2ndQUARTERLY REVIEWER

DAY 2
TLE
Proper Handling and Cleaning of the
Sewing Machine
1. Importance of Proper Handling
Safety: Prevents accidents and injuries related to machine
operation.
Machine Longevity: Proper handling ensures the machine
operates smoothly and lasts longer.
Quality of Work: Reduces the risk of errors and enhances the
quality of sewing projects.
2. Key Handling Practices
Read the Manual: Familiarize yourself with the machine's specific
features and instructions.
Use Appropriate Tools: Always use the right tools for tasks (e.g.,
the correct type of needles and threads).
Be Mindful of Surroundings: Keep the work area organized and
free of obstructions to avoid trips and falls.
3. Cleaning Routine
Frequency: Clean the machine after every major project or at
least once a week, depending on usage.
Unplug the Machine: Always disconnect the power supply before
cleaning to prevent accidents.
4. Steps for Cleaning the Sewing Machine
Exterior Cleaning:
• Use a soft cloth to wipe down the exterior surfaces to remove
dust and lint.
• Cleaning the Bobbin Area:
• Remove the needle plate and bobbin case.
• Use a small brush or vacuum attachment to remove lint and
debris.
Cleaning the Feed Dogs:
• Brush away any lint from the feed dogs to ensure smooth fabric
feeding.
Lubrication:
• Follow the manufacturer’s guidelines for oiling specific parts.
Use only the recommended sewing machine oil.
5. Special Considerations
Handling Chemicals: If using solvents or cleaning agents, wear
gloves and ensure proper ventilation to avoid inhaling fumes.
Avoid Water: Do not use water to clean electrical components.
Instead, use a damp cloth for exterior cleaning.
6. Common Mistakes to Avoid
Cleaning While Running: Never attempt to clean the machine
while it is powered on.
Ignoring the Manual: Skipping the manufacturer's cleaning and
maintenance recommendations can lead to issues.
Using Improper Cleaning Tools: Avoid using abrasive materials
that can scratch or damage the machine.
7. Regular Maintenance Tips
Scheduled Check-Ups: Have the machine professionally serviced
at least once a year.
Monitor Performance: Pay attention to any unusual sounds or
performance issues and address them promptly.
Conclusion
Proper handling and cleaning of the sewing machine are crucial
for ensuring safety, maintaining machine efficiency, and
producing high-quality work. Following a regular cleaning routine
and adhering to best practices will help extend the life of the
machine and enhance the sewing experience.
Resolving Common Sewing Machine Troubles
1. Importance of Troubleshooting
Efficiency: Quickly resolving issues minimizes downtime and
keeps projects on track.
Quality Assurance: Ensures that sewing work is consistent and of
high quality.
Machine Longevity: Addressing problems early can prevent
further damage and prolong the life of the machine.
2. Common Sewing Machine Issues and Solutions
A. Skipping Stitches
Causes:
• Incorrect needle installation.
• Dull or damaged needle.
• Improper thread tension.
Solutions:
• Reinsert the needle correctly, ensuring it’s fully seated.
• Replace the needle with a new, appropriate type for the fabric.
• Adjust the thread tension according to the fabric being used.
B. Thread Bunching
Causes:
• Incorrect threading of the machine.
• Tension issues on the upper thread or bobbin.
Solutions:
• Re-thread the machine, following the threading path carefully.
• Check and adjust the tension settings as needed.
C. Fabric Not Feeding
Causes:
• Feed dogs are lowered or malfunctioning.
• Incorrect presser foot pressure.
Solutions:
• Ensure feed dogs are raised and functioning properly.
• Adjust the presser foot pressure according to the thickness of
the fabric.
D. Jamming
Causes:
• Lint buildup in the bobbin area.
• Incorrect bobbin insertion or winding.
Solutions:
• Clean the bobbin case and area regularly to remove lint and
debris.
• Make sure the bobbin is wound evenly and inserted correctly.
E. Uneven Stitches
Causes:
• Incorrect thread tension.
• Using the wrong needle type for the fabric.
Solutions:
• Adjust the tension settings to achieve balanced stitches.
• Use a needle suitable for the specific fabric being sewn.
F. Machine Making Unusual Noises
Causes:
• Lack of lubrication.
• Misalignment of parts.

Solutions:
• Lubricate the moving parts according to the manufacturer’s
instructions.
• Check for loose screws or parts that may need adjustment.
3. General Troubleshooting Tips
Consult the Manual: Always refer to the sewing machine manual
for specific troubleshooting guidance tailored to your model.
Keep a Log: Track recurring issues to identify patterns that may
help diagnose problems more quickly.
Don’t Force It: If the machine isn’t responding or behaving as
expected, avoid forcing it; this can lead to further damage.
4. Preventive Measures
Regular Maintenance: Schedule routine check-ups and cleaning to
minimize problems.
Proper Threading: Always ensure the machine is threaded
correctly before starting a project.
Use Quality Materials: Use high-quality threads and needles that
are appropriate for the fabric.
Conclusion
Understanding how to resolve common sewing machine troubles
is essential for any sewing enthusiast or professional. By
familiarizing yourself with typical issues and their solutions, you
can maintain a smooth sewing experience, ensure high-quality
results, and prolong the life of your machine. Regular
maintenance and careful attention to machine operation can help
prevent many common problems from arising.

Following Safety Procedures in Sewing Machine Cleaning

1. Importance of Safety Procedures
Prevent Injuries: Proper safety protocols help avoid accidents
while cleaning the machine.
Maintain Equipment Integrity: Following guidelines protects the
sewing machine from damage.
Enhance Work Environment: Promotes a culture of safety and
responsibility in the workplace.
2. Pre-Cleaning Safety Steps
Unplug the Machine: Always disconnect the power supply before
beginning any cleaning to prevent electrical shocks or accidental
starts.
Gather Cleaning Supplies: Use appropriate tools such as soft
cloths, brushes, and approved cleaning agents. Avoid harsh
chemicals that could damage the machine.
3. Personal Protective Equipment (PPE)
Gloves: Wear protective gloves when handling cleaning agents or
oil to protect your skin.
Safety Glasses: Use safety goggles to shield your eyes from
debris or cleaning solution splashes.
Dust Mask: Consider wearing a mask if cleaning dust and lint from
the machine, especially in poorly ventilated areas.
4. Cleaning Procedures
Exterior Cleaning:
Use a soft, damp cloth to wipe down the machine's exterior. Avoid
excess moisture around electrical components.
Interior Cleaning:
Remove the needle plate and bobbin case to access lint buildup.
Use a small brush or vacuum attachment to carefully clean these
areas.
Lubrication:
Apply sewing machine oil only as specified in the manufacturer’s
manual. Avoid over-lubricating, which can attract dirt and lint.
5. Handling Chemicals Safely
Read Labels: Always check the labels on cleaning products for
safety instructions and warnings.
Ventilation: Ensure good airflow in the cleaning area to avoid
inhaling fumes from solvents or cleaning agents.
Storage: Store cleaning supplies safely, out of reach of children
and pets, and in accordance with manufacturer
recommendations.
6. Post-Cleaning Procedures
Reassemble the Machine: Ensure all parts are correctly
reassembled before plugging in the machine.
Dispose of Waste Properly: Dispose of any used cleaning
materials and chemicals according to local regulations to
minimize environmental impact.
Check for Issues: After cleaning, check the machine for any
unusual sounds or performance issues.
7. Common Mistakes to Avoid
Cleaning While Powered On: Never attempt to clean or service the
machine while it is plugged in or running.
Ignoring the Manual: Skipping the manufacturer’s cleaning
guidelines can lead to improper maintenance and potential
damage.
Using Improper Tools: Avoid abrasive materials or inappropriate
cleaning agents that can harm the machine’s surface or
components.
Conclusion
Following safety procedures during sewing machine cleaning is
essential to ensure a safe working environment, protect the
machine, and maintain high-quality sewing standards. By
adhering to the outlined steps and utilizing personal protective
equipment, users can significantly reduce risks and enhance their
overall experience with the sewing machine. Regular cleaning,
performed safely, contributes to the longevity and performance of
the machine.

Workplace Hazards and Risks in the

Dress Shop
1. Understanding Workplace Hazards
Definition: Workplace hazards are conditions or situations that
have the potential to cause harm, injury, or illness to employees.
Types of Hazards: Hazards in a dress shop can be categorized into
various types, including physical, chemical, ergonomic, and
biological.
2. Common Hazards in a Dress Shop
A. Physical Hazards – involves the the activity that requires the
use of force exerted by the sewer to lift, push, pull or move the
sewing machines. Possible injuries may arise to any part of the
body.
Sharp Tools: Scissors, rotary cutters, and pins can cause cuts and
punctures.
Heavy Fabrics: Lifting and moving heavy rolls of fabric can lead to
musculoskeletal injuries.
Sewing Machines: Risks include entanglement in moving parts
and electric shock from faulty wiring.
B. Chemical Hazards – chemicals used in dyeing and bleaching
fabrics can cause skin irritation and respiratory problems.
Information of chemical hazards are found in the product label
and material Safety Data Sheet (MDS).
Dyes and Adhesives: Exposure to fumes and skin contact can
cause allergic reactions or respiratory issues.
Cleaning Agents: Improper handling of solvents and cleaners can
lead to skin irritation or inhalation risks.

C. Ergonomic Hazards – study of people at work that aims to

reduce stress and injuries and disorders associated with the
overuse of muscles and bad posture.
Poor Workstation Setup: Non-ergonomic furniture can lead to
repetitive strain injuries and back pain.
Repetitive Motions: Continuous sewing or cutting without breaks
can result in fatigue and musculoskeletal disorders.
D. Biological Hazards
Mold and Mildew: Fabrics stored in damp conditions can develop
mold, posing respiratory risks.
3. Identifying Risks
Risk Assessment: Regularly evaluate the workplace to identify
potential hazards. This includes inspecting equipment, storage
areas, and workstations.
Employee Feedback: Encourage employees to report unsafe
conditions and near-misses to foster a proactive safety culture.
4. Impacts of Hazards and Risks
Injuries and Illnesses: Hazards can lead to minor injuries, such as
cuts and bruises, or more serious conditions like chronic pain and
respiratory issues.
Reduced Productivity: Injuries can result in absenteeism and
decreased work efficiency.
Financial Consequences: Workplace accidents can lead to
increased insurance premiums and potential legal liabilities.
5. Mitigating Hazards and Risks
Training and Awareness: Provide regular safety training for
employees to ensure they understand hazards and safe practices.
Proper Equipment Maintenance: Regularly inspect and maintain
tools and machinery to prevent malfunctions.
Ergonomic Solutions: Implement ergonomic workstations and
tools to reduce strain and fatigue.
6. Legal and Regulatory Considerations
Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA)
Regulations:
- Familiarize yourself with OSHA guidelines relevant to the dress
shop to ensure compliance and enhance safety.
Safety Data Sheets (SDS): Keep SDS accessible for all chemicals
used in the shop to inform employees about hazards and safe
handling.
Conclusion
Understanding workplace hazards and risks in a dress shop is
crucial for maintaining a safe and productive environment. By
recognizing various types of hazards, conducting regular risk
assessments, and implementing preventive measures, dress shop
owners and employees can minimize risks and promote overall
safety. A proactive approach to safety not only protects
employees but also contributes to the shop's success and
reputation.
Identifying Hazards and Risks in the
Dress Shop
1. Understanding Hazards and Risks
Hazard: A condition or situation that has the potential to cause
harm, injury, or illness.
Risk: The chance or probability that a person will be harmed or
experience adverse health effect if exposed to hazard.
FALLS – caused when you lose your balance and drop the to the
floor.
SLIPS – cause by loss of balance, which in turn is caused by too
little friction between a person’s foot and the walking surface.
TRIPS – it is when your foot hits an object causing you to lose your
balance and fall.
ELECTRIC SHOCK – caused by contact with faulty electrical
equipment that may have become “live” or damaged power cords
and switches. ELECTRICAL HAZARD is a condition where a worker
could make electrical contact with a conductor from which the
person may sustain an injury from shock, arc or flash burns or
blast injury.
2. Common Hazards in a Dress Shop
A. Physical Hazards
Sharp Tools:
Examples: Scissors, rotary cutters, pins, and needles.
Risks: Cuts, puncture wounds, and lacerations.
Heavy Materials:
Examples: Fabric rolls and large bolts of material.
Risks: Strains, sprains, and back injuries from improper lifting.
Sewing Machines:
Risks: Injuries from moving parts, entanglement, and electrical
hazards if machines are improperly maintained.
B. Chemical Hazards
Dyes and Fabrics:
Risks: Skin irritation, allergic reactions, and respiratory issues
from inhaling fumes.
Cleaning Agents:
Examples: Solvents and industrial cleaners.
Risks: Chemical burns, respiratory problems, and skin irritation.
C. Ergonomic Hazards -
Improper Workstation Setup:
Examples: Non-adjustable chairs or poorly positioned machines.
Risks: Repetitive strain injuries, back pain, and fatigue.
Repetitive Tasks:
Risks: Cumulative trauma disorders from continuous sewing or
cutting without breaks.
D. Environmental Hazards
Poor Lighting:
Risks: Eye strain and reduced visibility leading to accidents.
Cluttered Workspaces:
Risks: Increased likelihood of trips and falls due to scattered
materials and tools.
3. Identifying Risks
Regular Inspections: Conduct routine checks of the work
environment to spot potential hazards.
Employee Observations: Encourage staff to report unsafe
conditions and share experiences regarding near-misses.
Risk Assessments: Use structured approaches to evaluate the
probability and impact of identified hazards.
4. Impact of Hazards and Risks
Injuries: Can range from minor cuts to serious injuries requiring
medical attention.
Illnesses: Exposure to chemicals can lead to long-term health
issues.
Reduced Productivity: Injuries and illnesses can result in
absenteeism and decreased work efficiency.
5. Mitigating Hazards and Risks
Training and Education: Provide ongoing training on safe practices
and hazard recognition.
Ergonomic Improvements: Invest in adjustable furniture and tools
designed to reduce strain.
Proper Storage and Organization: Maintain a clean and organized
workspace to minimize clutter and improve safety.
Conclusion
Identifying hazards and risks in a dress shop is essential for
ensuring a safe working environment. By recognizing common
hazards and conducting regular assessments, shop owners and
employees can take proactive measures to minimize risks.
Creating a culture of safety not only protects employees but also
enhances productivity and job satisfaction.
Causes of Hazards and Risks Inside the Dress Shop
1. Understanding Causes of Hazards and Risks
Hazard Causes: Factors that contribute to unsafe conditions that
can lead to accidents or injuries.
Risk Causes: Elements that increase the likelihood of hazards
resulting in harm.
2. Common Causes of Hazards in a Dress Shop
A. Inadequate Training
Lack of Safety Education: Employees may not be aware of safe
operating procedures for tools and equipment.
Insufficient Skill Development: New employees might not be
trained properly on machine operation and maintenance, leading
to misuse.
B. Poor Maintenance of Equipment
Neglected Machinery: Regular servicing of sewing machines and
tools may be overlooked, resulting in malfunctions.
Dull or Damaged Tools: Using worn-out scissors or needles
increases the risk of accidents and reduces work quality.
C. Unsafe Work Environment
Cluttered Spaces: Disorganized work areas can lead to trips and
falls, making it difficult to navigate safely.
Inadequate Lighting: Poor visibility can contribute to mistakes and
accidents when using sharp tools or heavy materials.
D. Ergonomic Factors
Improper Workstation Setup: Non-adjustable chairs or tables that
are too high or low can lead to strain and injury over time.
Repetitive Movements: Continuous sewing and cutting without
breaks can cause cumulative injuries, like carpal tunnel
syndrome.
E. Chemical Exposure
Use of Hazardous Materials: Dyes, adhesives, and cleaning agents
may contain harmful chemicals that pose health risks if not
handled correctly.
Inadequate Ventilation: Poor air quality can exacerbate exposure
to fumes, leading to respiratory issues.
F. Behavioral Factors
Complacency: Over time, employees may develop a relaxed
attitude towards safety procedures, increasing risk.
Ignoring Safety Protocols: Employees may bypass safety
measures for convenience, leading to potential hazards.
3. Identifying Risks Associated with These Causes
Risk Assessments: Regular evaluations can help identify how the
causes of hazards translate into risks.
Employee Feedback: Engaging employees in discussions about
safety concerns can reveal overlooked hazards.
4. Impacts of Hazard Causes
Increased Injuries: Frequent accidents may occur due to
unaddressed hazards.
Decreased Productivity: Injuries can lead to absenteeism and
reduced efficiency.
Financial Consequences: Higher healthcare costs and potential
legal issues can arise from workplace injuries.
5. Mitigation Strategies
Comprehensive Training Programs: Provide thorough training on
equipment use, safety protocols, and ergonomic practices.
Regular Maintenance Schedules: Implement a routine for
checking and servicing tools and machinery to ensure they are in
safe working condition.
Enhancing Workplace Organization: Encourage employees to keep
work areas tidy and to use proper storage solutions.
Conclusion
Understanding the causes of hazards and risks in a dress shop is
crucial for fostering a safe working environment. By addressing
factors such as inadequate training, poor maintenance, and
unsafe work conditions, dress shop owners can significantly
reduce risks. Creating a proactive safety culture enhances
employee well-being, productivity, and overall shop success.
ARALING PANLIPUNAN
Pangalawang malaking kontinente sa mundo ang “dark continen”
 No population
 Forest
 Unknown people
 Skin color
Mas mababaw ang kahalagahan ng ginto kesa sa isda, dahil ito ay
pagkain.
(sa Ghana lamang)
1. pampalasa (specifically asin)
2. mga spices

3. mga talong G’s: God

Gold
Glory
Galling sa Phoenician ang purple, na ginagamit o sinusout lamang
ng mga mayayaman.
 Ang savanna ay ang tawag sa kagubatang desyerto. Dito
nakatira ang Ghana, mall, at shonghai.
1. Ghana-haring mandirigma/dinga cisse
2. Mali-sandieta kieta
3. Shonghai-mansa musa(isang muslim)
-magnan(ang kaniya ang anak na
 si mansa musa ang pinakamayan na namuno sa shonghai
kontinente ng kinabukasan
(factors)
GHANA
1. gold
2. diamond
3. langis oil
4. sahara desert
Nakigpagkalakal ang Ghana sa mga carthage. Ang mga ginto
kapalit sa isda upang kanilang makain
(agricultura galling sa Africa)
MALI
1. Bombay
2. Beans
3. Kanin
4. Cotton/bulak

EXTRA INFO
Sunni ali”muslim lang ang may karapatan mamuno”
Sunni baru ay anak ni suni ali na isang half Christian at half
muslim
(ok lang mamuno sila dahil half muslim parin sila)
SCIENCE EARTHQUAKE AND FAULTS
Focus -point of origin Focus- where the earthquake originates.
Also known as hypoxenter.
Epicenter- the point on the ground directly above the focus.
Active Faults vs Inactive faults
Active Faults- are the fractures in the earth's crust likely along which there has
been movement likely to experience further movement in the future.
Inactive Faults- are faults that have not experienced movement for a very long
time and are not expected to produce significant
typically remnants of past tectonic processes that no longer have the tectonic
stress Magnitude -Strength of an earthquake energy|strength released by an
earthquake -develop by Charles Richter Intensity
The number (written in Roman numerals) describing the severity of an
Earthquake Underwater and Tsunamis Tsunami- is a series of waves created
when water moved very quickly.
UNDERSTANDING TYPHOONS
What is Typhoon?
* winds in a typhoon move in a certain direction; they go around a central area
* the area appearance of the clouds in a typhoon are in a spiritual
TROPICAL CYCLONE
TYPHOON-used only in the Northwestern part of the pacific ocean Flows toward
the low pressure area, resulting to the evaporation
The boundary nearest to the Philippine islands.
Smallest a innermost monitoring domain, whose boundary is closet to the
Philippine BEFORE TYPHOONS
- stay informed
- secure your home
- follow evacuation order
- prepare an emergency go bag
- make sure your phones are fully charged
DURING TYPHOONS
- stay indoors
- avoid flooded areas
- cancel travel and outdoor plans
- take time to PRAY
AFTER TYPHOON
- only the evacuation area when authorities
- confirm its safe to
- check for injuries
- be cautions with food and water
- inspect your home

FILIPINO
ba't Ibang Paraan ng Pagpapapahayag (Paglalahad) Ang paglalahad ay
nagpapalivanag, nagbibigay-kaalaman o pakalhulugan at nagsusuri upasa lubos
na maipauna va ang divans iniliahad o nais paabotng nagsasalita osumusulat.
Maring itoay silita o bagay, kung paano ang pagsasagawa ng isang bagay, kung
timugon sa mga kaanung Pagng aga ang sang tn gag, kang ano ang
kakanyahan ng isang layunin o simulain. Upang mabigyang-linaw ang
pagpapahayag ay ginagamit ang ibat ibang pagpapaliwanag.
1. Pag-isa-isa -Ito ay isang paraan ng paglalahad ng isang kalagayan o
sitwasyon sa pamamagitan ng maayos na paghahanay ng mga pangyayari ayon
sa talagang pagkakasunod-sunod ng mga ito. Dito ay malinaw na naipakikita
ang mga dahilan at bunga ng mga pangyayari.
2. Paghahambing at Pagsasalungatan-Ginagamit ang paraan na ito sa
paghahambing ng magkakatulad at pagkakaiba ng mga bagay-bagay. Ang
paraang ito ang pinakamalimit na gamitin.
3. Pagsusuri -Sa paraang ito ay sinusuri ang mga salik o bagay-bagay na
nakaaapekto sa isang sitwasyon at ang pagkakaugnay-ugnay ng mga ito. Sanhi
at Bunga - Tinatalakay rito kung ano ang sanhi o dahilan at kung ano-ano ang
kinalabasan. Sa paraang ito madaling maikintal sa isipan ng mambabasa o
nakikinig ang mga pangyayari.
5. Pagbibigay ng Halimbawa-Ito'y nagpapatibay ng isang paglalahad. Sa
pamamagitan ng pagbibigay ng halimbawa ay madaling makumbinsi o
mahikayat ang nagbabasa o nakikinig. Siguraduhin lámang na tiyak o
makatotohanan ang ibibigay na halimbawa. Sa pagsulat ng paglalahad ay
kailangan ang malawak na Kaalaman sa paksang tatalakayin, pagpapaliwanag
sa kahulugan, malinaw at maayos na pagpapahayag, at walang kinikilingan.
NATIN Pang-uri at Kaantasan Nito turing sa mga pangngalan at panghalip.
pring uring tavag sam a satan a lalara wan o nagbigay:
• Lantay - a ay nggalarawan lámang ng isa o payak na Tro as may kiantasan
o kasidhian. pangngalan o panghalip. Halibia: Ang makulay na guryon ay
magandang pagmasdan.
• Pahambing - Ang pang ringhalip, mit sa pagtutulad ng dalavang
pangngalan o panghalip. Ito ay may dalavang
• Magkatulad - Ang paghahambing kung patas sa Katangian ang
pinagtutulad. Ginagamit dito ang panlaping ka-, magka- sing- gaya, tulad, at
iba pa. Halimbnun: Magkasingyaman ang mag-ama sa kuwento.
 • Di magkatulad - Ang paghahambing kung nagbibigay ito ng diwa ng
pagkakait, pagtanggi, o pagsalungat. ,
Palamang - May higit na positibong katangian ang inhahambing sa bagay na
pinaghahambing. Naipakikita ito sa pamamagitan ng paggamit ng mga
salitang lalo, higit, di hamak, mas, at iba pa. Halimbawa: Ang ganitong
panuntunan ay maaaring maging daan ukol sa lalong maunlad na
kabuhayan.
1 Pasahol-Kapag may higitna negatibong katangian ang pinaghahambingan.
Gumagamit ng di gaano, di gasino, di masyado. Halimbawa: Di gaanong
istrikto ang anak kompara sa ama,

ilang • Pasukdol - Nása pinakadulong digri ang kaantasan ng pasukdol. Ito ay

maaaring positibo o negatibo. Ang paglalarawan ay masidhi kung kayâ
maaaring gumamitng mga katagang sobra, ubod, tunay, talaga, saksakan ng_
hari ng_, at kung minsa y pag-uulit ng pang-uri. Holimbawa: Pinakamaganda ang
panuntunang ito na nagbigay-daan sa lalong maunlad na kabuhayan. TATA WAN
SANAYSAY
Ang sanaysay ay isang paglalahad ng sariling opinyon o kuro-kura ng musulat
tungkol sa isang bagay o paksa. Ang salitang sanaysay ay hango sa lung
Pranses na essayer na ang ibig sabihin ay "sumubok" o "tangkain" to ay
nagsimulang yumabong sa mga sulatin ni Michael de Jungkain 153-1592). Bago
pa man isilang si Kristo, ito ay nagsimula na rin sa Asya pangunguna ni
Confucius na sumulat ng Analects at Lao-Tzu na sumulat aman ng Tao Te Ching.
Noon namang ika-14 na dantaon, nakilala si Yushida Kenko ng Hapon na may
katha ng "Mga Sanaysay sa Katamaran.
Ayon kay Alejandro Abadilla ang salitang sanaysay ay nanganga- hulugang
"nakasulat na karanasan ng isang sanáy sa pagsasalaysay. ho'y isang akdang
pampanitikang nasa anyong paglalahad o tekstong pasalaysay. Ang
pangunahing katangian ay ang pagkasarili nito ng may- akda. Ipinahahayag niya
ang sarili niyang pangmalas, kuro-kuro, at damdamin. Ang pagiging malinaw,
mabisa, at kawili-wili ng paglalahad ay makakamtan sa pamamagitan ng
pagsunod sa mga tuntunin ng kaisahan, kaugnayan, at diin. Kailangan din dito
ang pagpili ng angkop na pananalita at sariling estilo o pamamaraan ng may-
akda.
Ang akdang "Amerikanisasyon ng Isang Pilipino" ay isang sanaysay na didaktiko
o nangangaral. Ito ay naglalayong himukin ang mga mambabasa tungo sa
pagkakaroon ng kaisipang liberal sa pamamagitan ng pagkikintal ng damdamin
at pananaw na makabago.
Dahil ang pangunahing katangian ng sanaysay ay ang pagkasarili nito ng may-
akda, naipahahayag ng sumulat ang kanyang sariling pananaw, kuro-kuro, at
damdamin sa kanyang sariling estilo o pamamaraan. Karaniwang hinahati ang
kabuoan ng sanaysay sa tatlo: panimula, katawan, at wakas. Sa pagsulat ng
simula, kinakailangang ito'y nakatatawag ng pansin 6 nakapupukaw ng
damdamin ng mga mambabasa. Samantalang ang katawan o ang
pinakanilalaman ng akda ay kinakailangang maging mayaman sa kaisipan at
marapat na nagtataglay ng kaisahan ang mga detalye nito at sa wakas ng
sanaysay, dito karaniwang nababasa ang Pangkalahatang impresyon ng may-
akda. Maaaring ilahad sa bahaging ito ang buod o kongklusyon ng sumulat.

Mga Patnubay sa Pagbigkas ng Tula

A. Layunin: Ang layunin ng tulang bibigkasin ay dapat maunawaan
nang ganap ng isang mambibigkas.
Kailangang maisagawa niya ang layuning ito sa pamamagitan ng pagbibigay-
buhay sa tunay na kahulugan ng tula.Ang himig, tindi, bigat, at lakas ng tinig,
kilos, pagkumpas, at ang anyo ng mukha ay kailangang naaayon sa nilalayon ng
tula.
Ang mga karaniwang layunin ng tula ay:
1. Magpakilos tungo sa isang pagsasagawa
2. Tinagin ang madla
3. Manghikayat upang mapaniwala sa isang katotohanang nais ilahad 4.
Magbigay ng mahalagang kaalaman tungkol sa isang paksa
5. Magbigay-diin sa madla
B. Pagkakaugnay ng Mambibigkas sa Madla: Ang kakayahan ng isang
mambibigkas ay nakikilala sa lakas ng kanyang panghikayat sa madla. Makikita
ito sa mga tiyak na reaksiyon ng madla sa mambibigkas sa pagtawa,
pagpalakpak, pagluha, o matamang pakikinig. May balani ang mambibigkas sa
kanyang madla na nakikiisa sa damdaming inihahayag niya. Ang mahusay na
mambibigkas ay tiyak na malakas ang hikayat sa kanyang tagapakinig. Sa
pamamagitan ng hikayat na ito, naisasakatuparan ang layunin ng tula.
C. Tikas: Ang katauhang pantanghalan ng mambibigkas ay kaagad naipakikilala
ng kanyang tikas - pagtindig, pagkilos, o pagkumpas.

Sa pagtindig, ang bigat ng katawan ay kailangang nasa nauunang paa. Kung

patag ang tindig, ang bigat ay nasa dalawang paa.
D. Pamonan ng Paningin: Ang mambibigkas ay magkakaroon ng mabisang
pakikipag-ugnayan sa kanyang madla kung alam niya ang pagtutuonan ng
kanyang paningin. Kailangang malawak ang masaklaw nito. Karaniwang ang
panuonan ng paningin ng isang mambibigkas ay nagsisimula sa gitna, sa
gawing likuran. Kung nais niyang baguhin ang panuonan ng paningin, maililipat
ito sa gawing likuran sa kanan o sa kaliwa ngunit hindi niya dapat laktawan ang
dakong gitna, sa gawing likuran, sa paglilipat ng kanyang panuonan ng
paningin. Isa sa kahinaan ng mambibigkas ay ang pagiging mailap ng mata at
pagiging magalaw ng ulo. Ang ibinubunga nito ay ang pagkalito ng madla o ang
pagkawala ng kanilang kawilihan.

E. Tinig: Ang tinig ay mahalagang puhunan ng isang mambibigkas. Ito ay

nagbibigay-buhay sa tula. Ang paglakas o paghina ng tinig ay dapat na naaayon
sa diwa ng piyesa. Ang paglalapat ng tindi o ng bigat sa tinig ay mahalagang
sangkap sa pagbigkas. Kailangang malaman ng isang mambibigkas kung kailan
lalakipan ng tindi o bigat ang kanyang tinig o kaya'y kung kailan lalapatan ito ng
tindi na lakip ang bigat. Maaaring gumamit siya ng tinig na malakas, mahina, o
dili kaya ay magsisimula sa napakalakas, pahina; o magsisimula sa karaniwang
tinig tungo sa pinakamalakas ayon sa diwa. Tandaang ang binibigyang-diin sa
paglalapat ng wastong himig ay ang damdamin o kaisipan ng piyesa.

F. Himig: Ang paglalapat ng wastong himig sa tula ay dapat pag- ukulan ng

masusing pag-aaral ng isang mambibigkas. Madalas marinig ang himig na
umiiyak o dili kaya ay naghuhumiyaw gayong ang diwa ng tulang binibigkas ay
masaya. Naroon namang ang himig ay parang pusang naglalampong o kung
minsan ay parang ibong umaawit. Dahil dito, ang diwang maihahatid ng
piyesang binibigkas ay kaiba sa tunay na diwa ng tula. Lahat ng ito ay salungat
sa sining ng pagbigkas ng tula. Mababanggit din dito ang mga mambibigkas na
iisa ang himig sa pagbigkas: lumakas- humina, lumakas-humina ang tinig buhat
sa simula ng pagbigkas hanggang sa matapos. Tinatawag na "de kahon" ang
paraang ito na palasak na noon pa mang unang panahon.

G. Pagbigkas: Ang maliwanag na pagbigkas ng mga salita ay isa sa mga dapat

isagawa ng isang mambibigkas. matatas at malinaw ang wastong
pagkakapantig-pantig at diing taglay nito. Ang mga sa pagbigkas, lalo na ang
mga dulumpantig na may diing malumi o maragsa.
H. Pag mga dung pagkumpas ay mahalagang sangkap ng sining ng
pagbigkas ng tula. Ginagamit ito upang maihatid ang damdamin ng tula sa
madla o mailarawan ang kaisipang inilalahad nito. Dapat tandaan na ang
bawat kumpas ay kailangang maging natural, hindi pabigla-bigla ang
pagtataas o pagbababa ng kamay. Hindi pásulpot-sulpot ang kamay at
lalong hindi palamya-lamya ang galaw ng bisig. Kailangang ang kumpas ay
maging angkop sa daloy ng damdaming nais ilarawan. Ang wastong
pagkumpas ay nakatutulong sa pagpapataas ng damdamin hanggang
marating ang pinakamaigting na damdaming inihahatid sa madla ng tulang
binibigkas.