hand out lesson midterm lesson 1 and 2.docx

DIVINE MERCY COLLEGE FOUNDATION INC.
129 University Avenue, Caloocan City
GENERAL EDUCATION DEPARTMENT
NAME: _____________________________Course/Section: _______________DATE: _______________

HAND OUT LESSON 1 and 2 (MID TERM): BUILDING BLOCKS OF MATTER AND THE
PERIODIC TABLE
A. LEARNING OBJECTIVES: LESON 1 (BUILDING BLOCKS OF MATTER)
⮚ Explain and discuss the different models of the atoms.
⮚ Understand Dalton’s Atomic Theory, its postulates and limitations of his theory.
⮚ Use the Bohr model to differentiate among the three basic particles in the atom (proton,
neutron, and electron) and their charges, relative masses, and locations
⮚ Identify the parts of an atom, its structure, characteristics and nature.
B. CONTENT
MODELS OF THE ATOM
DEMOCRITUS (400 BC)

The Greek philosopher Democritus who began the search for a description
of matter more than 2400 years ago.
His theory: Matter could not be divided into smaller and smaller pieces
forever, eventually the smallest possible piece would be obtained.
This piece would be indivisible.
He named the smallest piece of matter “atomos,” meaning “INDIVISIBLE.”
JOHN DALTON
MODERN ATOMIC THEORY
1. Matter is composed of tiny particle called atom which is indivisible.
2. Atoms of an element are identical in size, shape, mass and other properties.
3. Atoms can neither be created nor destroyed.
4. ‘Compound elements’ (i.e. compounds) are formed when atoms of different elements join in simple
ratios to form ‘compound atoms’ (i.e. molecules).
This theory became one of the foundations of modern chemistry.
SIR JOSEPH JOHN THOMSON
In 1897, the English scientist J.J. Thomson provided the first hint that an
atom is made of even smaller particles. He proposed a model of the atom
that is sometimes called the “Plum Pudding” model. Atoms were made
from a positively charged substance with negatively charged electrons
scattered about, like raisins in a pudding. He studied the passage of an
electric current through a gas using cathode ray – tube. As the current
passed through the gas, it gave off rays of negatively charged particles.
Thomson’s findings:
⮚ Thomson concluded that the negative charges came from within the atom. A particle smaller
than an atom had to exist. The atom was divisible!
⮚ Thomson called the negatively charged “corpuscles,” today known as electrons.
⮚ Since the gas was known to be neutral, having no charge, he reasoned that there must be
positively charged particles in the atom. But he could never find them.
SIR ERNEST RUTHERFORD
In 1908, the English physicist Ernest Rutherford was hard at work on an
experiment that seemed to have little to do with unraveling the mysteries
of the atomic structure. Rutherford’s experiment Involved firing a stream
of tiny positively charged particles known as the alpha particle at a thin
sheet of gold foil (2000 atoms thick).
Results of the experiment
⮚ Majority of the positively charged alpha particles passed right
through the gold atoms in the sheet of gold foil without changing
course at all.
⮚ Some of the positively charged alpha particle however, did bounce
away from the gold sheet as if they had hit something solid.
⮚ Some of the positively charged alpha particles had been deflected by something positively
charged.
Rutherford’s assumptions
With the result of the thin gold foil experiment, Rutherford revised the atomic model. Rutherford
reasoned that all of an atom’s positively charged particles were contained in the nucleus. The
negatively charged particles were scattered outside the nucleus around the atom’s edge.
JAMES CHADWICK
Chadwick was a student of Rutherford who refined the concept of the
nucleus. He discovered that the nucleus also contains neutral particles
which he called Neutrons. Protons and neutrons have approximately the
same mass, however neutrons do not have electrical charge.
NIELS BOHR
In 1913, the Danish scientist Niels Bohr proposed an improvement. He
transformed the model of the atom into one that is commonly used today.
In his model, he placed each electron in a specific energy level. According
to Bohr’s atomic model, electrons move in definite orbits around the
nucleus, much like planets circle the sun. These orbits, or energy levels,
are located at certain distances from the nucleus. He suggested that
electrons surround the nucleus in specific energy levels called shells.
Electrons jumps in these shells by losing or gaining energy. Each shell can
only contain specific number of electrons. The first shell contain a
maximum of 2 electrons. The second and third shell can contain a
maximum of 8 electrons.
ERWIN SCHRODINGER
Today’s atomic model was proposed by Erwin Schrodinger. It is based on the principles of wave
mechanics. According to the theory of wave mechanics, electrons do not move about an atom in a
definite path, like the planets around the sun. In fact, it is impossible to determine the exact location
of an electron. The probable location of an electron is based on how much energy the electron has.
According to the modern atomic model, at atom has a small positively charged nucleus surrounded by
a large region in which there are enough electrons to make an atom neutral.
A space in which electrons are likely to be found. Electrons whirl about the nucleus billions of times in
one second. They are not moving around in random patterns. Location of electrons depends upon how
much energy the electron has. Depending on their energy they are locked into a certain area in the
cloud. Electrons with the lowest energy are found in the energy level closest to the nucleus Electrons
with the highest energy are found in the outermost energy levels, farther from the nucleus.
SUMMARY
DISCOVERY/PROPOSAL MODEL
DEMOCRITUS ATOMOS SPHERE
DALTON ATOMIC THEORY
JJ THOMSON ELECTRON PLUM PUDDING
RUTHERFORD NUCLEUS NUCLEAR MODEL
CHADWICK NEUTRON
BOHR ENERGY LEVEL SOLAR SYSTEM MODEL
SCHRODINGER WAVE MECHANICS CLOUD MODEL
ATOMIC STRUCTURE
PARTICLE CHARGE SYMBOL
PROTON Positive p+
ELECTRON Negative e-
NEUTRON neutral n°
THE PERIODIC TABLE OF ELEMENTS

HISTORY:
⮚ Antoine Lavoisier (1743 – 1794) – group the elements into metals and non – metals
⮚ Johann Döbereiner (1780 – 1849) -classified the elements into triads
⮚ John Newlands (1837 – 1898) – Law of Octaves
⮚ Dmitri Ivanovich Mendeleev (1834 – 1907) – Father of Periodic Table
⮚ Henry Moseley (1887 – 1915) – arrange the element into increasing atomic number
Modern Periodic Law
“When elements are arranged in order of increasing atomic number, there is a periodic repetition of
their properties.”
Elements are substances that cannot be broken down
any further by chemical means.
The Periodic Table is the arrangement of these
elements by increasing atomic number and similar
properties.
Each element on the Periodic Table has an atomic
number, symbol, name and average atomic mass.
Atomic number = the number of protons found in
the nucleus of an atom. Average atomic mass – the
mass of an atom including the protons, neutrons and
electrons.
The elements are put into rows by increasing ATOMIC NUMBER.
The horizontal rows are called periods and are labeled 1 to 7.
The vertical rows are called groups and are labeled 1 to 18
The major categories of elements are the metals, non-metals, and metalloids.
Metals are lustrous, malleable, and are good conductors of heat and electricity.
Non-metals are elements that do not share the properties of metals.
Metalloids are elements that share some, but not all the properties of metals.
Alkali Metals
Elements in Group 1 (not including Hydrogen). Very reactive metals. Always combine with something
else in nature. Salt – an Alkali Metal, Sodium, and another element, Chlorine, combined.
Alkaline Earth Metals
Elements in Group 2. Reactive Metals that are always combined with non-metals in nature.
Several of these elements are important mineral nutrients, like Calcium.
Transition Metals
Elements in Groups 3-12. Less reactive, harder metals. Includes metals used in jewelry, money and
construction.
Lanthanides and Actinides
Located at the bottom of the Periodic Table. 14 elements wide (“f” orbitals). Some are radioactive,
though not all Lanthanides = Period 6 (4f) Actinides = Period 7 (5f)
Boron Family
Elements in Group 13. Boron has properties of both metals and non-metals. The rest of the elements
in this group are metals.
Carbon Family
Elements in Group 14. Contains elements important to life and computers. Carbon is the basic
element in all organic compounds. Silicon and Germanium are important semiconductors.
Nitrogen Family
Elements in Group 15. Nitrogen makes up more than ¾ of our atmosphere. The red tip of matches is
made of phosphorous.
Oxygen Family or Chalcogens
Elements in Group 16. Oxygen is necessary for respiration. Many things that have a bad odor contain
sulfur.
Halogens
Elements in Group 17. Very reactive, diatomic non-metals. Always found combined with other
elements in nature. Chlorine is used to keep bacteria out of swimming pools.
Noble Gases
Elements in Group 18. VERY reactive gases. Used in lighted neon signs. Helium is used to make party
balloons float.
PERIODIC TRENDS
SOME USES OF ELEMENTS
Activity 1
I. COMPLETE THE TABLE BELOW
II. Identify the name and symbol of the elements
1. Period 3, Group 2A _______________ 6. Period 4, Group 4B _______________
2. Period 7, Group IA _______________ 7. Period 5, Group 3A _______________
3. Period 1, Group 8A _______________ 8. Period 4, Group IB ________________
4. Period 2, Group 5A _______________ 9. Period 6, Group 6B _______________
5. Period 7, Group 6A _______________ 10. Period 5, Group 3B ______________
III. Periodic Trends
Mps10/12/24

hand out lesson midterm lesson 1 and 2.docx

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

hand out lesson midterm lesson 1 and 2.docx

Uploaded by

Document Information

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

hand out lesson midterm lesson 1 and 2.docx

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

DIVINE MERCY COLLEGE FOUNDATION INC.

129 University Avenue, Caloocan City

GENERAL EDUCATION DEPARTMENT

NAME: _____________________Course/Section: _DATE: _________

DEMOCRITUS (400 BC)

THE PERIODIC TABLE OF ELEMENTS

SOME USES OF ELEMENTS

You might also like

Pfad - The Proxy pFad of © 2024 Garber Painting. All rights reserved.