Python library used for building interactive web
applications with ease. It simplifies the process of creating data-driven applications by allowing
developers to write code in a straightforward manner. With Streamlit, users can effortlessly
transform data analysis scripts into shareable web apps, enabling intuitive visualization and
interaction with data without the need for complex web development knowledge.
1. streamlit.write() - This function is used to display text, data, or any other object in the
Streamlit app. It automatically detects the type of data and renders it appropriately.
2. streamlit.title() - Sets the title of the Streamlit app displayed in the browser tab.
3. streamlit.header() - Displays a header with the specified text.
4. streamlit.text() - Displays plain text in the Streamlit app.
5. streamlit.markdown() - Renders Markdown-formatted text in the Streamlit app. Allows for
formatting and styling of text.
6. streamlit.pyplot() - Displays a Matplotlib pyplot figure in the Streamlit app.

2. os (Python standard library)

• Purpose: Provides functions for interacting with the operating system.

• Usage: Used to set an environment variable to disable specific warnings related to symbolic links
when using the Hugging Face model hub (HF_HUB_DISABLE_SYMLINKS_WARNING).

3. transformers (from Hugging Face)

• Purpose: A library for natural language processing (NLP) tasks using pre-trained models.

• Usage:

o AutoTokenizer: Tokenizes the input text (tweet) into a format that the model understands.

o AutoModelForSequenceClassification: Loads the pre-trained RoBERTa model for

sentiment classification, which is used to predict whether the sentiment of a tweet is
Negative, Neutral, or Positive.

Page | 7
 4. scipy.special.softmax

• Purpose: Part of the SciPy library, used for mathematical and scientific computing.

• Usage: The softmax() function converts the raw output from the sentiment model into a
probability distribution, helping to interpret the sentiment scores as confidence levels for each
sentiment class.

Folder Structure of Project –

Page | 8
 HARDWARE AND SOFTWARE REQUIREMENTS

4.1 Hardware Requirements

The hardware requirements for running the Twitter Sentiment Analysis project are primarily dependent on the
complexity of the model and the volume of data being processed. Below are the recommended hardware
specifications:

• Processor (CPU):
o Minimum: Intel i5 or AMD Ryzen 5
o Recommended: Intel i7 or AMD Ryzen 7 or higher for faster computation and parallel processing.

• Memory (RAM):
o Minimum: 8 GB
o Recommended: 16 GB or more for better performance, especially when running multiple
applications or handling large datasets.

• Graphics Processing Unit (GPU) (Optional but recommended):

o Minimum: NVIDIA GTX 1060 or equivalent for basic model training and inference.
o Recommended: NVIDIA RTX 2070 or higher for advanced training and better performance with
larger models.
o Note: A compatible GPU significantly accelerates model training and inference, especially for
deep learning models like RoBERTa.

• Storage:
o Minimum: 100 GB of free disk space.
o Recommended: 256 GB or more for storing datasets, models, and related project files.

• Network:
o A stable internet connection is required for downloading pre-trained models and libraries, as well
as for accessing Twitter API data (if applicable).

4.2 Software Requirements

To run the Twitter Sentiment Analysis project successfully, you will need the following software components:

Page | 9
1. Operating System:
• Compatible with:
o Windows 10 or later o macOS

(10.15 Catalina or later) o Linux

(Ubuntu 18.04 or later)

2. Python:
• Version: Python 3.6 or higher.
• Recommended: Python 3.8 or 3.9 for better compatibility with libraries.

3. Required Python Libraries:

The project depends on several Python libraries that can be installed via pip. You will need the following
libraries:
1. Streamlit:
o Description: An open-source app framework for Machine Learning and Data Science projects.
o Installation Command:
pip install streamlit
2. Transformers:
o Description: A library by Hugging Face that provides state-of-the-art pre-trained models for
Natural Language Processing (NLP) tasks, including sentiment analysis.
o Installation Command:
pip install transformers
3. Torch (PyTorch):
o Description: A deep learning framework used to build and train neural networks. Required for
running the models provided by the Transformers library.
o Installation Command:
pip install torch
o Note: Depending on your hardware (CPU/GPU), you might need to install a specific version of
PyTorch. Refer to the official PyTorch installation page for guidance.
4. SciPy:

o Description: A Python library used for scientific and technical computing. In this project, it’s used
for the softmax function to convert model outputs into probabilities.
o Installation Command:
pip install scipy
5. NumPy:
o Description: A library for numerical computations in Python. It's commonly used in conjunction
with other libraries for data manipulation.

Page | 10
 CODING

Tw-sentiment.py

import os
os.environ['HF_HUB_DISABLE_SYMLINKS_WARNING'] = '1'

import streamlit as st
from transformers import AutoTokenizer, AutoModelForSequenceClassification
from scipy.special import softmax

model_name = "cardiffnlp/twitter-roberta-base-sentiment"
model = AutoModelForSequenceClassification.from_pretrained(model_name)
tokenizer = AutoTokenizer.from_pretrained(model_name)

# Sentiment labels
labels = ['Negative', 'Neutral', 'Positive']

# Streamlit UI setup
st.title("Twitter Sentiment Analysis")
st.write("Enter a tweet below to analyze its sentiment:")

tweet = st.text_input("Tweet:")

# Preprocess tweet (handle mentions and URLs)

tweet_words = []
for word in tweet.split():
if word.startswith('@') and len(word) > 1:
word = '@user'
elif word.startswith('http'):

Page | 11
 word = 'http'
tweet_words.append(word)
tweet_proc = " ".join(tweet_words)

# Analyze when user clicks the button

if st.button("Analyze Sentiment"):
if tweet: # Check if the user has entered a tweet
# Encode the tweet for the model
encoded_tweet = tokenizer(tweet_proc, return_tensors='pt')

# Perform sentiment analysis using the model

output = model(**encoded_tweet)

# Apply softmax to get probabilities for each sentiment

scores = output[0][0].detach().numpy()
scores = softmax(scores)

# Get the sentiment with the highest score

sentiment_result = labels[scores.argmax()]

# Display the sentiment result

st.write(f"**Sentiment**: {sentiment_result}")

# Display the confidence scores for each sentiment

st.write("**Scores:**")
for i, score in enumerate(scores):
st.write(f"{labels[i]}: {score:.4f}")
else:
st.write("Please enter a tweet to analyze.")

Page | 12
Main Components Explained:
1. Imports: Import necessary libraries at the beginning.

2. Model Loading: Load the pre-trained sentiment analysis model and tokenizer from Hugging
Face's Transformers.
3. Streamlit UI: Set up a basic UI with a title and input box for the tweet.

4. Preprocessing: Simplified preprocessing of the tweet to handle mentions and URLs.

5. Sentiment Analysis: Perform sentiment analysis when the button is clicked, compute scores, and
display results.

How to Integrate:
• You can replace the relevant section in your existing file with this code snippet to maintain the
main functionalities while ensuring clarity and conciseness.
• Make sure to keep the necessary library installations and environment setups as previously
mentioned.

Page | 13
OUTPUT –

Page | 14
Page | 15
 FUTURE SCOPE

Future Scope of the Twitter Sentiment Analysis Project

1. Multilingual Support: Expand the model to analyze tweets in various languages, enhancing
global usability.

2. Real-Time Data Integration: Connect with Twitter’s API for live sentiment analysis on trending
topics.
3. Time-Series Analysis: Track sentiment changes over time, providing insights into topics, brands,
or events.
4. Expanded Sentiment Categories: Introduce more granular categories (e.g., Anger, Joy) for
deeper emotional insights.
5. User Feedback Loop: Implement a feedback mechanism to refine sentiment predictions based on
user input.
6. Social Media Expansion: Extend analysis capabilities to other platforms like Facebook and
Instagram.
7. Sentiment-Based Recommendations: Develop recommendations for businesses based on
sentiment trends.
8. Contextual Analysis: Improve sentiment interpretation by training models to understand sarcasm
and slang.
9. Mobile Deployment: Create a mobile app version for wider accessibility.

10. Collaborative Features: Introduce user accounts for collaborative sentiment analysis, facilitating
teamwork.

Page | 16
 CONCLUSION
The Twitter Sentiment Analysis project successfully demonstrates the potential of Natural
Language Processing (NLP) techniques to analyze and interpret public sentiment expressed through
tweets. By leveraging state-ofthe-art transformer models, such as the CardiffNLP Twitter RoBERTa,
the application effectively categorizes tweets into Positive, Neutral, and Negative sentiments, providing
valuable insights into public opinion on various topics.
The project highlights the significance of sentiment analysis in today’s digital age, where
social media platforms like Twitter play a crucial role in shaping public discourse. Businesses,
researchers, and individuals can benefit from understanding the sentiments of their audience, enabling
them to make informed decisions, enhance customer engagement, and tailor their strategies
accordingly.
Additionally, the project's modular design and user-friendly interface make it accessible to
a wide range of users, from tech enthusiasts to professionals seeking sentiment analysis tools. As the
project progresses, there are numerous opportunities for enhancement, including multilingual support,
real-time data integration, and advanced sentiment categorization.
In summary, the Twitter Sentiment Analysis project not
only serves as a valuable tool for sentiment analysis but also lays the groundwork for future
developments that can further expand its capabilities and impact. With ongoing advancements in
machine learning and NLP, this project stands poised to evolve into an even more robust solution for
understanding and responding to public sentiment in a rapidly changing digital landscape.

Page | 17
 REFERENCES

 https://www.python.org/
 https://jupyter.org/
 https://www.kaggle.com/
 https://pandas.pydata.org/
 https://streamlit.io/
 https://numpy.org/
 https://scikit-learn.org/

Page | 18