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UCSP Importance of Culture Variation:

Reviewer / First Quarter ● Helps to dispel negative concepts and
personal sentiments towards different
MODULE 1 groups of people.
● To know how to interact with proper
● Harry Elmer Barnes - American manners and attitudes.
Historian in an Introduction to the History ● To preserve cultural heritage by
of Sociology ( 1948), asserts that the maintaining the uniqueness of its
Industrial Revolution produced the social traditions and practices.
sciences. ● It teaches people how to appreciate and use
● The Philippines is an archipelago made up it for a new set of generations to come.
of 7,641 islands. ● It encourages personal growth by
expanding one's point of view, being an
CULTURE VARIATION open-minded person. and promoting
peaceful coexistence.
● Cultural Variation refers to the rich
diversity in social practices that different SOCIAL DIFFERENCE
cultures exhibit around the world.
● People specifically are not the same and ● Social Difference is a situation where
alike. “Different strokes different folks”. people felt discriminated against and there
are also individuals on the basis of social
TABLE 1 characteristics and qualities.
Kinds Description Example ● Social Status is a person's relative rank or
position in a society or group, and it's based
Ethnicity It is the Ilocano on honor or prestige.
expression of Mangyan
the set of Maranao
cultural ideas TABLE 2
held by
Kinds Description Example
indigenous
people.
Gender It is the Lesbian
socially Bisexual
Religion A system of Christians
constructed Gay
beliefs and Moslems
characteristics
practices as Hindus
of being male
well as system
or female.
of actions
directed
Socio- It refers to the High-income
toward entities
Economic category of class
which are
Class persons who Middle-
above men.
have more or income class
less the same Low-income
Nationality It is the legal Filipinos
socio- class
relationship Malaysians
economic
that binds a Indonesians
privilege.
person and a
country.
Exceptionality It refers to the Intellect
state of being Physical
intellectually Appearance
gifted.
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Understanding Social Difference: Understanding Political Identity:
a. Promotes personal development by a. Helps us to participate in programs or
knowing the basic skills to show respect activities, such as voting, campaigning, or
to an individual's standards of living and activism, based on one's political beliefs.
their characteristics. b. Allows us to analyze and inspect the
b. Teaches us to treat people fairly no deserving candidates whose values,
matter what kind of qualities or status in performance, and policy proposals align
life they have. strengthening a with their own beliefs. Also to realize who
community bond that welcomes. we should vote based on their post
c. Social differences that contribute to experiences for us to tell whether they are
building a harmonious society by the right person or not.
finding the value of every individuals' c. This ensures the individuals about their
contributions. entitlements and protections under the law.
d. Can do efforts in addressing some political
POLITICAL IDENTITY jobs by supporting policies that protect and
expand human rights for all.
● Political Identity is always associated with
group affiliation and describes the ways in MODULE 2
which being a member of a certain group
might express specific political opinions ● Studying culture makes you understand
and attitude. more about people’s beliefs, reasoning, and
ideas.
TABLE 3 ● Culture affects perceptions. Perceptions
Kinds Description Example drive behavior.
● Government and Politics is a fantastic
Political Party Benefit from Liberal and A-Level that has shown us just how high an
partisan, Nacionalista
influence. Politics has on us and has broken
weeks to
cultural the illusion that we are disconnected from
partisan it.
loyalty
including
Definitions of Politics:
dynasties
among their ● Defining politics depends on one’s
member. perspective. A person’s principle may affect
his view on politics.
Partisan Signifies PRO and ANTI
Affliation membership ● But generally, politics is associated with
in a group that how power is gained and employed to
defines a develop authority and influence in social
world view and
affairs.
a core set of
common
values. Significance of Studying Politics:
1. Politics helps you know your right.
Political One who DDS, Marcos
Loyalist remains loyal Loyalist, 2. Politics clarify what you believe.
especially to a Dilawan 3. Politics is a living, breathing subject.
political cause. 4. Politics helps you to understand our
nation’s parties.
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● Politics only fundamentally changes this d. Agricultural Society: Producing and
foundation, while culture reflects its maintaining crops and farmland/
reality and internality. agrarian society
● Culture is the values, beliefs, and concepts e. Industrial Society: Use of technology
shared by members of society. and machinery
● The impact of culture on society is in all f. Post-Industrial Society: Transition
aspects from the formulation and from manufacturing-based production
implementation of policies and laws. to one-primarily focused on services,
information, technology and knowledge
● Government is the political direction and
control exercised over the actions of the 3. Describe, explain, and analyze the
members, citizens, or inhabitants of present-day human cultural similarities and
communities, societies, and states. differences.
● Governance is the system how they lead 4. Describe and explain human biological
people by which an organization is diversity today.
controlled and operates.
POLITICAL SCIENCE
MODULE 3
ANTHROPOLOGY Political Science - is a social science
discipline that deals with the system of
● Culture is the subject of anthropology, government, and the analysis of political
society is for sociology, while politics is for activities and political behavior.
political science. These are the disciplines
under social science. The Goals Of Political Science:
● Anthropology is the study of humans and 1. Be Immersed in current affairs.
their society in the past and present. 2. Build an understanding on the local,
a. Anthropos - Human national, and international politics.
b. Logos - Study
● Culture is the subject of anthropology,
society is for sociology, while politics is for
political science.

The Goals of Anthropology:

1. Describe and analyze the biological evolution
of mankind.
2. Describe and assess the cultural
development of our species.
a. Foraging Society: Hunting and 3. Learn how political activities are organized
Gathering in and out of our country.
b. Pastoral Society: Breeding and 4. Provide substantially critical and scientific
Herding of Animals / Nomadic contribution to government and society.
c. Horticultural Society: Cultivation of
plants for food consumption
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SOCIOLOGY

● Sociology is the study of human social

relationships and institutions.

The Goals of Sociology:

1. Understand ourselves better.
2. Build a better understanding of mankind.
3. Help with decision-making, both our own
and that of larger organization.

4. Gather systematic information from which

to make a decision.
a. Step 1: Identify the decision that needs
to be made
b. Step 2: Gather Relevant Information
c. Step 3: Gather Relevant Information
d. Step 4: Weigh the Evidence
e. Step 5: Choose Among Alternatives
f. Step 6: Take Action
g. Step 7: Review Your Decision
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5. Provide insights into what is going on in a What makes the Filipino Culture
situation, and present alternatives. stands out?
a. S - Specific 1. Filipinos are very RESILIENT.
b. M - Measurable 2. Filipinos take PRIDE in their
c. A - Attainable families.
d. R - Relevant 3. Filipinos are very RELIGIOUS.
e. T - Time-Based 4. FIlipinos are very RESPECTFUL.
5. Filipinos HELP one another.
MODULE 4
CULTURE & SOCIETY AS MODULE 5
ANTHROPOLOGICAL CONCEPT CULTURE & SOCIETY AS
SOCIOLOGICAL CONCEPT
Three Components of Society:
1. Language: A system of verbal symbols 1. Humans seek explanations about why
through which humans communicate ideas, things happen.
feelings, experiences. 2. Each person has ideas and it comes
a. Pormal: Tara, Tatay, Nanay from everywhere.
b. Di-Pormal: Arat, Erpat, Ermat
Three Theoretical Approaches:
2. Values: A set of ideas people share about ● Structural-Functional Approach:
what is good, bad, desirable, undesirable. 1. “complex system whose parts work
● Hospitality, Friendly, Loyal together to promote solidarity and
stability”
3. Norms: The behavioral rules or standards 2. Robert Merton
for social interaction, which guides and 3. Two Kinds of Function:
criticisms for individual behavior. a. Manifest Functions: Intended,
recognized, and expected
Two Kinds of Norms: functions of a society.
1. Proscriptive: They tell you what not to b. Latent Functions: Unintended,
do. unrecognized, and unexpected
2. Prescriptive: They tell you what to do. functions of a society.
(law & regulation)
● Social-Conflict Approach:
Three Types of Norms: 1. “arena of inequality that generates
a. Folkways: (Mabilis makalimutan) conflict and change”
Norms that have a little strength and 2. Karl Max (Conflict Theory): Conflict
culture broad limits. Behavior that exists because of powerful reasons.
people follow for the SAKE OF 3. Reasons:
TRADITION. a. Rich vs. Poor
b. Mores: Strict norms that control moral b. Color Skin
and ethical behavior (laws & beliefs). c. Men vs. Women
c. Taboos: Deeply held that even thought d. Young against Old
of violations even upsets people e. Government Leader - Citizen
(religious belief).
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● Symbolic-Interaction Approach: V. Arts: The way people express
1. “product of the everyday interactions of themselves in such creative ways.
individuals” VI. Government: Who has the power to
2. Max Weber make decisions and where laws must be
3. Empathy & Sympathy obeyed.
Empathy Sympathy

Understanding Feeling sorry for

someone’s feelings someone from your
as if they were yours. own point of view.
(NAAAWA) (NAIINTINDIHAN)

MODULE 6
ASPECTS OF CULTURE

Characteristics of Culture:
1. Culture is LEARNED.
● It is NOT biological; we do not inherit it.
● The process of learning culture is
known as Enculturation.

2. Culture is SHARED.
● To act in socially appropriate ways.

3. Culture is based on SYMBOLS.

4. Culture is INTEGRATED.
● Various parts of culture are
interconnected.
● All aspects are related to one another.

5. Culture is DYNAMIC.
● Cultures are interacting and changing.

Six Aspects of Culture:

I. Language: Group of people
communicate and speak with each
other.
II. Religion: What people believe and how
they explain life’s meaning.’
III. Daily Life: About living and how they
execute things everyday.
IV. History: It is what happened in the past
that has affected the present and shaped
the way.